Article Sidebar
Downloads
Main Article Content
Abstract
In colonial history in the Dutch East Indies, customary law was superior to Islamic law. By utilizing the historical approach of social thought, this article aims at exploring how and why customary inheritance law was more applicable than Islamic inheritance law. After observing the practice in several areas, including in Surambi Masjid, Snouck Hurgronje found that customary law dominated people's lives. In turn, this idea was implemented in Dutch legal regulations that weakened the roles of penghulu of the Religious Courts in resolving family and inheritance issues that required approval from the District Court judges. In addition, the penghulu’s decision was not valid if it was not in line with customary law. Based on Hurgronje’s advice, the competence of the Religious Court at inheritance was transferred to the District Court. He considered that inheritance was under the state’s authority, and at the same time, it had not been fully accepted by customary law.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2021 Muhammad Jazil Rifqi
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution (CC-BY-SA) 4.0 License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work’s authorship and initial publication in this journal.
References
- Abdullah, Taufik. “Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau.” Indonesia, no. 2 (1966): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/3350753.
- Alamsyah, Rahmad, Imadah Thoyyibah, and Tri Novianti. “Pengaruh Teori Receptie Dalam Politik Hukum Kolonial Belanda Terhadap Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Adat Dalam Sejarah Hukum Indonesia [The Influence of Receptie Theory in Dutch Colonial Legal Politics on Islamic Law and Customary Law in the History of Indonesian Law].” PETITA 3, no. 2 (2021): 343–62. https://doi.org/10.33373/pta.v3i2.3875.
- Alfian. Muhammadiyah: The Political Behaviour of a Muslim Modernist Organisation under Dutch Colonialism. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1989.
- Anshori, Abdul Ghofur. Peradilan Agama Di Indonesia Pasca UU No. 3 Tahun 2006: Sejarah, Kedudukan, Dan Kewenangan [Religious Courts in Indonesia After Law No. 3 of 2006: History, Position and Authority]. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: UII Press, 2007.
- Bazzi, Samuel, Gabriel Koehler-Derrick, and Benjamin Marx. “The Institutional Foundations of Religious Politics: Evidence from Indonesia.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 2 (2020): 845–911. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz038.
- Benda, Harry J. Bulan Sabit Dan Matahari Terbit: Islam Indonesia Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang [The Crescent and the Rising Sun : Indonesian Islam under the Japanese Occupation 1942-1945]. Edited by Alfian. Translated by Daniel Dhakidae. Cet. 1. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Jaya, 1980.
- Benda, Harry J. “Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje and the Foundations of Dutch Islamic Policy in Indonesia.” The Journal of Modern History 30, no. 4 (1958): 338–47. https://doi.org/10.1086/238264.
- Benda, Harry J. “The Pattern of Administrative Reforms in the Closing Years of Dutch Rule in Indonesia.” The Journal of Asian Studies 25, no. 4 (1966): 589–605. https://doi.org/10.2307/2051493.
- Boland, B.J. Pergumulan Islam Di Indonesia 1945-1970 [The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia]. Edited by Djohan Effendi. Translated by Syafrudin Bahar. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers, 1985.
- Burhanudin, Jajat. “Islam Dan Kolonialisme: Sayyid Usman Dan Islam Di Indonesia Masa Penjajahan [Islam and Colonialism: Sayyid Usman and Islam in Colonial Indonesia].” Studia Islamika 22, no. 1 (2015): 185–208. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v1i1.1391.
- Burhanudin, Jajat. “The Dutch Colonial Policy on Islam: Reading the Intellectual Journey of Snouck Hurgronje.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 52, no. 1 (2014): 25–58. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2014.521.25-58.
- Cahyani, Andi Intan. “Peradilan Agama Sebagai Penegak Hukum Islam Di Indonesia [Religious Courts as Enforcer of Islamic Law in Indonesia].” Jurnal Al-Qadau: Peradilan Dan Hukum Keluarga Islam 6, no. 1 (2019): 119–32. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-qadau.v6i1.9483.
