Main Article Content

Abstract

Since the Taliban took power again in August 2021, women's rights in Afghanistan have gotten a lot worse. Women journalists have had some of the worst limitations. This article analyzes the legal and gender-based violations perpetrated against Afghan women journalists from 2021 to 2024, emphasizing Afghanistan's responsibilities under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW). Utilizing a descriptive-analytical and doctrinal legal technique, the study references international human rights instruments, United Nations reports, and recent academic literature. The analysis employs a Human Rights–Based Approach, augmented by perspectives from feminist legal theory, to evaluate the constitutionality of Taliban decrees governing media participation, employment, movement, and expression. The results show that these actions are systemic discrimination against women and violate basic rights, such as the right to work, freedom of speech, equality before the law, and the ability to take part in public life. International monitoring agencies have done a lot of work to document these transgressions, but the current accountability systems have not been very successful in dealing with them. The essay concludes that Afghan women journalists need better treaty-based oversight, acknowledgment of gender persecution under international law, and ongoing political and financial assistance for media groups run by women who are living in exile.

Keywords

Afghan women journalists Taliban ICCPR CEDAW Media freedom

Article Details

How to Cite
Dehqanyar, A. (2026). Reclaiming Human Rights: Afghan Women Journalists’ Struggle under Taliban Governance (2021–2024). Lex Renaissance, 11(1), 163–189. https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol11.iss1.art7

References

  1. “Afghanistan: Condemnation for New Taliban ‘Virtue and Vice’ Order Targeting Women | UN News.” August 27, 2024. https://news.un.org/en/story/2024/08/1153631.

  2. “Afghanistan: Media Landscape Suffocated by Repressive Taliban Directives That Target Women in Particular | RSF.” March 13, 2024. https://rsf.org/en/afghanistan-media-landscape-suffocated-repressive-taliban-directives-target-women-particular.

  3. Afghanistan: Taliban Severely Restrict Media | Human Rights Watch. October 1, 2021. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/01/afghanistan-taliban-severely-restrict-media.

  4. “Afghanistan: The Taliban’s War on Women: The Crime against Humanity of Gender Persecution in Afghanistan.” Amnesty International, May 25, 2023. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa11/6789/2023/en/.

  5. Afghanmal, Noorulbari. Project Proposal: Freedom of Press in Afghanistan. (Kent State University), July 12, 2021.

  6. A/HRC/52/84. “A/HRC/52/84: Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan - Report of the Special Rapporteur on the Situation of Human Rights in Afghanistan, Richard Bennett.” OHCHR, February 9, 2023. https://www.ohchr.org/en/documents/country-reports/ahrc5284-situation-human-rights-afghanistan-report-special-rapporteur.

  7. Akbari, Farkhondeh, and Jacqui True. “One Year on from the Taliban Takeover of Afghanistan: Re-Instituting Gender Apartheid.” Australian Journal of International Affairs 76, no. 6 (2022): 624–33. https://doi.org/10.1080/10357718.2022.2107172.

  8. Akbari, Nasratullah. “Violation of Women’s Rights in Afghanistan under the Taliban Rule.” International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 3 (2023): 1226–29. https://doi.org/10.21275/SR23320011848.

  9. Akrami, Mursal, Khatera Akrami, and Fazila Akrami. “Exploring the Impact of Women’s Presence in Afghan Media: An Examination of the Current Situation.” Studies in Media, Journalism and Communications 1, no. 1 (2023): 1. https://doi.org/10.32996/smjc.2023.1.1.1x.

  10. Alokozay, Naveedullah. “Media Freedom and Censorship: A Comparative Case Study of Media Freedom under Previous and Current Taliban Governments.” Ampera: A Research Journal on Politics and Islamic Civilization 5, no. 02 (2024): 78–87. https://doi.org/10.19109/ampera.v5i02.18904.

  11. Amiri, Mir Hussain. “Obstacles to Women’s Rights to Education: The Taliban Regime and Its Policies on Women’s Education in Afghanistan.” Journal of Asian Social Science Research 5, no. 2 (2024): 167–84. https://doi.org/10.15575/jassr.v5i2.71.

