Main Article Content
Abstract
The purpose of this study is to analyze the urgency of implementing green hydrogen co-firing as a more sustainable alternative to biomass, both from the legal and implementation aspects, and to formulate the optimization steps needed to support the implementation of green hydrogen co-firing in order to achieve the NZE 2060. This study uses a normative-empirical method, with a legislative approach to review and evaluate the applicable regulatory framework and energy policies, linked to the empirical conditions of co-firing implementation in Indonesia. The results show that green hydrogen has significant potential as a blended fuel that is more environmentally friendly and sustainable than biomass. However, its implementation still faces various challenges, especially related to regulatory readiness, the availability of hydrogen infrastructure, the need for economic incentives, and investment support. This study also concludes that the implementation of green hydrogen co-firing is not only relevant to support the achievement of the NZE 2060, but also contributes to strengthening environmental sustainability and national energy security, as long as it is supported by comprehensive and integrated policies.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Christhoper Kristian Darmawan, Ezra Sebastian

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
a. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
b. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
c. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).References
Abdin, Zainul. “Bridging the Energy Future: The Role and Potential of Hydrogen Co-Firing with Natural Gas.” Journal of Cleaner Production 436 (January 10, 2024): 140724. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.140724.
Adler, Dena, Matthew Lifson, and New York. “March 2024 Hydrogen Co-Firing and the EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Limits for Power Plants Policy Strategies for Meaningful Emission Reductions,” 2024.
Al-Basith, Adam Fadillah, and Resti Chairunnisa Devara. “Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Green Hydrogen Dalam Menunjang Pengadaan Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Melalui Pembaharuan RUU EBT.” Jurnal Al Azhar Indonesia Seri Ilmu Sosial 5, no. 2 (July 9, 2024): 91. https://doi.org/10.36722/jaiss.v5i2.3043.
Anugerah S, Adin. “ESDM Siapkan Regulasi Insentif untuk Pengembangan Hidrogen Hijau di Indonesia – Masyarakat Energi Terbarukan Indonesia,” June 20, 2024. https://metiires.or.id/berita/esdm-siapkan-regulasi-insentif-untuk-pengembangan-hidrogen-hijau-di-indonesia/.
Bonciu, Florin. “The European Union Hydrogen Strategy as a Significant Step towards a Circular Economy.” ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN AFFAIRS. Vol. 20, 2020.
“Co-Firing Biomassa PLTU: Solusi Palsu Dan Inkonsistensi Komitmen Pemerintah Soal Transisi Energi – WALHI Jawa Barat.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://walhijabar.id/co-firing-biomassa-pltu-solusi-palsu-dan-inkonsistensi-komitmen-pemerintah-soal-transisi-energi/.
“Co-Firing with Biomass in Indonesia: Debunking Emission Reduction Claims | Environmental Paper Network.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://environmentalpaper.org/2023/11/co-firing-with-biomass-in-indonesia-debunking-emission-reduction-claims/.
“Deforestasi RI Terburuk Kedua Di Dunia, 1,18 Juta Hektare Hutan Rusak.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2024/10/14/150000086/deforestasi-ri-terburuk-kedua-di-dunia-1-18-juta-hektare-hutan-rusak#google_vignette.
“Direktorat Jenderal EBTKE - ELIBRARY.HTML.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://ebtke.esdm.go.id/flippdf/elibrary.html#pdfflip-PDFF-41.
“Draft RUKN 2023-2060 | PDF.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://id.scribd.com/document/700536565/Draft-RUKN-2023-2060.
“Empowering by Knowledge & Experience Executive Report,” n.d. Accessed February 6, 2025.
“ESDM Siapkan Regulasi Insentif Untuk Pengembangan Hidrogen Hijau Di Indonesia – Masyarakat Energi Terbarukan Indonesia.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://metiires.or.id/berita/esdm-siapkan-regulasi-insentif-untuk-pengembangan-hidrogen-hijau-di-indonesia/.
