Main Article Content

Abstract

The development of the digital economy and financial technology in Indonesia is driving the use of Artificial Intelligence in Islamic banking financing card products, particularly through credit scoring and auto-underwriting systems. The use of Artificial Intelligence provides efficiency in assessing credit eligibility and analyzing customer risk, but also raises legal issues related to algorithm transparency, potential discriminatory bias, personal data protection, and the accountability of Artificial Intelligence - based decision-making systems. This study aims to analyze the legal regulations regarding the use of Artificial Intelligence in Islamic banking financing card products in Indonesia, as well as to examine the legal challenges and the construction of ideal legal protection for banks and customers. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory approach. The legal materials consist of laws and regulations related to Islamic financing, information technology, and personal data protection, the Indonesian Ulema Council Fatwa on financing cards, and various relevant legal literature. The analysis was conducted systematically to construct legal norms related to the use of Artificial Intelligence in Islamic banking. The results indicate that Artificial Intelligence regulations in Islamic banking financing card products in Indonesia are still partial and do not specifically regulate algorithm transparency, Artificial Intelligence oversight, and legal accountability for Artificial Intelligence based financing decisions. Therefore, a hybrid governance model is needed that combines rules-based, principles-driven, and adaptive regulation approaches to create legal certainty, protect customers, and maintain the principles of fairness and sharia compliance in the use of Artificial Intelligence in Islamic banking in Indonesia.

Keywords

Artificial Intelligence Financing Card Products Islamic Banking Legal Protection

Article Details

How to Cite
Putra, B. M., Wardhani, A. K., & Islam, A. N. (2026). Artificial Intelligence Disruption in Islamic Banking Financing Card Products: Regulatory Challenges and Legal Protection Construction in Indonesia: Disrupsi Kecerdasan Artifisial pada Produk Kartu Pembiayaan Perbankan Syariah: Tantangan Regulasi dan Rekonstruksi Perlindungan Hukum di Indonesia. Lex Renaissance, 11(1), 75–99. https://doi.org/10.20885/JLR.vol11.iss1.art4

References

  1. Akbar, Muhammad Dafi, Josua Ferdinand Sihotang, Rendika Purnama, dan Taria Hasna. “Pemanfaatan dan Permasalahan Artificial Intelligence Dalam Kehidupan Manusia Serta Pengaturannya Secara Hukum.” Media Hukum Indonesia 2 (t.t.). https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.12169651.

  2. Ala’raj, Maher, Maysam F. Abbod, dan Munir Majdalawieh. “Modelling Customers Credit Card Behaviour Using Bidirectional LSTM Neural Networks.” Journal of Big Data 8, no. 1 (Desember 2021): 69. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40537-021-00461-7.

  3. Ala’raj, Maher, Maysam F. Abbod, Munir Majdalawieh, dan Luay Jum’a. “A Deep Learning Model for Behavioural Credit Scoring in Banks.” Neural Computing and Applications 34, no. 8 (April 2022): 5839–66. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00521-021-06695-z.

  4. “Artificial Intelligence Governance for Indonesian Banks.” Diakses 25 Juni 2026. https://ojk.go.id/en/Publikasi/Roadmap-dan-Pedoman/Perbankan/Pages/Indonesia-Artificial-Intelligence-Governance-for-Banking.aspx.

  5. Barredo Arrieta, Alejandro, Natalia Díaz-Rodríguez, Javier Del Ser, Adrien Bennetot, Siham Tabik, Alberto Barbado, Salvador Garcia, dkk. “Explainable Artificial Intelligence (XAI): Concepts, Taxonomies, Opportunities and Challenges toward Responsible AI.” Information Fusion 58 (Juni 2020): 82–115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.inffus.2019.12.012.

  6. Basri, Wardina. TRANSFORMING ETHICAL REGULATION OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN ISLAMIC BANKING: A MAQASHID SHARIAH PERSPECTIVE IN THE DIGITAL ERA. t.t.