- Djalil, A. Basiq. Peradilan Agama di Indonesia [Religious Courts in Indonesia]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Prenada Media, 2010.
- Drewes, G. W. J. “Snouck Hurgronje and the Study of Islam.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 113, no. 1 (1957): 1–15.
- Groen, Petra. “Colonial Warfare and Military Ethics in the Netherlands East Indies, 1816–1941.” Journal of Genocide Research 14, no. 3–4 (2012): 277–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2012.719365.
- Halim, Fachrizal A. “Contestation of the Oath Procedure in Colonial Indonesia’s Islamic Court.” Indonesia and the Malay World 41, no. 119 (2013): 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2012.750098.
- Hamami, Taufiq. Mengenal Lebih Dekat: Kedudukan Dan Eksistensi Peradilan Agama Dalam Sistem Tata Hukum Di Indonesia [Get to Know More Closely: The Position and Existence of Religious Courts in the Legal System in Indonesia]. Bandung, Indonesia: Alumni, 2003.
- Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. Islam Di Hindia Belanda [Islam in Nederlands-Indie]. Translated by S. Gunawan. Jakarta, Indonesia: Bhratara Karya Aksara, 1983.
- Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. Kumpulan Karangan Snouck Hurgronje VIII : Tulisan-Tulisan Tentang Islam Di Hindia Belanda (Jajaran Pertama) [Verspreide Geschriften (Gesammelte Schriften)]. Translated by Soedarsono Soekarno. Jakarta, Indonesia: INIS, 1993.
- Jung, Dietrich. “‘Islam as a Problem’: Dutch Religious Politics in the East Indies.” Review of Religious Research 51, no. 3 (2010): 288–301.
- Kloos, David. “A Crazy State: Violence, Psychiatry, and Colonialism in Aceh, Indonesia, ca. 1910-1942.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 170, no. 1 (2014): 25–65.
- Koningsveld, Pieter Sjoerd van. “Conversion of European Intellectuals to Islam: The Case of Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Alias ʿAbd al-Ghaffār.” In Muslims in Interwar Europe, edited by Bekim Agai, Umar Ryad, and Mehdi Sajid, 88–104. A Transcultural Historical Perspective. Brill, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1hd.8.
- Koto, Alaiddin, Muhammad Husin, Arisman, Azli, Endang Kurnia, Harianto Siregar, Muhajir, et al. Sejarah Peradilan Islam [History of Islamic Courts]. Jakarta: PT. Rajagrafindo Persada, 2011.
- Kroef, Justus M. van der. “The Role of Islam in Indonesian Nationalism and Politics.” The Western Political Quarterly 11, no. 1 (1958): 33–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/443571.
- Kushidayati, Lina. “The Development of Islamic Law in Indonesia.” QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 1, no. 2 (2014): 163–80. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v1i2.185.
- Laffan, Michael. “Raden Aboe Bakar An Introductory Note Concerning Snouck Hurgronje’s Informant in Jeddah (1884-1912).” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 155, no. 4 (1999): 517–42.
- Laffan, Michael F. “Writing from the Colonial Margin: The Letters of Aboe Bakar Djajadiningrat to Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje.” Indonesia and the Malay World 31, no. 91 (2003): 356–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1363981042000188646.
- Lev, Daniel S. Peradilan Agama Islam Di Indonesia: Suatu Studi Landasan Politik Lembaga-Lembaga Hukum [Islamic Courts in Indonesia: A Study in the Political Bases of Legal Institutions]. Translated by Zaini Ahmad Noeh. Jakarta: PT. Intermasa, 1986.
- Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth. “Dutch Expansion in the Indonesian Archipelago around 1900 and the Imperialism Debate.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (1994): 91–111.
