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Abstract
Human civilization has changed so quickly since humans entered the era of the industrial revolution. In this context, the role of theology seems to be dead, i.e. it has not yet functioned for the benefit of humanity in the world. This study examines the development of the meaning of theology, theology for Asian theologians, and the function of theology towards human suffering in the midst of world crises. This study used literature studies. The study's findings include the functions of Muangthai's Waterbuffalo Theology, Catholicism's Polulorum Progression, Choan-Seng Song, Indonesian Pluralism Theology, Secularism Theology, Liberation Theology, Indian Dalif Theology, Korean Minjung Theology, and Philippine Struggle Theology. Basic conclusion from the process of human understanding of God's will for the present and future of humans based on the Bible Humans use the formulation of theology to free themselves from the problems of life, including poverty, education, the economy, security, and politics. Man invites God to intervene in human life to depends on the goodness of God. Sound theology is rooted in God as a way of life that has a closer relationship with God, the Creator. This hope positions theology as a solution to human problems in the world, specifically giving humans life in holiness, giving humans life in eschatological victory, giving humans life as the Salt and Light of the World, and theology of safeguarding humanity's hope against suffering calamity.
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References
Ager, A., & Ager, J. (2015). Engaging with theological reflection to strengthen humanitarian response. In A. Ager & J. Ager (Eds.), Faith, secularism, and humanitarian engagement: Finding the place of religion in the support of displaced communities (pp. 55–77). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137472144_3
Amaladoss, M. (2014). Life in freedom: Liberation theologies from Asia (Reprint edition). Wipf and Stock.
Anderson, J. (2022, October 3). Researching & writing literature reviews in religious studies: Intro [HTML]. GSU Library Research Guides: https://research.library.gsu.edu/c.php?g=115862&p=753461
Andrian, T., Ming, D., Harianto, G. P., & Daliman, M. (2021). The concept of time management based on Ephesians 5:15–17 and relevance to contemporary Christian leaders. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 77(3), a6425. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i3.6425
Appasamy, A. J. (1942). The gospel and India’s heritage. MacMillan Company.
Appasamy, A. J. (2010). Christianity as bhakti marga: A study in the mysticism of the Johannine writings 1927. Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
Armstrong, K. (2001). The battle for god: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam (New edition). Harpercollins Pb.
Augustinus, A. (2014). De civitate Dei (The Perfect Library edition). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Bahri, S. (2020, April 14). Covid-19 menggugah teologi kemanusiaan [Covid-19 awakens the theology of humanity] [HTML]. MONITOR. https://monitor.co.id/2020/04/14/covid-19-menggugah-teologi-kemanusiaan/
Balc, S. (2016). Christ: The divine solution to the human problem. In T. Corlăţean & I.-G. Rotaru (Eds.), The future of knowledge (pp. 260–268). Scientia Moralitas Research Institute. https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=558961
Banchoff, T. (2007). Introduction. In T. Banchoff (Ed.), Democracy and the new religious pluralism (pp. 3–16). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307221.003.0001
Baum, G. (1977). Truth beyond relativism: Karl Mannheim’s sociology of knowledge. Marquette University Press.
Beker, J. C. (1994). Suffering and hope: The Biblical vision and the human predicament (2nd edition). Wm. B. Eerdmans-Lightning Source.
Benz, A. (2001). Theology in a dynamic universe. Zygon®, 36(3), 557–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/0591-2385.00381
Bloesch, D. G. (1981). Faith and its counterfeits. InterVarsity Press.
Bonino, J. M. (1975). Doing theology in a revolutionary situation. Fortress Press.
Brandon, S. G. (1970). A dictionary of comparative religion (First American edition). Scribner.
Calvin, J. (2008). Institutes of the Christian religion (Revised edition). Hendrickson Publishers.
Chambers, O. (2014). Biblical psychology: Christ-centered solutions for daily problems. Our Daily Bread Publishing.
Commission on Theological Concerns of the Christian Conferences of Asia. (1983). Minjung theology: People as the subjects of history (Revised edition). Orbis Books.