  7. Berlian, Dana, Andri Andri, dan Agung Apriana. “PERBANDINGAN PEMBERIAN KREDIT ANTARA BANK KONVENSIONAL DAN PEMBIAYAAN BANK SYARIAH KEPADA USAHA KECIL DAN MENENGAH.” Jurnal Perbankan Syariah Indonesia (JPSI) 2, no. 2 (September 2023): 62–72. https://doi.org/10.57171/jpsi.v2i2.6.

  8. Bi, Shuochen, dan Wenqing Bao. “Innovative Application of Artificial Intelligence Technology in Bank Credit Risk Management.” International Journal of Global Economics and Management 2, no. 3 (April 2024): 76–81. https://doi.org/10.62051/IJGEM.v2n3.08.

  9. Bin-Armia, Muhammad Syauqi, dan Yessen Kambakov. Artificial Intelligence and Shariah Governance in Islamic Finance: Institutional Design, Value Creation, and Risk Management. t.t.

  10. “Consulting & Growth Advisory Services | Fortune Business Insights.” Diakses 25 Juni 2026. https://www.fortunebusinessinsights.com/.

  11. Fattah, Akhmad Kautsar, Abdul Haris Nafis, Andriyan Rahardi, Pradipta Prihantono, Sofyan Sauri, dan Andriyanto Adhi Nugroho. PENGGUNAAN ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE DALAM FINTECH CREDIT SCORING DAN PERTANGGUNGJAWABAN HUKUM TERHADAP RESIKO DISKRIMINASI. 16, no. 1 (2025).

  12. “FEKDI x IFSE 2025: Digitalisasi Ekonomi Keuangan Kunci Pertumbuhan Ekonomi Masa Depan.” Diakses 25 Juni 2026. https://www.bi.go.id/id/publikasi/ruang-media/news-release/Pages/sp_2725725.aspx.

  13. Hamadou, Issa, Aimatul Yumna, Hawaou Hamadou, dan Mamadou Salieu Jallow. “Unleashing the power of artificial intelligence in Islamic banking: A case study of Bank Syariah Indonesia (BSI).” Modern Finance 2, no. 1 (Juni 2024): 131–44. https://doi.org/10.61351/mf.v2i1.116.

  14. Langenbucher, Katja. “Responsible A.I.-Based Credit Scoring – A Legal Framework.” European Business Law Review 31, no. Issue 4 (Agustus 2020): 527–72. https://doi.org/10.54648/EULR2020022.

  15. Langenbucher, Katja, dan Patrick Corcoran. “Responsible AI Credit Scoring – A Lesson from Upstart.com.” Dalam Digital Finance in Europe: Law, Regulation, and Governance, disunting oleh Emilios Avgouleas dan Heikki Marjosola, 141–80. De Gruyter, 2021. https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110749472-006.

  16. “LEXPRESS: OJK TERBITKAN TATA KELOLA KECERDASAN ARTIFISIAL: BAGAIMANA REGULASI IMPLEMENTASI AI DALAM INDUSTRI PERBANKAN DI INDONESIA?” LK2 FHUI, t.t. Diakses 25 Juni 2026. https://lk2fhui.law.ui.ac.id/portfolio/lexpress-ojk-terbitkan-tata-kelola-kecerdasan-artifisial-bagaimana-regulasi-implementasi-ai-dalam-industri-perbankan-di-indonesia/.

  17. Mehrabi, Ninareh, Fred Morstatter, Nripsuta Saxena, Kristina Lerman, dan Aram Galstyan. “A Survey on Bias and Fairness in Machine Learning.” ACM Computing Surveys 54, no. 6 (Juli 2022): 1–35. https://doi.org/10.1145/3457607.

  18. Misheva, Branka Hadji, Joerg Osterrieder, Ali Hirsa, Onkar Kulkarni, dan Stephen Fung Lin. “Explainable AI in Credit Risk Management.” Versi 1. Preprint, arXiv, 2021. https://doi.org/10.48550/ARXIV.2103.00949.