ICCT. “E-Truck Virtual Teardown Study Final Report Ricardo Has Leveraged Its Internal Cost Databases, Supplier Quotes, Industry Inputs, and Public Domain Information to Provide Validated Data for the Study Background and Project Objectives,” 2021. https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Final-Report-eTruck-Virtual-Teardown-Public-Version.pdf.
Evitasari, Noviani, and Ahmad Komarulzaman. “Pengaruh Pendanaan Iklim Terhadap Penurunan Emisi Karbon Pengaruh Pendanaan Iklim Terhadap Penurunan Emisi Karbon Melalui Energi Terbarukan Di Indonesia Melalui Energi Terbarukan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia 23, no. 2. Accessed February 6, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2023.12.
Irawanekop. “FGD Green Hydrogen Sebagai Masa Depan Energi Terbarukan Di Indonesia – Pusat Studi Energi.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://pse.ugm.ac.id/fgd-green-hydrogen-sebagai-masa-depan-energi-terbarukan-di-indonesia/.
“Green Hydrogen Economy - Predicted Development of Tomorrow: PwC.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/energy-utilities-resources/future-energy/green-hydrogen-cost.html.
“Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity of Electricity Generation | European Environment Agency’s Home Page.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/maps-and-charts/co2-emission-intensity-15#tab-chart_7.
Hasan, Katherine. “Manfaat Kesehatan Dan Ekonomi Dari Pensiun Dini Pembangkit Listrik Batubara Pertama Di Bawah JETP Indonesia.” Https://Energyandcleanair.Org/Wp/Wp-Content/Uploads/2024/06/ID-ID-Early-Retirement-Cirebon-1_Pelabuhan-Ratu_Suralaya-1-4.Pdf, Banten, June 20, 2024.
“Hydrogen News Indonesia - PLN, HDF to Launch Indonesia’s First Hydrogen Power Plant next Year.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://indonesia-ihs.com/news-3.php.
“INDONESIA HIDROGEN ROADMAP Diterbitkan Atas Kerjasama Dengan: Indonesia Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy (IFHE),” n.d. Accessed February 6, 2025.
“Kemenko Marves Kejar Target Pembangunan Lima Proyek Hidrogen | Tempo.Co.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.tempo.co/ekonomi/kemenko-marves-kejar-target-pembangunan-lima-proyek-hidrogen-46526.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Cadangan Batubara Masih 38,84 Miliar Ton, Teknologi Bersih Pengelolaannya Terus Didorong.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/cadangan-batubara-masih-3884-miliar-ton-teknologi-bersih-pengelolaannya-terus-didorong.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Dorong Percepatan Pengembangan Hidrogen, Kementerian ESDM Bentuk KBLI Khusus.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/dorong-percepatan-pengembangan-hidrogen-kementerian-esdm-bentuk-kbli-khusus.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Dorong Percepatan Pengembangan Hidrogen, Kementerian ESDM Bentuk KBLI Khusus.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/dorong-percepatan-pengembangan-hidrogen-kementerian-esdm-bentuk-kbli-khusus.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Dorong Percepatan Pengembangan Hidrogen, Kementerian ESDM Bentuk KBLI Khusus.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/dorong-percepatan-pengembangan-hidrogen-kementerian-esdm-bentuk-kbli-khusus.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Kementerian ESDM Dukung Pengembangan Hidrogen Hijau.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/kementerian-esdm-dukung-pengembangan-hidrogen-hijau.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Pemerintah Kejar Target Tingkatkan Bauran EBT.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/pemerintah-kejar-tingkatkan-bauran-ebt.
“Lelang Terbalik Untuk Pengembangan Proyek PLTS Di Indonesia | by Resya Ariyani | Medium.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://medium.com/@resyaariyani.19024/lelang-terbalik-untuk-pengembangan-proyek-plts-di-indonesia-a200960163c5.
“Lelang Terbalik Untuk Pengembangan Proyek PLTS Di Indonesia | by Resya Ariyani | Medium.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://medium.com/@resyaariyani.19024/lelang-terbalik-untuk-pengembangan-proyek-plts-di-indonesia-a200960163c5.