- Lukito, Ratno. Pergumulan Antara Hukum Islam Dan Adat Di Indonesia [The Struggle Between Islamic and Customary Law in Indonesia]. Jakarta: INIS, 1998.
- Matrais, Sumadi. “Kemandirian Peradilan Agama Dalam Perspektif Undang-Undang Peradilan Agama [Independence of the Religious Courts in the Perspective of the Law on Religious Courts].” Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM 15, no. 1 (2008): 121–44. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol15.iss1.art6.
- McFate, Montgomery. “A Military Anthropologist Looks at Islamic Insurgency in Aceh.” Orbis 62, no. 4 (2018): 632–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2018.08.007.
- McFate, Montgomery. “Useful Knowledge: Snouck Hurgronje and Islamic Insurgency in Aceh.” Orbis 63, no. 3 (2019): 416–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2019.05.005.
- Meer, Arnout H. C. van der. “Rituals and Power: Cross-Cultural Exchange and the Contestation of Colonial Hegemony in Indonesia.” In Cross-Cultural Exchange and the Colonial Imaginary, edited by H. Hazel Hahn, 75–104. Global Encounters via Southeast Asia. NUS Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv136c5w0.8.
- Minarchek, Matthew. “Creating Environmental Subjects: Conservation as Counter-Insurgency in Aceh, Indonesia, 1925–1940.” Political Geography 81 (2020): 102189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102189.
- Moestapa, Hadji Hasan, and R.A. Kern. Over de Gewoonten En Gebruiken Der Soendaneezen. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1946. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbnm4jv.
- Mudzhar, M. Atho. Fatwa-Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia: Sebuah Studi Tentang Pemikiran Hukum Islam Di Indonesia [Fatwas of the Indonesian Ulema Council: A Study of Islamic Legal Thought in Indonesia]. Jakarta: INIS, 1993.
- Mukhlas, Oyo Sunaryo. Perkembangan Peradilan Islam: Dari Kahin Di Jazirah Arab Ke Peradilan Agama Di Indonesia [The Development of Islamic Courts: From Kahin in the Arabian Peninsula to Religious Courts in Indonesia]. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2011.
- Niam, Khoirun. “The Discourse of Muslim Intellectuals and `ulama in Indonesia: A Historical Overview.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 4, no. 2 (2010): 287–316. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2010.4.2.287-316.
- Noeh, Zaini Ahmad. Sejarah Singkat Pengadilan Agama Islam Di Indonesia [A Brief History of Islamic Religious Courts in Indonesia]. Surabaya: PT. Bina Ilmu, 1983.
- Noer, Deliar. Administrasi Islam Di Indonesia [Islamic Administration in Indonesia]. Jakarta: CV. Rajawali, 1983.
- Pijper, G.F. Beberapa Studi Tentang Sejarah Islam Di Indonesia 1900-1950 [Studien over de Geschiedenis van de Islam in Indonesia 1900-1950]. Translated by Tudjimah and Jessy Augusdin. Jakarta, Indonesia: UI Press, 1984.
- Pradjarta Dirdjosanjoto. Memelihara Umat: Kiai Pesantren-Kiai Langgar Di Jawa [Caring for the People: Kiai in Pesantren and Langgar in Java]. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: LKiS, 1999.
- Ridwan, Auliya. “Colonial Politics of Power and Cultural Identity Development of Islamic Education Vis-À-Vis European Education in The Netherlands East Indies Periods.” Marâji‘: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 2, no. 2 (2016): 227–47.
- Rohmana, Jajang A. “Colonial Informants and the Acehnese-Dutch War: Haji Hasan Mustapa’s Response to Teuku Umar’s Collaboration with the Dutch Authorities in the East Indies.” Indonesia and the Malay World 49, no. 143 (2021): 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2021.1855022.
- Rohmana, Jajang A. “Persahabatan Penjajah Dan Bangsa Jajahan Di Hindia Belanda: C. Snouck Hurgronje Dan Haji Hasan Mustapa [Friendship of Colonizers and Colonies in the Dutch East Indies: C. Snouck Hurgronje and Haji Hasan Mustapa].” Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies 12, no. 2 (2016): 144–68. https://doi.org/10.18196/afkaruna.v12i2.2788.