  12. Amnesty International. “Afghanistan: Death in Slow Motion: Women and Girls under Taliban Rule.” Amnesty International, July 27, 2022. https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/asa11/5685/2022/en/.

  13. Bagade, Tanmay, Catherine Chojenta, Melissa Harris, Christopher Oldmeadow, and Deborah Loxton. “A Women’s Rights-Based Approach to Reducing Child Mortality: Data from 193 Countries Show That Gender Equality Does Affect Under-Five Child Mortality.” Maternal and Child Health Journal 26, no. 6 (2022): 1292–304. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10995-021-03315-z.

  14. Bayefsky, Anne F. “Frequently Asked Questions on a Human Rights-Based Approach to Development Cooperation.” In The UN Human Rights Treaty System in the 21 Century, edited by Anne Bayefsky. Brill | Nijhoff, 2000. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502758_044.

  15. CESCR. “General Comment No. 18.” 2005. https://tbinternet.ohchr.org/_layouts/15/treatybodyexternal/Download.aspx?symbolno=E/C.12/GC/18&Lang=en.

  16. Charlesworth, Hilary, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright. “Feminist Approaches to International Law.” JSTOR 85 (October 1991): 613–45.

  17. Charlesworth, Hilary, Christine Chinkin, and Shelley Wright. “Feminist Approaches to International Law.” The American Journal of International Law 85, no. 4 (1991): 613–45. https://doi.org/10.2307/2203269.

  18. De Silva De Alwis, Rangita. “Holding the Taliban Accountable for Gender Persecution: The Search for New Accountability Paradigms under International Human Rights Law, International Criminal Law and Women, Peace, and Security.” German Law Journal 25, no. 2 (2024): 289–334. https://doi.org/10.1017/glj.2023.113.

  19. “Death in Slow Motion: Women and Girls Under Taliban Rule.” Amnesty International, July 27, 2022. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/research/2022/07/women-and-girls-under-taliban-rule-afghanistan/.

  20. Fowler, Corinne. Journalists in Feminist Clothing: Men and Women Reporting Afghan Women during Operation Enduring Freedom, 2001. 8 (2013).

  21. Gul, Ayaz. “Taliban Warns of Ban on Female Media Appearance Without Dress Code Compliance.” Voice of America, March 1, 2024. https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-warns-of-ban-on-female-media-appearance-without-dress-code-compliance/7509825.html.

  22. Hassan, Ali, Amman Basra, and Ali Shahzaib Ahmed. “A Comparative Analysis of Media Restrictions under the Taliban Regimes & Democratic Regime in Afghanistan.” Al-Mahdi Research Journal (MRJ) 5, no. 5 (2024): 644–65. http://ojs.mrj.com.pk/index.php/MRJ/article/view/521.

  23. “HUMAN RIGHTS IN AFGHANISTAN: 15 AUGUST 2021 – 15 JUNE 2022 | United Nations in Afghanistan.” Accessed June 25, 2025. https://afghanistan.un.org/en/191313-human-rights-afghanistan-15-august-2021-%E2%80%93-15-june-2022, https://afghanistan.un.org/en/191313-human-rights-afghanistan-15-august-2021-%E2%80%93-15-june-2022.

  24. Human Rights Watch. “Afghanistan: Events of 2023.” In World Report 2024. 2024. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/afghanistan.

  25. Human Rights Watch. Afghanistan: Taliban Crackdown on Media Worsens | Human Rights Watch. November 22, 2021. https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/11/22/afghanistan-taliban-crackdown-media-worsens-0.

  26. Human Rights Watch. Afghanistan: Taliban Trample Media Freedom | Human Rights Watch. October 23, 2025. https://www.hrw.org/news/2025/10/23/afghanistan-taliban-trample-media-freedom.

  27. Humayoon. “Womens-Visibility-in-Afghan-Media.” Accessed October 8, 2025. https://www.info-res.org/app/uploads/2024/10/Womens-Visibility-in-Afghan-Media.pdf.