Mann M. “A Life Cycle Assessment Of Biomass Cofiring In A Coal-Fired Power Plant.” Link.Springer.Com 3 (June 30, 2001): 81–91.
“Pasar Hidrogen Prospektif, ESDM Perbarui Aturan Berusaha.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://pro.hukumonline.com/legal-intelligence/a/pasar-hidrogen-prospektif--esdm-perbarui-aturan-berusaha-lt660cfee39a2c0/.
“Pemerintah Dorong PLN Terus Kembangkan Produksi Hidrogen Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif Ramah Lingkungan.” Accessed February 7, 2025. https://web.pln.co.id/media/siaran-pers/2023/11/pemerintah-dorong-pln-terus-kembangkan-produksi-hidrogen-sebagai-bahan-bakar-alternatif-ramah-lingkungan.
“PLTU ”Co-Firing” Terkendala Bahan Baku - Kompas.Id.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.kompas.id/baca/ekonomi/2021/10/18/pltu-co-firing-terkendala-bahan-baku.
Puji Agustin, Yuda. “Penanaman Modal Asing Dalam Bidang Pengembangan Hidrogen …-2533.” JIGE 5, no. 4 (2024): 2533–45. https://doi.org/10.55681/jige.v5i4.3457.
Qalbie, Aulia Sabila Syarifa, and Rahmaniah Rahmaniah. “The Opportunity to Achieve Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia Through the Implementation of a Green Economy to Address Climate Change.” Global South Review 5, no. 1 (September 15, 2023): 80–102. https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.86381.
Renewable Energy Agency, International. “Green Hydrogen Strategy: A Guide to Design,” 2024. www.irena.org.
“Riset Terbaru: Beda Dengan Klaim Pemerintah, Co-Firing Biomassa Di Indonesia Menambah Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca - Trend Asia.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://trendasia.org/riset-terbaru-beda-dengan-klaim-pemerintah-co-firing-biomassa-di-indonesia-menambah-emisi-gas-rumah-kaca/.
Saria, Lana, and M Si. “DIRECTORATE OF VARIOUS OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Indonesia’s National Hydrogen Strategy.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://bit.ly/StrategiHidrogenNasional.
“The 8 Biggest Risks of Underbidding on a Construction Project.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.levelset.com/blog/biggest-risks-of-underbidding/.
“View of Pengaturan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Batubara Di Indonesia Prespektif Hak Atas Lingkungan Yang Baik Dan Sehat.” Accessed March 2, 2025. https://journal.uii.ac.id/Lex-Renaissance/article/view/16810/pdf.
“What Is a Reverse Auction? How It Works, Example, and Risks.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/reverse-auction.asp.
Wibisana, Wiman. “PERSPEKTIF POLITIK HUKUM DAN TEORI HUKUM PEMBANGUNAN TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL DAN LINGKUNGAN TERBATAS.” Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, February 1, 2018. https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=822906be1c8769eeef405cc44f4adc52459ecc84ab453bb3443bb78470f653ddJmltdHM9MTc0OTQyNzIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=3c12fc18-69c3-67ef-3439-e9bd6801667a&psq=PERSPEKTIF+POLITIK+HUKUM+DAN+TEORI+HUKUM+PEMBANGUNAN+TERHADAP+TANGGUNG+JAWAB+SOSIAL+DAN+LINGKUNGAN+PERSEROAN+TERBATAS&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lam91cm5hbC51bmRpa3NoYS5hYy5pZC9pbmRleC5waHAvamtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMTM2NjMvODUxNS8xNjgxNA&ntb=1.
Yao, Qiaopeng, Ruiyu Li, Yikun Wang, Yuhang Li, Lei Zhang, Lei Deng, and Defu Che. “Feasibility Analysis of Coupling Hydrogen-Derived Fuel on a Coal-Fired Boiler for Power Generation.” Energy and Fuels 37, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 477–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.ENERGYFUELS.2C03079/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/EF2C03079_0011.GIF.