- Rusyeni, Rini. “Fragmented Voices: The Personal Archives of the Advisors of Inlandsche Zaken, 1899-1942.” Master thesis, Leiden University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/49426.
- Safa’at, Muchamad Ali. “Islam and the State in Indonesia from a Legal Perspective.” Multiple Secularities, 2019. https://www.multiple-secularities.de/publications/companion/islam-and-the-state-in-indonesia-from-a-legal-perspective/.
- Sezgin, Yüksel, and Mirjam Künkler. “Regulation of ‘Religion’ and the ‘Religious’: The Politics of Judicialization and Bureaucratization in India and Indonesia.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, no. 2 (2014): 448–78.
- Shihab, Alwi. Membendung Arus: Respons Gerakan Muhammadiyah Terhadap Penetrasi Misi Kristen Di Indonesia [Damping the Tide: The Response of the Muhammadiyah Movement to the Penetration of Christian Missions in Indonesia]. Bandung, Indonesia: Mizan, 1998.
- Sidik, Humar. “Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Dalam Dinamika Islam Di Aceh Pada Masa Kolonial Belanda [christiaan Snouck Hurgronje in the Dynamics of Islam in Aceh in the Dutch Colony Time].” Jurnal Artefak 7, no. 1 (2020): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.25157/ja.v7i1.3282.
- Siegel, James T. “Si Meuseukin’s Wedding.” Indonesia, no. 22 (1976): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2307/3350974.
- Stauth, Georg. “Slave Trade, Multiculturalism and Islam in Colonial Singapore: A Sociological Note on Christian Snouck Hurgronje’s 1891 Article1 on Slave Trade in Singapore.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 20, no. 1 (1992): 67–79.
- Suminto, Aqib. Politik Islam Hindia Belanda [Dutch East Indies Islamic Politics]. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1996.
- Thohir, Ajid, Dedi Supriadi, Mulyana, Faizal Arifin, and Muhammad Andi Septiadi. “The Struggle of Freemasonry and Islamic Ideology in the Twentieth Century during Colonialization in Indonesia.” Heliyon 7, no. 10 (2021): e08237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08237.
- Tresna, R. Peradilan Di Indonesia Dari Abad Ke Abad [Courts in Indonesia from Century to Century]. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1978.
- Van Bruinessen, Martin. “Comparing the Governance of Islam in Turkey and Indonesia.” The RSIS Working Paper Series. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2018. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19924.
- Van Niel, Robert. “Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: In Memory of the Centennial of His Birth.” The Journal of Asian Studies 16, no. 4 (1957): 591–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/2941641.
- Vlekke, Bernard H.M. Nusantara: A History of Indonesia. Leiden: W. Van Hoeve, 1965.
- W. J. Kernkamp. “Regeering En Islam.” In Daar Werd Wat Groots Verricht. Nederlandsch-Indiei in de XXste Eeuw, 192–93. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, 1941.
- Wahyudi, Abdullah Tri. “Kewenangan Absolut Peradilan Agama Di Indonesia Pada Masa Kolonial Belanda Hingga Masa Pasca Reformasi [The Absolute Authority of the Religious Courts in Indonesia from the Dutch Colonial Period to the Post-Reformation Period].” YUDISIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam 7, no. 2 (2016): 285–304. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v7i2.2156.
- Wieringa, Edwin. “The Dream of the King and the Holy War against the Dutch: The ‘Kôteubah’ of the Acehnese Epic, ‘Hikayat Prang Gômpeuni.’” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 61, no. 2 (1998): 298–308.
References
Abdullah, Taufik. “Adat and Islam: An Examination of Conflict in Minangkabau.” Indonesia, no. 2 (1966): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.2307/3350753.