  28. Ike, Felicity Nneoma, Molly Unoh Ogbodum, Ola Ukam Usang, et al. “Closing Gender Equality Gaps in Taliban-Ruled Afghanistan.” Discover Public Health 22, no. 1 (2025): 240. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12982-025-00636-0.

  29. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” OHCHR. Accessed December 8, 2025. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights.

  30. Javed, Setara, Tamanna Quraishi, and Nargis Hakimi. “The Systematic Oppression of Afghan Women and Girls Since the Taliban’s Takeover in 2021.” APLIKATIF: Journal of Research Trends in Social Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 1 (2025): 22–38. https://doi.org/10.59110/aplikatif.v4i1.555.

  31. Javed, Setara, Tamanna Quraishi, and Nargis Hakimi. “The Systematic Oppression of Afghan Women and Girls Since the Taliban’s Takeover in 2021.” APLIKATIF: Journal of Research Trends in Social Sciences and Humanities 4, no. 1 (2025): 22–38. https://doi.org/10.59110/aplikatif.v4i1.555.

  32. Kumar, Ruchi. “Off Air: One by One, the Taliban Are Removing Women’s Voices from Afghan Radio.” Global Development. The Guardian, February 19, 2025. https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2025/feb/19/off-air-one-by-one-the-taliban-are-removing-womens-voices-from-afghan-radio.

  33. Labour Law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2007). “Labour Law of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan (2007).” 2007. https://kakaradvocates.com/uploads/laws/translation-Labor%20Law%20-%20En.pdf.

  34. Lewis, Suzanna. “The End of the Afghanistan War and the Return of the Taliban’s War against Women: An Analysis of Gender-Based Asylum in the United States for Afghan Women Student Notes.” Chicago-Kent Law Review 98, no. 3 (2023): 763–88. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.journals/chknt98&i=773.

  35. MacKinnon, Catharine A. “Feminism, Marxism, Method, and the State: Toward Feminist Jurisprudence.” Signs 8, no. 4 (1983): 635–58. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173687.

  36. Mitra, Saumava. “‘Picturing Afghan Women’ for Western Audiences: The Afghan Perspective.” Journalism 21, no. 6 (2020): 800–820. https://doi.org/10.1177/1464884919849359.

  37. Mujtaba Haris. “Challenges Facing Afghan Journalists in Afghanistan and Abroad.” Journalists for Human Rights (JHR), 2024.

  38. Nader, Zahra. “Women Journalists Caught in Middle of a Nightmare.” Index on Censorship 50, no. 4 (2021): 14–16. https://doi.org/10.1177/03064220211068680.

  39. Nahani Pour, Ghorban, Gholam Hossein Zareh, and Hamid Reza Haghighat. “Ethics and Gender in Taliban Political Thought: Women’s Rights and Freedom of Speech.” International Journal of Ethics and Society (IR) 6, no. 2 (2024). https://doi.org/10.22034/ijethics.6.2.62.

  40. OCHA. “Afghanistan Humanitarian Response Impact Analysis 2021 - 2024 (October 2024) | OCHA.” November 3, 2024. https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/afghanistan/afghanistan-humanitarian-response-impact-analysis-2021-2024-october-2024.

  41. OHCHR. “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women New York, 18 December 1979.” Accessed July 12, 2025. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women.

  42. OHCHR. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” Accessed October 20, 2025. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.

  43. OHCHR. “International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.” Accessed November 26, 2025. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-economic-social-and-cultural-rights.

  44. Otto, Dianne. “Lost in Translation: Re-Scripting the Sexed Subjects of International Human Rights Law.” In International Law and Its Others, 1st ed., edited by Anne Orford. Cambridge University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494284.012.

  45. Otto, Dianne. “Lost in Translation: Re-Scripting the Sexed Subjects of International Human Rights Law.” In International Law and Its Others, 1st ed., edited by Anne Orford. Cambridge University Press, 2006. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511494284.012.