References
Abdin, Zainul. “Bridging the Energy Future: The Role and Potential of Hydrogen Co-Firing with Natural Gas.” Journal of Cleaner Production 436 (January 10, 2024): 140724. https://doi.org/10.1016/J.JCLEPRO.2024.140724.
Adler, Dena, Matthew Lifson, and New York. “March 2024 Hydrogen Co-Firing and the EPA’s Greenhouse Gas Limits for Power Plants Policy Strategies for Meaningful Emission Reductions,” 2024.
Al-Basith, Adam Fadillah, and Resti Chairunnisa Devara. “Optimalisasi Pemanfaatan Green Hydrogen Dalam Menunjang Pengadaan Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle Melalui Pembaharuan RUU EBT.” Jurnal Al Azhar Indonesia Seri Ilmu Sosial 5, no. 2 (July 9, 2024): 91. https://doi.org/10.36722/jaiss.v5i2.3043.
Anugerah S, Adin. “ESDM Siapkan Regulasi Insentif untuk Pengembangan Hidrogen Hijau di Indonesia – Masyarakat Energi Terbarukan Indonesia,” June 20, 2024. https://metiires.or.id/berita/esdm-siapkan-regulasi-insentif-untuk-pengembangan-hidrogen-hijau-di-indonesia/.
Bonciu, Florin. “The European Union Hydrogen Strategy as a Significant Step towards a Circular Economy.” ROMANIAN JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN AFFAIRS. Vol. 20, 2020.
“Co-Firing Biomassa PLTU: Solusi Palsu Dan Inkonsistensi Komitmen Pemerintah Soal Transisi Energi – WALHI Jawa Barat.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://walhijabar.id/co-firing-biomassa-pltu-solusi-palsu-dan-inkonsistensi-komitmen-pemerintah-soal-transisi-energi/.
“Co-Firing with Biomass in Indonesia: Debunking Emission Reduction Claims | Environmental Paper Network.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://environmentalpaper.org/2023/11/co-firing-with-biomass-in-indonesia-debunking-emission-reduction-claims/.
“Deforestasi RI Terburuk Kedua Di Dunia, 1,18 Juta Hektare Hutan Rusak.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://lestari.kompas.com/read/2024/10/14/150000086/deforestasi-ri-terburuk-kedua-di-dunia-1-18-juta-hektare-hutan-rusak#google_vignette.
“Direktorat Jenderal EBTKE - ELIBRARY.HTML.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://ebtke.esdm.go.id/flippdf/elibrary.html#pdfflip-PDFF-41.
“Draft RUKN 2023-2060 | PDF.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://id.scribd.com/document/700536565/Draft-RUKN-2023-2060.
“Empowering by Knowledge & Experience Executive Report,” n.d. Accessed February 6, 2025.
“ESDM Siapkan Regulasi Insentif Untuk Pengembangan Hidrogen Hijau Di Indonesia – Masyarakat Energi Terbarukan Indonesia.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://metiires.or.id/berita/esdm-siapkan-regulasi-insentif-untuk-pengembangan-hidrogen-hijau-di-indonesia/.
ICCT. “E-Truck Virtual Teardown Study Final Report Ricardo Has Leveraged Its Internal Cost Databases, Supplier Quotes, Industry Inputs, and Public Domain Information to Provide Validated Data for the Study Background and Project Objectives,” 2021. https://theicct.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/01/Final-Report-eTruck-Virtual-Teardown-Public-Version.pdf.
Evitasari, Noviani, and Ahmad Komarulzaman. “Pengaruh Pendanaan Iklim Terhadap Penurunan Emisi Karbon Pengaruh Pendanaan Iklim Terhadap Penurunan Emisi Karbon Melalui Energi Terbarukan Di Indonesia Melalui Energi Terbarukan Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Ekonomi Dan Pembangunan Indonesia 23, no. 2. Accessed February 6, 2025. https://doi.org/10.21002/jepi.2023.12.
Irawanekop. “FGD Green Hydrogen Sebagai Masa Depan Energi Terbarukan Di Indonesia – Pusat Studi Energi.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://pse.ugm.ac.id/fgd-green-hydrogen-sebagai-masa-depan-energi-terbarukan-di-indonesia/.