Alamsyah, Rahmad, Imadah Thoyyibah, and Tri Novianti. “Pengaruh Teori Receptie Dalam Politik Hukum Kolonial Belanda Terhadap Hukum Islam Dan Hukum Adat Dalam Sejarah Hukum Indonesia [The Influence of Receptie Theory in Dutch Colonial Legal Politics on Islamic Law and Customary Law in the History of Indonesian Law].” PETITA 3, no. 2 (2021): 343–62. https://doi.org/10.33373/pta.v3i2.3875.
Alfian. Muhammadiyah: The Political Behaviour of a Muslim Modernist Organisation under Dutch Colonialism. Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press, 1989.
Anshori, Abdul Ghofur. Peradilan Agama Di Indonesia Pasca UU No. 3 Tahun 2006: Sejarah, Kedudukan, Dan Kewenangan [Religious Courts in Indonesia After Law No. 3 of 2006: History, Position and Authority]. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: UII Press, 2007.
Bazzi, Samuel, Gabriel Koehler-Derrick, and Benjamin Marx. “The Institutional Foundations of Religious Politics: Evidence from Indonesia.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics 135, no. 2 (2020): 845–911. https://doi.org/10.1093/qje/qjz038.
Benda, Harry J. Bulan Sabit Dan Matahari Terbit: Islam Indonesia Pada Masa Pendudukan Jepang [The Crescent and the Rising Sun : Indonesian Islam under the Japanese Occupation 1942-1945]. Edited by Alfian. Translated by Daniel Dhakidae. Cet. 1. Jakarta, Indonesia: Pustaka Jaya, 1980.
Benda, Harry J. “Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje and the Foundations of Dutch Islamic Policy in Indonesia.” The Journal of Modern History 30, no. 4 (1958): 338–47. https://doi.org/10.1086/238264.
Benda, Harry J. “The Pattern of Administrative Reforms in the Closing Years of Dutch Rule in Indonesia.” The Journal of Asian Studies 25, no. 4 (1966): 589–605. https://doi.org/10.2307/2051493.
Boland, B.J. Pergumulan Islam Di Indonesia 1945-1970 [The Struggle of Islam in Modern Indonesia]. Edited by Djohan Effendi. Translated by Syafrudin Bahar. Jakarta: Grafiti Pers, 1985.
Burhanudin, Jajat. “Islam Dan Kolonialisme: Sayyid Usman Dan Islam Di Indonesia Masa Penjajahan [Islam and Colonialism: Sayyid Usman and Islam in Colonial Indonesia].” Studia Islamika 22, no. 1 (2015): 185–208. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v1i1.1391.
Burhanudin, Jajat. “The Dutch Colonial Policy on Islam: Reading the Intellectual Journey of Snouck Hurgronje.” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 52, no. 1 (2014): 25–58. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2014.521.25-58.
Cahyani, Andi Intan. “Peradilan Agama Sebagai Penegak Hukum Islam Di Indonesia [Religious Courts as Enforcer of Islamic Law in Indonesia].” Jurnal Al-Qadau: Peradilan Dan Hukum Keluarga Islam 6, no. 1 (2019): 119–32. https://doi.org/10.24252/al-qadau.v6i1.9483.
Djalil, A. Basiq. Peradilan Agama di Indonesia [Religious Courts in Indonesia]. Jakarta, Indonesia: Prenada Media, 2010.
Drewes, G. W. J. “Snouck Hurgronje and the Study of Islam.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 113, no. 1 (1957): 1–15.
Groen, Petra. “Colonial Warfare and Military Ethics in the Netherlands East Indies, 1816–1941.” Journal of Genocide Research 14, no. 3–4 (2012): 277–96. https://doi.org/10.1080/14623528.2012.719365.
Halim, Fachrizal A. “Contestation of the Oath Procedure in Colonial Indonesia’s Islamic Court.” Indonesia and the Malay World 41, no. 119 (2013): 14–28. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2012.750098.