  46. Panos, Patrick T., Angelea Panos, Ahmad Hamid Wahidy, Shiwa Askandari, and Nafisa Saeedi. “The Status of Women under Taliban Rule in Afghanistan: Education & Healthcare.” The International Journal of Human Rights, May 1, 2026, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2026.2664625.

  47. Qazi Zada, Sebghatullah, and Mohd Ziaolhaq Qazi Zada. “The Taliban and Women’s Human Rights in Afghanistan: The Way Forward.” The International Journal of Human Rights 28, no. 10 (2024): 1687–722. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2024.2369584.

  48. Raghav Sharma. “Discerning Taliban 2.0 and Afghanistan’s Political Landscape.” March 2024. https://doi.org/10.1177/09749284231225677.

  49. Rahman, Fadhlur, Zanzibar Zanzibar, Ella Yuzar, and Dwhy Sari. “Gendered Power Struggles: A Critical Discourse Analysis of Restrictive Practice in Contemporary Journalism Under Taliban Regime.” Tribakti: Jurnal Pemikiran Keislaman 35 (February 2024): 23–36. https://doi.org/10.33367/tribakti.v35i1.4418.

  50. Rangita de Silva de Alwis. Holding the Taliban Accountable for Gender Persecution: The Search for New Accountability Paradigms under International Human Rights Law, International Criminal Law and Women, Peace, and Security | German Law Journal | Cambridge Core. March 6, 2024. https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/german-law-journal/article/holding-the-taliban-accountable-for-gender-persecution-the-search-for-new-accountability-paradigms-under-international-human-rights-law-international-criminal-law-and-women-peace-and-security/D4BE5B774CF9493024F7680AD0EACA7F?utm_source.

  51. Rittich, Kerry. “The Boundaries of International Law: A Feminist Analysis , by Hilary Charlesworth and Christine Chinkin, Manchester University Press, Manchester, 2000, ISBN 0-7190-3739-5, 414 Pp., UK£ 55 (Hardbound)/UK£ 17.99 (Paperback).” Leiden Journal of International Law 14, no. 4 (2001): 935–39. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0922156501210449.

  52. roxanna. “Gender Persecution in Afghanistan: Could it come under the ICC’s Afghanistan investigation?” Afghanistan Analysts Network - English, May 26, 2023. https://www.afghanistan-analysts.org/en/reports/rights-freedom/gender-persecution-in-afghanistan-could-it-come-under-the-iccs-afghanistan-investigation/.

  53. RSF. “Afghan Journalism Still Resisting after Two Years of Taliban Persecution | RSF.” August 10, 2023. https://rsf.org/en/afghan-journalism-still-resisting-after-two-years-taliban-persecution.

  54. RSF. “Afghanistan 2022 - EN | RSF.” 2022. https://rsf.org/en/analyse_regionale/698.

  55. RSF. “Afghanistan Has Lost Almost 60% of Its Journalists since the Fall of Kabul | RSF.” August 10, 2022. https://rsf.org/en/afghanistan-has-lost-almost-60-its-journalists-fall-kabul.

  56. RSF. “Since the Taliban Takeover, 40% of Afghan Media Have Closed, 80% of Women Journalists Have Lost Their Jobs | RSF.” December 20, 2021. https://rsf.org/en/taliban-takeover-40-afghan-media-have-closed-80-women-journalists-have-lost-their-jobs.

  57. Rukhshana Media. “About Rukhshana Media.” Rukhshana Media, 2021. https://rukhshana.com/en/about-rukhshana/.

  58. Saddiqi, Mohammad Yousaf, and Elif Kucuk Durur. “The Working Conditions and Challenges of Afghan Female Journalists.” American Journal of Applied Psychology 11, no. 3 (2022): 90–100. https://doi.org/10.11648/j.ajap.20221103.12.

  59. Sana Atif. “No Guardian, No Freedom: Inside Afghanistan’s Mahram Restrictions.” More to Her Story, Jun 24. https://www.moretoherstory.com/stories/how-mahram-rules-are-pushing-afghan-women-out-of-public-life.