“Green Hydrogen Economy - Predicted Development of Tomorrow: PwC.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/industries/energy-utilities-resources/future-energy/green-hydrogen-cost.html.
“Greenhouse Gas Emission Intensity of Electricity Generation | European Environment Agency’s Home Page.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.eea.europa.eu/en/analysis/maps-and-charts/co2-emission-intensity-15#tab-chart_7.
Hasan, Katherine. “Manfaat Kesehatan Dan Ekonomi Dari Pensiun Dini Pembangkit Listrik Batubara Pertama Di Bawah JETP Indonesia.” Https://Energyandcleanair.Org/Wp/Wp-Content/Uploads/2024/06/ID-ID-Early-Retirement-Cirebon-1_Pelabuhan-Ratu_Suralaya-1-4.Pdf, Banten, June 20, 2024.
“Hydrogen News Indonesia - PLN, HDF to Launch Indonesia’s First Hydrogen Power Plant next Year.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://indonesia-ihs.com/news-3.php.
“INDONESIA HIDROGEN ROADMAP Diterbitkan Atas Kerjasama Dengan: Indonesia Fuel Cell and Hydrogen Energy (IFHE),” n.d. Accessed February 6, 2025.
“Kemenko Marves Kejar Target Pembangunan Lima Proyek Hidrogen | Tempo.Co.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.tempo.co/ekonomi/kemenko-marves-kejar-target-pembangunan-lima-proyek-hidrogen-46526.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Cadangan Batubara Masih 38,84 Miliar Ton, Teknologi Bersih Pengelolaannya Terus Didorong.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/cadangan-batubara-masih-3884-miliar-ton-teknologi-bersih-pengelolaannya-terus-didorong.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Dorong Percepatan Pengembangan Hidrogen, Kementerian ESDM Bentuk KBLI Khusus.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/dorong-percepatan-pengembangan-hidrogen-kementerian-esdm-bentuk-kbli-khusus.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Dorong Percepatan Pengembangan Hidrogen, Kementerian ESDM Bentuk KBLI Khusus.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/dorong-percepatan-pengembangan-hidrogen-kementerian-esdm-bentuk-kbli-khusus.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Dorong Percepatan Pengembangan Hidrogen, Kementerian ESDM Bentuk KBLI Khusus.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/dorong-percepatan-pengembangan-hidrogen-kementerian-esdm-bentuk-kbli-khusus.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Kementerian ESDM Dukung Pengembangan Hidrogen Hijau.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/kementerian-esdm-dukung-pengembangan-hidrogen-hijau.
“Kementerian ESDM RI - Media Center - Arsip Berita - Pemerintah Kejar Target Tingkatkan Bauran EBT.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.esdm.go.id/id/media-center/arsip-berita/pemerintah-kejar-tingkatkan-bauran-ebt.
“Lelang Terbalik Untuk Pengembangan Proyek PLTS Di Indonesia | by Resya Ariyani | Medium.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://medium.com/@resyaariyani.19024/lelang-terbalik-untuk-pengembangan-proyek-plts-di-indonesia-a200960163c5.
“Lelang Terbalik Untuk Pengembangan Proyek PLTS Di Indonesia | by Resya Ariyani | Medium.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://medium.com/@resyaariyani.19024/lelang-terbalik-untuk-pengembangan-proyek-plts-di-indonesia-a200960163c5.
Mann M. “A Life Cycle Assessment Of Biomass Cofiring In A Coal-Fired Power Plant.” Link.Springer.Com 3 (June 30, 2001): 81–91.
“Pasar Hidrogen Prospektif, ESDM Perbarui Aturan Berusaha.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://pro.hukumonline.com/legal-intelligence/a/pasar-hidrogen-prospektif--esdm-perbarui-aturan-berusaha-lt660cfee39a2c0/.
“Pemerintah Dorong PLN Terus Kembangkan Produksi Hidrogen Sebagai Bahan Bakar Alternatif Ramah Lingkungan.” Accessed February 7, 2025. https://web.pln.co.id/media/siaran-pers/2023/11/pemerintah-dorong-pln-terus-kembangkan-produksi-hidrogen-sebagai-bahan-bakar-alternatif-ramah-lingkungan.