Hamami, Taufiq. Mengenal Lebih Dekat: Kedudukan Dan Eksistensi Peradilan Agama Dalam Sistem Tata Hukum Di Indonesia [Get to Know More Closely: The Position and Existence of Religious Courts in the Legal System in Indonesia]. Bandung, Indonesia: Alumni, 2003.
Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. Islam Di Hindia Belanda [Islam in Nederlands-Indie]. Translated by S. Gunawan. Jakarta, Indonesia: Bhratara Karya Aksara, 1983.
Hurgronje, Christiaan Snouck. Kumpulan Karangan Snouck Hurgronje VIII : Tulisan-Tulisan Tentang Islam Di Hindia Belanda (Jajaran Pertama) [Verspreide Geschriften (Gesammelte Schriften)]. Translated by Soedarsono Soekarno. Jakarta, Indonesia: INIS, 1993.
Jung, Dietrich. “‘Islam as a Problem’: Dutch Religious Politics in the East Indies.” Review of Religious Research 51, no. 3 (2010): 288–301.
Kloos, David. “A Crazy State: Violence, Psychiatry, and Colonialism in Aceh, Indonesia, ca. 1910-1942.” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 170, no. 1 (2014): 25–65.
Koningsveld, Pieter Sjoerd van. “Conversion of European Intellectuals to Islam: The Case of Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Alias ʿAbd al-Ghaffār.” In Muslims in Interwar Europe, edited by Bekim Agai, Umar Ryad, and Mehdi Sajid, 88–104. A Transcultural Historical Perspective. Brill, 2016. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctt1w8h1hd.8.
Koto, Alaiddin, Muhammad Husin, Arisman, Azli, Endang Kurnia, Harianto Siregar, Muhajir, et al. Sejarah Peradilan Islam [History of Islamic Courts]. Jakarta: PT. Rajagrafindo Persada, 2011.
Kroef, Justus M. van der. “The Role of Islam in Indonesian Nationalism and Politics.” The Western Political Quarterly 11, no. 1 (1958): 33–54. https://doi.org/10.2307/443571.
Kushidayati, Lina. “The Development of Islamic Law in Indonesia.” QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies) 1, no. 2 (2014): 163–80. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v1i2.185.
Laffan, Michael. “Raden Aboe Bakar An Introductory Note Concerning Snouck Hurgronje’s Informant in Jeddah (1884-1912).” Bijdragen Tot de Taal-, Land- En Volkenkunde 155, no. 4 (1999): 517–42.
Laffan, Michael F. “Writing from the Colonial Margin: The Letters of Aboe Bakar Djajadiningrat to Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje.” Indonesia and the Malay World 31, no. 91 (2003): 356–80. https://doi.org/10.1080/1363981042000188646.
Lev, Daniel S. Peradilan Agama Islam Di Indonesia: Suatu Studi Landasan Politik Lembaga-Lembaga Hukum [Islamic Courts in Indonesia: A Study in the Political Bases of Legal Institutions]. Translated by Zaini Ahmad Noeh. Jakarta: PT. Intermasa, 1986.
Locher-Scholten, Elsbeth. “Dutch Expansion in the Indonesian Archipelago around 1900 and the Imperialism Debate.” Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 25, no. 1 (1994): 91–111.
Lukito, Ratno. Pergumulan Antara Hukum Islam Dan Adat Di Indonesia [The Struggle Between Islamic and Customary Law in Indonesia]. Jakarta: INIS, 1998.
Matrais, Sumadi. “Kemandirian Peradilan Agama Dalam Perspektif Undang-Undang Peradilan Agama [Independence of the Religious Courts in the Perspective of the Law on Religious Courts].” Jurnal Hukum IUS QUIA IUSTUM 15, no. 1 (2008): 121–44. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol15.iss1.art6.