  60. Sikkink, Kathryn, Helen Clapp, Daniel Marín-López, and Averell Schmidt. “Gender and Transitional Justice: Explaining Global Trends.” International Journal of Transitional Justice 18, no. 3 (2024): 387–404. https://doi.org/10.1093/ijtj/ijae022.

  61. “Since the Taliban Takeover, 40% of Afghan Media Have Closed, 80% of Women Journalists Have Lost Their Jobs | RSF.” December 20, 2021. https://rsf.org/en/taliban-takeover-40-afghan-media-have-closed-80-women-journalists-have-lost-their-jobs.

  62. “Statement of ICC Prosecutor Karim A.A. Khan KC: Applications for Arrest Warrants in the Situation in Afghanistan | International Criminal Court.” Accessed June 25, 2025. https://www.icc-cpi.int/news/statement-icc-prosecutor-karim-aa-khan-kc-applications-arrest-warrants-situation-afghanistan.

  63. Tarushi Aswani. “In ‘Zan Times’, Afghanistan Finds a Voice in Exile.” June 2, 2023. https://akademie.dw.com/en/in-zan-times-afghanistan-finds-a-voice-in-exile/a-65804496.

  64. The Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan. 2004.

  65. TV, Amu. “Key Provisions of Taliban’s New ‘Vice and Virtue’ Law.” Amu TV, August 22, 2024. https://amu.tv/118783/.

  66. UN Human Rights Report 2023. 2023.

  67. UN Women – Asia-Pacific. “Summary of Countrywide Consultations with Afghan Women [July 2024].” Accessed October 25, 2025. https://asiapacific.unwomen.org/en/digital-library/publications/2024/10/summary-of-countrywide-consultations-with-afghan-women.

  68. UNAMA. “Media Freedom in Afghanistan.” November 2024. https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unama_report_on_media_freedom_in_afghanistan.pdf.

  69. UNAMA Human Rights Service. “UNAMA Human Rights in Afghanistan Report – June 2022 (ENGLISH).” 2022 2021. https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/unama_human_rights_in_afghanistan_report_-_june_2022_english.pdf.

  70. United Nations. “Afghanistan: ‘All Tools’ Approach Needed to End Systematic Gender Oppression, Says UN Expert.” OHCHR, June 18, 2024. https://www.ohchr.org/en/press-releases/2024/06/afghanistan-all-tools-approach-needed-end-systematic-gender-oppression-says.

  71. United Nations. “Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW), Articles 7 & 11.” United Nations, 1979. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/convention-elimination-all-forms-discrimination-against-women.

  72. United Nations. “Human Rights Situation in Afghanistan Jul-Sep23.” September 2023. https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/human_rights_situation_in_afghanistan_jul-sep_2023.pdf.

  73. United Nations. “International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” OHCHR. Accessed October 17, 2025. https://www.ohchr.org/en/instruments-mechanisms/instruments/international-covenant-civil-and-political-rights.

  74. United Nations. “Women Journalists Must Be Protected from Violence and Harassment.” OHCHR. Accessed November 3, 2025. https://www.ohchr.org/en/stories/2023/05/women-journalists-must-be-protected-violence-and-harassment.

  75. “United Nations Assistance Mission in Afghanistan (UNAMA). Human Rights in Afghanistan: 15 August 2021 – 15 June 2023. Kabul: UNAMA Human Rights Service, 2023.” n.d. Accessed October 17, 2025. https://unama.unmissions.org/sites/default/files/a_barrier_to_securing_peace_aug_2023_english__0.pdf.

  76. “What Happens When Afghan Women and Girls Go Offline? | UN News.” October 18, 2025. https://news.un.org/en/story/2025/10/1166124.

  77. Wikitia. “Zan Times - Wikitia.” July 4, 2024. https://wikitia.com/wiki/Zan_Times.

  78. Zahra, Fatima, and Tariq Amin. “Afghan Women’s Representation in News Discourse during the First 365 Days of Taliban Governance A Corpus-Based Analysis.” CARC Research in Social Sciences 2 (December 2023). https://doi.org/10.58329/criss.v2i4.70.