Cordero, D. A. (2021). Theological reflection on suffering: Overcoming anxiety and depression during the Covid-19 pandemic. Theology Today, 78(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/00405736211004865
Darmaputera, E. (1988). Menuju teologi kontekstual [Towards contextual theology]. In J. B. Banawiratma (Ed.), Konteks berteologi di Indonesia: Buku penghormatan untuk HUT ke-70 Prof. Dr. P.D. Latuihamallo [The context of theology in Indonesia: A tribute book for the 70th anniversary of Prof. Dr. P.D. Latuihamallo]. BPK Gunung Mulia.
Deguchi, A., Hirai, C., Matsuoka, H., Nakano, T., Oshima, K., Tai, M., & Tani, S. (2020). What is society 5.0. In Society 5.0: A people-centric super-smart society (pp. 1–23). Springer Nature. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/41719/2020_Book_Society50.pdf?sequence=1#page=18
Dodson, G. R. (1913). Aristotle as a corrective in present theological thought. The American Journal of Theology, 17(3), 377–388. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3154656
Dunn, J. D. G. (2010). Did the First Christians worship Jesus?: The New Testament evidence. Westminster John Knox Press.
Edwards, P. (Ed.). (1972). The encyclopedia of philosophy. Collier-Macmillan.
England, J. C., & Prior, J. M. (2003). Asian Christian theologies: A research guide authors, movements, sources : Northeast Asia (J. Kuttianimattathil, Ed.). Orbis Books.
Erikson, M. J. (2012). Teologi Kristen [Christian theology]. Gandum Mas.
Etchegaray, R. C., & Cheli, A. G. (1981, February 21). Refugees: A challenge to solidarity. Address to Refugees in Exile at Morong, Philippines, Morong, Philippines. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/corunum/documents/rc_pc_corunum_doc_25061992_refugees_en.html
Ferguson, S. B., Wright, D. F., & Packer, J. I. (Eds.). (2008). New dictionary of theology (Reprint edition). Inter-Varsity Press.
Fudge, E. W. (2012). The fire that consumes: A Biblical and historical study of the doctrine of final punishment. The Fire That Consumes, 1–420. https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5262186
Fukuda, K. (2020). Science, technology and innovation ecosystem transformation toward society 5.0. International Journal of Production Economics, 220, 107460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.07.033
Fukuyama, M. (2018). Society 5.0: Aiming for a new human-centered society. Japan Spotlight, 27(5), 47–50. https://www.jef.or.jp/journal/pdf/220th_Special_Article_02.pdf
Fuller, S. (2021). The computer’s hidden theology and its prospects for a postdigital humanity. In M. Savin-Baden (Ed.), Postdigital humans (pp. 141–154). Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-65592-1_9
Guthrie, W. K. C. (1933). The development of Aristotle’s theology-I. The Classical Quarterly, 27(3/4), 162–171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/637112
Györkösy, A., Kapitánffy, I., & Tegyey, I. (2010). Ógörög-magyar szótár [Ancient Greek-Hungarian big dictionary] (Utánny). Akadémiai K.
Habermas, J. (2014). Religion and rationality: Essays on reason, god and modernity. John Wiley & Sons.
Harianto GP. (2001). Gagasan pluralisme agama: Tinjauan sejarah dari Indonesia merdeka sampai kini dan tawaran dialog kebenaran Agaphe [The idea of religious pluralism: A historical review from independent Indonesia to the present and Agaphe’s offer of truth dialogue]. Jurnal Pelita Zaman, 16(1), 37–39. https://alkitab.sabda.org/resource.php?topic=1007&res=jpz
Harianto GP. (2019). Mission in suffering context. Excelsis Deo: Jurnal Teologi, Misiologi, dan Pendidikan, 3(2), 73–94. https://doi.org/10.51730/ed.v3i2.17
Haught, J. F. (2008). God and the new atheism: A critical response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens. Westminster John Knox Press.
Hayes, Z. (1990). Visions of a future: A study of Christian eschatology. Liturgical Press.
Hodge, A. A. (1957). Outlines of theology. Eerdmans.