McFate, Montgomery. “A Military Anthropologist Looks at Islamic Insurgency in Aceh.” Orbis 62, no. 4 (2018): 632–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2018.08.007.
McFate, Montgomery. “Useful Knowledge: Snouck Hurgronje and Islamic Insurgency in Aceh.” Orbis 63, no. 3 (2019): 416–39. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2019.05.005.
Meer, Arnout H. C. van der. “Rituals and Power: Cross-Cultural Exchange and the Contestation of Colonial Hegemony in Indonesia.” In Cross-Cultural Exchange and the Colonial Imaginary, edited by H. Hazel Hahn, 75–104. Global Encounters via Southeast Asia. NUS Press, 2019. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctv136c5w0.8.
Minarchek, Matthew. “Creating Environmental Subjects: Conservation as Counter-Insurgency in Aceh, Indonesia, 1925–1940.” Political Geography 81 (2020): 102189. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.polgeo.2020.102189.
Moestapa, Hadji Hasan, and R.A. Kern. Over de Gewoonten En Gebruiken Der Soendaneezen. Vol. 5. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill, 1946. http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1163/j.ctvbnm4jv.
Mudzhar, M. Atho. Fatwa-Fatwa Majelis Ulama Indonesia: Sebuah Studi Tentang Pemikiran Hukum Islam Di Indonesia [Fatwas of the Indonesian Ulema Council: A Study of Islamic Legal Thought in Indonesia]. Jakarta: INIS, 1993.
Mukhlas, Oyo Sunaryo. Perkembangan Peradilan Islam: Dari Kahin Di Jazirah Arab Ke Peradilan Agama Di Indonesia [The Development of Islamic Courts: From Kahin in the Arabian Peninsula to Religious Courts in Indonesia]. Bogor: Ghalia Indonesia, 2011.
Niam, Khoirun. “The Discourse of Muslim Intellectuals and `ulama in Indonesia: A Historical Overview.” Journal of Indonesian Islam 4, no. 2 (2010): 287–316. https://doi.org/10.15642/JIIS.2010.4.2.287-316.
Noeh, Zaini Ahmad. Sejarah Singkat Pengadilan Agama Islam Di Indonesia [A Brief History of Islamic Religious Courts in Indonesia]. Surabaya: PT. Bina Ilmu, 1983.
Noer, Deliar. Administrasi Islam Di Indonesia [Islamic Administration in Indonesia]. Jakarta: CV. Rajawali, 1983.
Pijper, G.F. Beberapa Studi Tentang Sejarah Islam Di Indonesia 1900-1950 [Studien over de Geschiedenis van de Islam in Indonesia 1900-1950]. Translated by Tudjimah and Jessy Augusdin. Jakarta, Indonesia: UI Press, 1984.
Pradjarta Dirdjosanjoto. Memelihara Umat: Kiai Pesantren-Kiai Langgar Di Jawa [Caring for the People: Kiai in Pesantren and Langgar in Java]. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: LKiS, 1999.
Ridwan, Auliya. “Colonial Politics of Power and Cultural Identity Development of Islamic Education Vis-À-Vis European Education in The Netherlands East Indies Periods.” Marâji‘: Jurnal Studi Keislaman 2, no. 2 (2016): 227–47.
Rohmana, Jajang A. “Colonial Informants and the Acehnese-Dutch War: Haji Hasan Mustapa’s Response to Teuku Umar’s Collaboration with the Dutch Authorities in the East Indies.” Indonesia and the Malay World 49, no. 143 (2021): 63–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2021.1855022.
Rohmana, Jajang A. “Persahabatan Penjajah Dan Bangsa Jajahan Di Hindia Belanda: C. Snouck Hurgronje Dan Haji Hasan Mustapa [Friendship of Colonizers and Colonies in the Dutch East Indies: C. Snouck Hurgronje and Haji Hasan Mustapa].” Afkaruna: Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Islamic Studies 12, no. 2 (2016): 144–68. https://doi.org/10.18196/afkaruna.v12i2.2788.