“PLTU ”Co-Firing” Terkendala Bahan Baku - Kompas.Id.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.kompas.id/baca/ekonomi/2021/10/18/pltu-co-firing-terkendala-bahan-baku.
Puji Agustin, Yuda. “Penanaman Modal Asing Dalam Bidang Pengembangan Hidrogen …-2533.” JIGE 5, no. 4 (2024): 2533–45. https://doi.org/10.55681/jige.v5i4.3457.
Qalbie, Aulia Sabila Syarifa, and Rahmaniah Rahmaniah. “The Opportunity to Achieve Net Zero Emissions in Indonesia Through the Implementation of a Green Economy to Address Climate Change.” Global South Review 5, no. 1 (September 15, 2023): 80–102. https://doi.org/10.22146/globalsouth.86381.
Renewable Energy Agency, International. “Green Hydrogen Strategy: A Guide to Design,” 2024. www.irena.org.
“Riset Terbaru: Beda Dengan Klaim Pemerintah, Co-Firing Biomassa Di Indonesia Menambah Emisi Gas Rumah Kaca - Trend Asia.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://trendasia.org/riset-terbaru-beda-dengan-klaim-pemerintah-co-firing-biomassa-di-indonesia-menambah-emisi-gas-rumah-kaca/.
Saria, Lana, and M Si. “DIRECTORATE OF VARIOUS OF NEW AND RENEWABLE ENERGY DIRECTORATE GENERAL OF NEW RENEWABLE ENERGY AND ENERGY CONSERVATION MINISTRY OF ENERGY AND MINERAL RESOURCES Indonesia’s National Hydrogen Strategy.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://bit.ly/StrategiHidrogenNasional.
“The 8 Biggest Risks of Underbidding on a Construction Project.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.levelset.com/blog/biggest-risks-of-underbidding/.
“View of Pengaturan Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Uap Batubara Di Indonesia Prespektif Hak Atas Lingkungan Yang Baik Dan Sehat.” Accessed March 2, 2025. https://journal.uii.ac.id/Lex-Renaissance/article/view/16810/pdf.
“What Is a Reverse Auction? How It Works, Example, and Risks.” Accessed February 6, 2025. https://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/reverse-auction.asp.
Wibisana, Wiman. “PERSPEKTIF POLITIK HUKUM DAN TEORI HUKUM PEMBANGUNAN TANGGUNG JAWAB SOSIAL DAN LINGKUNGAN TERBATAS.” Jurnal Komunikasi Hukum, February 1, 2018. https://www.bing.com/ck/a?!&&p=822906be1c8769eeef405cc44f4adc52459ecc84ab453bb3443bb78470f653ddJmltdHM9MTc0OTQyNzIwMA&ptn=3&ver=2&hsh=4&fclid=3c12fc18-69c3-67ef-3439-e9bd6801667a&psq=PERSPEKTIF+POLITIK+HUKUM+DAN+TEORI+HUKUM+PEMBANGUNAN+TERHADAP+TANGGUNG+JAWAB+SOSIAL+DAN+LINGKUNGAN+PERSEROAN+TERBATAS&u=a1aHR0cHM6Ly9lam91cm5hbC51bmRpa3NoYS5hYy5pZC9pbmRleC5waHAvamtoL2FydGljbGUvZG93bmxvYWQvMTM2NjMvODUxNS8xNjgxNA&ntb=1.
Yao, Qiaopeng, Ruiyu Li, Yikun Wang, Yuhang Li, Lei Zhang, Lei Deng, and Defu Che. “Feasibility Analysis of Coupling Hydrogen-Derived Fuel on a Coal-Fired Boiler for Power Generation.” Energy and Fuels 37, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 477–91. https://doi.org/10.1021/ACS.ENERGYFUELS.2C03079/ASSET/IMAGES/MEDIUM/EF2C03079_0011.GIF.