Hooker, M. D. (2008). From Adam to Christ: Essays on Paul. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Horton, M. (2011). The Christian faith: A systematic theology for pilgrims on the way. Zondervan Academic.
Isidiho, P., & Obioma, D. (2020). Human suffering and Coronavirus: Some theological reflection on Christian faith. 9(12), 1205–1208. https://doi.org/10.21275/SR201209094818
Johnson, E. A. (2007). Quest for the living god: Mapping frontiers in the theology of god. A&C Black.
Karim, M. R. (1997). Agama, modernisasi dan sekularisasi [Religion, modernization and secularization]. Tiara Wacana.
Kister, M. (2009). “First Adam” and “Second Adam” in 1 Cor 15:45–49 in the light of Midrashic exegesis and Hebrew usage. In R. Bieringer, F. G. Martínez, D. Pollefeyt, & P. Tomson (Eds.), The new testament and Rabbinic literature (pp. 351–365). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004175884.i-544.80
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References
Ager, A., & Ager, J. (2015). Engaging with theological reflection to strengthen humanitarian response. In A. Ager & J. Ager (Eds.), Faith, secularism, and humanitarian engagement: Finding the place of religion in the support of displaced communities (pp. 55–77). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137472144_3
Amaladoss, M. (2014). Life in freedom: Liberation theologies from Asia (Reprint edition). Wipf and Stock.
Anderson, J. (2022, October 3). Researching & writing literature reviews in religious studies: Intro [HTML]. GSU Library Research Guides: https://research.library.gsu.edu/c.php?g=115862&p=753461
Andrian, T., Ming, D., Harianto, G. P., & Daliman, M. (2021). The concept of time management based on Ephesians 5:15–17 and relevance to contemporary Christian leaders. HTS Teologiese Studies/Theological Studies, 77(3), a6425. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v77i3.6425
Appasamy, A. J. (1942). The gospel and India’s heritage. MacMillan Company.
Appasamy, A. J. (2010). Christianity as bhakti marga: A study in the mysticism of the Johannine writings 1927. Kessinger Publishing, LLC.
Armstrong, K. (2001). The battle for god: Fundamentalism in Judaism, Christianity and Islam (New edition). Harpercollins Pb.
Augustinus, A. (2014). De civitate Dei (The Perfect Library edition). CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Bahri, S. (2020, April 14). Covid-19 menggugah teologi kemanusiaan [Covid-19 awakens the theology of humanity] [HTML]. MONITOR. https://monitor.co.id/2020/04/14/covid-19-menggugah-teologi-kemanusiaan/
Balc, S. (2016). Christ: The divine solution to the human problem. In T. Corlăţean & I.-G. Rotaru (Eds.), The future of knowledge (pp. 260–268). Scientia Moralitas Research Institute. https://www.ceeol.com/search/chapter-detail?id=558961
Banchoff, T. (2007). Introduction. In T. Banchoff (Ed.), Democracy and the new religious pluralism (pp. 3–16). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195307221.003.0001
Baum, G. (1977). Truth beyond relativism: Karl Mannheim’s sociology of knowledge. Marquette University Press.
Beker, J. C. (1994). Suffering and hope: The Biblical vision and the human predicament (2nd edition). Wm. B. Eerdmans-Lightning Source.
Benz, A. (2001). Theology in a dynamic universe. Zygon®, 36(3), 557–562. https://doi.org/10.1111/0591-2385.00381
Bloesch, D. G. (1981). Faith and its counterfeits. InterVarsity Press.
Bonino, J. M. (1975). Doing theology in a revolutionary situation. Fortress Press.
Brandon, S. G. (1970). A dictionary of comparative religion (First American edition). Scribner.
Calvin, J. (2008). Institutes of the Christian religion (Revised edition). Hendrickson Publishers.
Chambers, O. (2014). Biblical psychology: Christ-centered solutions for daily problems. Our Daily Bread Publishing.
Commission on Theological Concerns of the Christian Conferences of Asia. (1983). Minjung theology: People as the subjects of history (Revised edition). Orbis Books.
