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Abstract
Pembahasan dalam tulisan singkat ini terdiri dari tiga bagian utama. Bagian pertama akan membahas dengan singkat asal usul bahasa Arab dan datangnya agama Islam sebagai awal yang penting dalam membentuk dan mengkaji bahasa Arab. Bagian kedua akan membahas tentang perubahan dan pembaharuan sejarah dalam bahasa Arab selama periode awal Islam (sastra Arab) dan periode pertengahan, dalam arti yang luas, meliputi perkembangan ilmu pengetahuan dan sikap para cendikiawan pada saat itu. Dan pada bagian akhir, untuk memperoleh secara utuh permasalahan modern dari perubahan dan pembaharuan bahasa Arab tersebut, dua sarjana kontemporer Timur Tengah dipilih untuk memberi komentar terhadap masalah ini.
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References
- A.T., Welch. and Cachia, P. 1979. Islam: Past Influence and Present Challenge. Edinburgh: University Press.
- Cleveland, W.L.1971. The Making of an Arab Nationalist: Ottoman and Arabism in the Life and Thought of Sati’I al-Husri, Princeton: University Press.
- De Boer, T.J. 1938. Tarikh al-Falsafah fi al-Islam. Qaherah: Maktabah al-Misriyyah.
- ——————-. 1965. The History of Philosophy in Islam. London: Luzac.
- Eliade, M. (ed.). 1987. The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: MacMillan.
- Gibb, H.A.R. (ed.). 1966. The Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
- Grunebaum, G.E.V. 1969. Islamic Studies Journal. Aspect of Arabic Urban Literature Mostly in Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Vo. 8. Num. 4. December.
- Hasting, J. (ed.).1918. The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
- Haywood, J.A. and Nahmad, H.M. 1970. A New Arabic Grammar of Written Language. London: Lund Humpries.
- Hitti, P.K. 1972. History of the Arab: From the Earliest Times to the Present. London: MacMillan.
- Khaldun, Abd. Rahman Ibn. 1987. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. London: Routledge.
- M.M. Badawi (ed.). 1985. Journal of Arab Language. Vol. 16. The Questions of Foreign Influences in Modern Arabic Literary Criticism, by A.N. Staif.
- Rahman, Fazlur.1979. Islam. Chicago: University Press.
- Rodinson, M. 1971. Mohammed. Middlesex: Penguins Books.
- ——————-. 1974, Islam and Capitalism. London: Allen Lane.
- ——————-. 1979, Marxism and Muslim World. London: Zed Press.
- Tibi, B. 1981. Arab Nationalism: A Critical Inquiry. London: MacMillan.
- ——————-. 1991. Islam and the Cultural Accomadtion of Social Change. Boulder: Westview.
- Watt. W.M. 1962. Islamic Philosophy and Theology. Edinburgh: University Press.
References
A.T., Welch. and Cachia, P. 1979. Islam: Past Influence and Present Challenge. Edinburgh: University Press.
Cleveland, W.L.1971. The Making of an Arab Nationalist: Ottoman and Arabism in the Life and Thought of Sati’I al-Husri, Princeton: University Press.
De Boer, T.J. 1938. Tarikh al-Falsafah fi al-Islam. Qaherah: Maktabah al-Misriyyah.
——————-. 1965. The History of Philosophy in Islam. London: Luzac.
Eliade, M. (ed.). 1987. The Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: MacMillan.
Gibb, H.A.R. (ed.). 1966. The Encyclopedia of Islam. Leiden: E.J. Brill.
Grunebaum, G.E.V. 1969. Islamic Studies Journal. Aspect of Arabic Urban Literature Mostly in Ninth and Tenth Centuries. Vo. 8. Num. 4. December.
Hasting, J. (ed.).1918. The Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics. Edinburgh: T&T Clark.
Haywood, J.A. and Nahmad, H.M. 1970. A New Arabic Grammar of Written Language. London: Lund Humpries.
Hitti, P.K. 1972. History of the Arab: From the Earliest Times to the Present. London: MacMillan.
Khaldun, Abd. Rahman Ibn. 1987. The Muqaddimah: An Introduction to History. London: Routledge.
M.M. Badawi (ed.). 1985. Journal of Arab Language. Vol. 16. The Questions of Foreign Influences in Modern Arabic Literary Criticism, by A.N. Staif.
Rahman, Fazlur.1979. Islam. Chicago: University Press.
Rodinson, M. 1971. Mohammed. Middlesex: Penguins Books.
——————-. 1974, Islam and Capitalism. London: Allen Lane.
——————-. 1979, Marxism and Muslim World. London: Zed Press.
Tibi, B. 1981. Arab Nationalism: A Critical Inquiry. London: MacMillan.
——————-. 1991. Islam and the Cultural Accomadtion of Social Change. Boulder: Westview.
Watt. W.M. 1962. Islamic Philosophy and Theology. Edinburgh: University Press.