  19. Montagnani, Maria Lillà, dan Carolina Paulesu. “Towards an Ecosystem for Consumer Protection in the Context of AI-Based Credit Scoring.” European Business Law Review 33, no. Issue 4 (Juni 2022): 557–80. https://doi.org/10.54648/EULR2022026.

  20. Muhammad Bashri Bas, Rika Febby Rhamadhani, Rasmi Nur Anggraeni, I Putu Edi Darmawan, dan Phatra Anggana Djuri. “Artificial Intelligence and Financial Regulation in Indonesia’s Islamic Banking: a Systematic Literature Review.” Paradoks : Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi 8, no. 3 (Juni 2025): 1174–87. https://doi.org/10.57178/paradoks.v8i3.1519.

  21. Mutiara, Upik, Rahmad Ramadhan Hasibuan, dan Lupita Risma Candanni. “PERLINDUNGAN DATA DALAM LAYANAN PERBANKAN BERBASIS TEKNOLOGI (FINTECH): KERANGKA REGULASI DI INDONESIA DAN SINGAPURA.” Jurnal Magister Ilmu Hukum 5, no. 2 (Agustus 2021): 1. https://doi.org/10.36722/jmih.v5i2.788.

  22. Nurhania, Naila Maryam Ramadhani, Reni, dan Sisilia Agustin. “Digitalisasi Berbasis Syariah: Transformasi Teknologi Dalam Pengembangan Produk Dan Pembiayaan Bank Syariah.” Journal of Economics and Business 3, no. 2 (Desember 2025): 232–43. https://doi.org/10.61994/econis.v3i2.1421.

  23. Law Number 1 of 2024 concerning the Second Amendment to Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions.

  24. Law Number 21 of 2008 concerning Sharia Banking.

  25. Law Number 4 of 2023 concerning the Strengthening and Development of the Financial Sector.

  26. Fatwa of the National Sharia Council of the Indonesian Ulema Council Number 54/DSN-MUI/X/2006 concerning Sharia Cards.

  27. Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 31/POJK.05/2014 concerning the Implementation of Islamic Financing Businesses.

  28. Financial Services Authority Regulation Number 75/POJK.03/2016 concerning Information Technology Implementation Standards for Rural Banks and Sharia Rural Financing Banks.

  29. Pangestika, Zalma Niendya, Dian Khoiriyani Putri, Seanita Febriana Angelica, Ita Nuryana, dan Dyah Maya Nihayah. “Systematic Literature Review: Persepsi Penggunaan QRIS Sebagai Peningkatan Efektivitas Alat Pembayaran dan Sistem Keuangan Digital.” Jurnal Pendidikan Ekonomi (JUPE) 13, no. 2 (Mei 2025): 103–15. https://doi.org/10.26740/jupe.v13n2.p103-115.

  30. Pattanayak, Suprit Kumar. The Impact of Artificial Intelligence on Operational Efficiency in Banking: A Comprehensive Analysis of Automation and Process Optimization. 08, no. 10 (2021).

  31. “Press Release: OJK Issues Regulation On Information Technology Implementation for Conventional Rural Banks and Sharia Rural Banks Digital Security Strengthening.” Diakses 25 Juni 2026. https://ojk.go.id/en/berita-dan-kegiatan/siaran-pers/Pages/OJK-Issues-Regulation-On-Information-Technology-Implementation-For-BPR-And-BPRS-Digital-Security.aspx.

  32. Ramadhan, Fardhal Virgiawan. “Transformasi Ekonomi Digital Indonesia Dalam Mewujudkan Indonesia Emas 2045: Pemikiran Prof. Nurcholish Madjid.” Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Islam 10, no. 1 (Maret 2024): 1. https://doi.org/10.29040/jiei.v1i1.11593.

  33. Ratzan, John, dan Noushi Rahman. “Measuring Responsible Artificial Intelligence (RAI) in Banking: A Valid and Reliable Instrument.” AI and Ethics 4, no. 4 (November 2024): 1279–97. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-023-00321-5.