Cordero, D. A. (2021). Theological reflection on suffering: Overcoming anxiety and depression during the Covid-19 pandemic. Theology Today, 78(1), 8–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/00405736211004865
Darmaputera, E. (1988). Menuju teologi kontekstual [Towards contextual theology]. In J. B. Banawiratma (Ed.), Konteks berteologi di Indonesia: Buku penghormatan untuk HUT ke-70 Prof. Dr. P.D. Latuihamallo [The context of theology in Indonesia: A tribute book for the 70th anniversary of Prof. Dr. P.D. Latuihamallo]. BPK Gunung Mulia.
Deguchi, A., Hirai, C., Matsuoka, H., Nakano, T., Oshima, K., Tai, M., & Tani, S. (2020). What is society 5.0. In Society 5.0: A people-centric super-smart society (pp. 1–23). Springer Nature. https://library.oapen.org/bitstream/handle/20.500.12657/41719/2020_Book_Society50.pdf?sequence=1#page=18
Dodson, G. R. (1913). Aristotle as a corrective in present theological thought. The American Journal of Theology, 17(3), 377–388. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3154656
Dunn, J. D. G. (2010). Did the First Christians worship Jesus?: The New Testament evidence. Westminster John Knox Press.
Edwards, P. (Ed.). (1972). The encyclopedia of philosophy. Collier-Macmillan.
England, J. C., & Prior, J. M. (2003). Asian Christian theologies: A research guide authors, movements, sources : Northeast Asia (J. Kuttianimattathil, Ed.). Orbis Books.
Erikson, M. J. (2012). Teologi Kristen [Christian theology]. Gandum Mas.
Etchegaray, R. C., & Cheli, A. G. (1981, February 21). Refugees: A challenge to solidarity. Address to Refugees in Exile at Morong, Philippines, Morong, Philippines. https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/corunum/documents/rc_pc_corunum_doc_25061992_refugees_en.html
Ferguson, S. B., Wright, D. F., & Packer, J. I. (Eds.). (2008). New dictionary of theology (Reprint edition). Inter-Varsity Press.
Fudge, E. W. (2012). The fire that consumes: A Biblical and historical study of the doctrine of final punishment. The Fire That Consumes, 1–420. https://www.torrossa.com/it/resources/an/5262186
Fukuda, K. (2020). Science, technology and innovation ecosystem transformation toward society 5.0. International Journal of Production Economics, 220, 107460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2019.07.033
Fukuyama, M. (2018). Society 5.0: Aiming for a new human-centered society. Japan Spotlight, 27(5), 47–50. https://www.jef.or.jp/journal/pdf/220th_Special_Article_02.pdf
Fuller, S. (2021). The computer’s hidden theology and its prospects for a postdigital humanity. In M. Savin-Baden (Ed.), Postdigital humans (pp. 141–154). Springer International Publishing. https://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-030-65592-1_9
Guthrie, W. K. C. (1933). The development of Aristotle’s theology-I. The Classical Quarterly, 27(3/4), 162–171. https://www.jstor.org/stable/637112
Györkösy, A., Kapitánffy, I., & Tegyey, I. (2010). Ógörög-magyar szótár [Ancient Greek-Hungarian big dictionary] (Utánny). Akadémiai K.
Habermas, J. (2014). Religion and rationality: Essays on reason, god and modernity. John Wiley & Sons.
Harianto GP. (2001). Gagasan pluralisme agama: Tinjauan sejarah dari Indonesia merdeka sampai kini dan tawaran dialog kebenaran Agaphe [The idea of religious pluralism: A historical review from independent Indonesia to the present and Agaphe’s offer of truth dialogue]. Jurnal Pelita Zaman, 16(1), 37–39. https://alkitab.sabda.org/resource.php?topic=1007&res=jpz
Harianto GP. (2019). Mission in suffering context. Excelsis Deo: Jurnal Teologi, Misiologi, dan Pendidikan, 3(2), 73–94. https://doi.org/10.51730/ed.v3i2.17
Haught, J. F. (2008). God and the new atheism: A critical response to Dawkins, Harris, and Hitchens. Westminster John Knox Press.