Rusyeni, Rini. “Fragmented Voices: The Personal Archives of the Advisors of Inlandsche Zaken, 1899-1942.” Master thesis, Leiden University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/1887/49426.
Safa’at, Muchamad Ali. “Islam and the State in Indonesia from a Legal Perspective.” Multiple Secularities, 2019. https://www.multiple-secularities.de/publications/companion/islam-and-the-state-in-indonesia-from-a-legal-perspective/.
Sezgin, Yüksel, and Mirjam Künkler. “Regulation of ‘Religion’ and the ‘Religious’: The Politics of Judicialization and Bureaucratization in India and Indonesia.” Comparative Studies in Society and History 56, no. 2 (2014): 448–78.
Shihab, Alwi. Membendung Arus: Respons Gerakan Muhammadiyah Terhadap Penetrasi Misi Kristen Di Indonesia [Damping the Tide: The Response of the Muhammadiyah Movement to the Penetration of Christian Missions in Indonesia]. Bandung, Indonesia: Mizan, 1998.
Sidik, Humar. “Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje Dalam Dinamika Islam Di Aceh Pada Masa Kolonial Belanda [christiaan Snouck Hurgronje in the Dynamics of Islam in Aceh in the Dutch Colony Time].” Jurnal Artefak 7, no. 1 (2020): 31–42. https://doi.org/10.25157/ja.v7i1.3282.
Siegel, James T. “Si Meuseukin’s Wedding.” Indonesia, no. 22 (1976): 1–8. https://doi.org/10.2307/3350974.
Stauth, Georg. “Slave Trade, Multiculturalism and Islam in Colonial Singapore: A Sociological Note on Christian Snouck Hurgronje’s 1891 Article1 on Slave Trade in Singapore.” Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science 20, no. 1 (1992): 67–79.
Suminto, Aqib. Politik Islam Hindia Belanda [Dutch East Indies Islamic Politics]. Jakarta: LP3ES, 1996.
Thohir, Ajid, Dedi Supriadi, Mulyana, Faizal Arifin, and Muhammad Andi Septiadi. “The Struggle of Freemasonry and Islamic Ideology in the Twentieth Century during Colonialization in Indonesia.” Heliyon 7, no. 10 (2021): e08237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e08237.
Tresna, R. Peradilan Di Indonesia Dari Abad Ke Abad [Courts in Indonesia from Century to Century]. Jakarta: Pradnya Paramita, 1978.
Van Bruinessen, Martin. “Comparing the Governance of Islam in Turkey and Indonesia.” The RSIS Working Paper Series. S. Rajaratnam School of International Studies, 2018. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19924.
Van Niel, Robert. “Christiaan Snouck Hurgronje: In Memory of the Centennial of His Birth.” The Journal of Asian Studies 16, no. 4 (1957): 591–94. https://doi.org/10.2307/2941641.
Vlekke, Bernard H.M. Nusantara: A History of Indonesia. Leiden: W. Van Hoeve, 1965.
W. J. Kernkamp. “Regeering En Islam.” In Daar Werd Wat Groots Verricht. Nederlandsch-Indiei in de XXste Eeuw, 192–93. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier, 1941.
Wahyudi, Abdullah Tri. “Kewenangan Absolut Peradilan Agama Di Indonesia Pada Masa Kolonial Belanda Hingga Masa Pasca Reformasi [The Absolute Authority of the Religious Courts in Indonesia from the Dutch Colonial Period to the Post-Reformation Period].” YUDISIA : Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Dan Hukum Islam 7, no. 2 (2016): 285–304. https://doi.org/10.21043/yudisia.v7i2.2156.
Wieringa, Edwin. “The Dream of the King and the Holy War against the Dutch: The ‘Kôteubah’ of the Acehnese Epic, ‘Hikayat Prang Gômpeuni.’” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 61, no. 2 (1998): 298–308.