  34. Remolina, Nydia. “The Role of Financial Regulators in the Governance of Algorithmic Credit Scoring.” SSRN Electronic Journal, advance online publication, 2022. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4057986.

  35. Sadok, Hicham, Fadi Sakka, dan Mohammed El Hadi El Maknouzi. “Artificial Intelligence and Bank Credit Analysis: A Review.” Cogent Economics & Finance 10, no. 1 (Desember 2022): 2023262. https://doi.org/10.1080/23322039.2021.2023262.

  36. Safriatullah, Safriatullah, Rizki Auliadi, Amrullah Amrullah, Nurmalawati Nurmalawati, dan Muhammad Jais. “Tantangan Implementasi AI di Perbankan Syariah: Perspektif Regulasi dan Etika.” Jurnal Ilmiah Guru Madrasah 4, no. 1 (Juni 2025): 34–51. https://doi.org/10.69548/jigm.v4i1.40.

  37. Sargeant, Holli. “Algorithmic Decision-Making in Financial Services: Economic and Normative Outcomes in Consumer Credit.” AI and Ethics 3, no. 4 (November 2023): 1295–311. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43681-022-00236-7.

  38. Sharma, Pradeep, dan J. Logeshwaran. “AI-driven Credit Scoring System for Real-Time Credit Card Approval in Banking.” 2024 2nd International Conference on Advances in Computation, Communication and Information Technology (ICAICCIT), 28 November 2024, 506–11. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAICCIT64383.2024.10912352.

  39. Sipasulta, Natallios Peter dan Siti Nurafiah. “PENGGUNAAN AI DALAM MENDUKUNG PROSES PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN PADA BANK ATAS PENGAJUAN PERMOHONAN PINJAMAN BARU SEGMEN RETAIL.” Jurnal Ekonomi dan Manajemen 5, no. 2 (Mei 2026): 80–88. https://doi.org/10.56127/jekma.v5i2.2744.

  40. Spindler, Gerald. “Algorithms, Credit Scoring, and the New Proposals of the EU for an AI Act and on a Consumer Credit Directive.” Law and Financial Markets Review 15, no. 3–4 (Oktober 2021): 239–61. https://doi.org/10.1080/17521440.2023.2168940.

  41. Tong, Kejian, Zonglin Han, Yanxin Shen, Yujian Long, dan Yijing Wei. “An Integrated Machine Learning and Deep Learning Framework for Credit Card Approval Prediction.” 2024 IEEE 6th International Conference on Power, Intelligent Computing and Systems (ICPICS), 26 Juli 2024, 853–58. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICPICS62053.2024.10795883.

  42. Tovanich, Natkamon, Simone Centellegher, Nacéra Bennacer Seghouani, Joe Gladstone, Sandra Matz, dan Bruno Lepri. “Inferring Psychological Traits from Spending Categories and Dynamic Consumption Patterns.” EPJ Data Science 10, no. 1 (Mei 2021): 24. https://doi.org/10.1140/epjds/s13688-021-00281-y.

  43. Vij, Renu, Divya Kumar, Atul Aggarwal, dan Neha Saini. “AI-Enhanced Credit Scoring Method for Immediate Assessment.” 2025 2nd International Conference on New Frontiers in Communication, Automation, Management and Security (ICCAMS), 11 Juli 2025, 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICCAMS65118.2025.11234116.

  44. Wachter, Sandra, Brent Mittelstadt, dan Luciano Floridi. “Why a Right to Explanation of Automated Decision-Making Does Not Exist in the General Data Protection Regulation.” International Data Privacy Law 7, no. 2 (Mei 2017): 76–99. https://doi.org/10.1093/idpl/ipx005.

  45. Yuniar Isnaeni Mara, Mirza. Ekonomi dan Keuangan Digital: Konsep dan Implementasi di Indonesia. Jakarta: BI Istitute, 2025.

  46. Zuhaili, Ahbah az-. Fiqih Isuim Wa Adiluituhu – Jilid 4. Jakarta: Gema Insani, 2011.