Hayes, Z. (1990). Visions of a future: A study of Christian eschatology. Liturgical Press.
Hodge, A. A. (1957). Outlines of theology. Eerdmans.
Hooker, M. D. (2008). From Adam to Christ: Essays on Paul. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
Horton, M. (2011). The Christian faith: A systematic theology for pilgrims on the way. Zondervan Academic.
Isidiho, P., & Obioma, D. (2020). Human suffering and Coronavirus: Some theological reflection on Christian faith. 9(12), 1205–1208. https://doi.org/10.21275/SR201209094818
Johnson, E. A. (2007). Quest for the living god: Mapping frontiers in the theology of god. A&C Black.
Karim, M. R. (1997). Agama, modernisasi dan sekularisasi [Religion, modernization and secularization]. Tiara Wacana.
Kister, M. (2009). “First Adam” and “Second Adam” in 1 Cor 15:45–49 in the light of Midrashic exegesis and Hebrew usage. In R. Bieringer, F. G. Martínez, D. Pollefeyt, & P. Tomson (Eds.), The new testament and Rabbinic literature (pp. 351–365). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/ej.9789004175884.i-544.80
Koyama, K. (1974). Waterbuffalo Theology. Orbis Books.
Koyama, K. (1993). “Extend hospitality to strangers”—A missiology of theologia crucis. International Review of Mission, 82(327), 283–295. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1758-6631.1993.tb02670.x
Koyama, K. (1999). Water Buffalo Theology (Anniversary edition). Orbis Books.
McGrath, A. E. (2016). Christian theology: An introduction (6th edition). Wiley-Blackwell.
Mertens, D. M. (2019). Research and Evaluation in Education and Psychology: Integrating Diversity With Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods (5th edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Meyers, B. (2005, October). Theological reflections on the Christian humanitarian response [HTML]. Lausanne World Pulse Archives. https://lausanneworldpulse.com/themedarticles-php/62/10-2005
Middleton, J. R. (2014). A new heaven and a new earth: Reclaiming Biblical eschatology. Baker Academic.
Moltmann, J., & Kohl, M. (1995). Jesus Christ for today’s world (1st Fortress Press edition). Fortress Press.
Muel-Dreyfus, F. (2001). Vichy and the eternal feminine: A contribution to a political sociology of gender. Duke University Press.
O’Callaghan, P. (2011). Christ our hope: An introduction to eschatology. CUA Press.
Paul VI. (1967, March 26). Populorum progressio: Encyclical of Pope Paul VI on the development of peoples [HTML]. Vatican Encyclical. https://www.vatican.va/content/paul-vi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-vi_enc_26031967_populorum.html
Pearson, C. (2020). Framing a theological response to Covid‐19 in the presence of the religious other. The Ecumenical Review, 72(5), 849–860. https://doi.org/10.1111/erev.12577
Pictet, B. (1711). Medulla theologiae christianae didacticae et elencticae. Societas.
Pityana, N. B. (2020). A theological statement on the Coronavirus pandemic: Living the faith responsibly. Religion and Theology, 27(3–4), 329–358. https://doi.org/10.1163/15743012-02703006
Prins, R. (1972). The Image of God in Adam and the Restoration of Man in Jesus Christ: A Study in Calvin. Scottish Journal of Theology, 25(1), 32–44. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0036930600027642
Smith, D. L. (2001). A handbook of contemporary theology: Tracing trends and discerning directions in today’s theological landscape. Baker Academic.
Song, C.-S. (1977). Christian mission in reconstruction- An Asian analysis. Orbis Books.
Song, C.-S. (1999). Christian theology: Towards an Asian reconstruction [HTML]. Religion Online. https://www.religion-online.org/article/christian-theology-towards-an-asian-reconstruction/
Song, C.-S. (2002a). Jesus in the power of the spirit. Wipf & Stock Pub.
Song, C.-S. (2002b). Third-eye theology: Theology in formation in Asian settings. Wipf and Stock.
Steenbrink, K. A. (2005). Perkembangan teologi dalam dunia Kristen modern [The development of theology in the modern Christian world]. IAIN Sunan Kalijaga Press.
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