Main Article Content
Abstract
In everyday life, mothers caring for preschool children often encounter various challenges. These challenges are related to the behavior of the child, health, and parenting, which can lead to stress. Unmanaged stress can cause physical and psychological disorders. Therefore, stress in mothers with preschool children needs to be addressed. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of emotion regulation therapy on stress in mothers with preschool children. The research participants were seven mothers aged 24 to 36 years (mean = 30) with preschool children. Data collection used the PSS-10 scale, and data analysis employed repeated measures ANOVA. The results of the data analysis showed differences in observations before, after the intervention, and follow-up. Thus, the results indicate a decrease in the perceived stress levels of mothers with preschool children. This suggests that emotion regulation therapy is effective in reducing stress in mothers with preschool children. Mental health practitioners such as psychologists can use emotion regulation therapy to assist mothers with preschool children in managing the stress they experience.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Martaria Rizky Rinaldi, Dimas Prastia Putra
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Aizer, A., Stroud, L., & Buka, S. (2012). Maternal Stress and Child Outcomes: Evidence from Siblings. https://doi.org/10.3386/w18422
- Andreou, E., Alexopoulos, E. C., Lionis, C., Varvogli, L., Gnardellis, C., Chrousos, G. P., & Darviri, C. (2011). Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(8), 3287–3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083287
- Baik, S. H., Fox, R. S., Mills, S. D., Roesch, S. C., Sadler, G. R., Klonoff, E. A., & Malcarne, V. L. (2019). Reliability and Validity of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish Language Preference. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(5), 628–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316684938
- BeLue, R., Halgunseth, L. C., Abiero, B., & Bediako, P. (2015). Maternal Health Status and Parenting Stress in Low-Income, Ethnic-Minority Mothers of Children with Conduct Disorder Problems: the Role of Daily Parenting Hassles. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 2(4), 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-015-0098-7
- Berardi, A., Ruotolo, I., Sellitto, G., Panuccio, F., Polimeni, A., Valente, D., Tofani, M., & Galeoto, G. (2021). Criterion Validity and Reliability of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a Student Population during COVID-19 Pandemic. 18th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age, 71–78.
- Berking, M., Wupperman, P., Reichardt, A., Pejic, T., Dippel, A., & Znoj, H. (2008). Emotion-regulation Skills as a Treatment Target in Psychotherapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1230–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.005
- Carroll, P. (2022). Effectiveness of Positive Discipline Parenting Program on Parenting Style, and Child Adaptive Behavior. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 53(6), 1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01201-x
- Chellew, K., Evans, P., Fornes-Vives, J., Pérez, G., & Garcia-Banda, G. (2015). The Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Daily Cortisol Secretion. Stress, 18(5), 538–544. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2015.1053454
- Chen, H.-Y., Meng, L.-F., Yu, Y., Chen, C.-C., Hung, L.-Y., Lin, S.-C., & Chi, H.-J. (2021). Developmental Traits of Impulse Control Behavior in School Children under Controlled Attention, Motor Function, and Perception. Children, 8(10), 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100922
- Cucinella, N., Canale, R., Cavarretta, M. V., Ingoglia, S., Iannello, N. M., & Inguglia, C. (2022). Maternal Parenting and Preschoolers’ Psychosocial Adjustment: A Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 13750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113750
- Durrant, J., & Ensom, R. (2012). Physical Punishment of Children: Lessons from 20 Years of Research. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(12), 1373–1377. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.101314
- Dworkin, P. H. (1988). The Preschool Child: Developmental Themes and Clinical Issues. Current Problems in Pediatrics, 18(2), 79–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-9380(88)90023-0
- Farrell, A. K., Simpson, J. A., Carlson, E. A., Englund, M. M., & Sung, S. (2017). The Impact of Stress at Different Life Stages on Physical Health and The Buffering Effects of Maternal Sensitivity. Health Psychology, 36(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000424
- Fresco, D. M., Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Ritter, M. (2013). Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(3), 282–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.02.001
- Frey, B. B. (2018). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506326139
- Hails, K. A., Reuben, J. D., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2018). Transactional Associations Among Maternal Depression, Parent–Child Coercion, and Child Conduct Problems During Early Childhood. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(sup1), S291–S305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1280803
- Hasan Tehrani, T., Haghighi, M., & Bazmamoun, H. (2012). Effects of Stress on Mothers of Hospitalized Children in a Hospital in Iran. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology, 6(4), 39–45.
- Herr, R., Barrech, A., Riedel, N., Gündel, H., Angerer, P., & Li, J. (2018). Long-Term Effectiveness of Stress Management at Work: Effects of the Changes in Perceived Stress Reactivity on Mental Health and Sleep Problems Seven Years Later. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020255
- Huang, F., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Du, W., Su, C., Jia, X., Ouyang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, L., Jiang, H., & Zhang, B. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Stress Scale in a Community Sample of Chinese. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02520-4
- Kok, R. (2020). Emotion Regulation. In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 1281–1290). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_811
- Kwon, S., O’Neill, M. E., & Foster, C. C. (2022). The Associations of Child’s Clinical Conditions and Behavioral Problems with Parenting Stress among Families of Preschool-Aged Children: 2018–2019 National Survey of Child Health. Children, 9(2), 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020241
- Ma, X., Yue, Z.-Q., Gong, Z.-Q., Zhang, H., Duan, N.-Y., Shi, Y.-T., Wei, G.-X., & Li, Y.-F. (2017). The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 874. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
- Martin, R. E., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016). The Neuroscience of Emotion Regulation Development: Implications for Education. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 10, 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.06.006
- Masumoto, K., Taishi, N., & Shiozaki, M. (2016). Age and Gender Differences in Relationships Among Emotion Regulation, Mood, and Mental Health. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 2, 233372141663702. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721416637022
- Meeussen, L., & Van Laar, C. (2018). Feeling Pressure to Be a Perfect Mother Relates to Parental Burnout and Career Ambitions. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02113
- Mendez, M., Durtschi, J., Neppl, T. K., & Stith, S. M. (2016). Corporal Punishment and Externalizing Behaviors in Toddlers: The Moderating Role of Positive and Harsh Parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(8), 887–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000187
- Mennin, D. S. (2006). Emotion Regulation Therapy: An Integrative Approach to Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 36(2), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-006-9012-2
- Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2014). Emotion Regulation Therapy. In Handbook of emotion regulation, 2nd ed. (pp. 469–490). The Guilford Press.
- Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., O’Toole, M. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-occurring Depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(3), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000289
- Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., Ritter, M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). An Open Trial of Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Cooccurring Depression. Depression and Anxiety, 32(8), 614–623. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22377
- Misirliyan, S. S., Boehning, A. P., & Shah, M. (2023). Development Milestones. StatPearls Publishing.
- Montana, J. I., Matamala-Gomez, M., Maisto, M., Mavrodiev, P. A., Cavalera, C. M., Diana, B., Mantovani, F., & Realdon, O. (2020). The Benefits of Emotion Regulation Interventions in Virtual Reality for the Improvement of Wellbeing in Adults and Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020500
- O’Toole, M. S., Mennin, D. S., Applebaum, A., Weber, B., Rose, H., Fresco, D. M., & Zachariae, R. (2020). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Emotion Regulation Therapy for Psychologically Distressed Caregivers of Cancer Patients. JNCI Cancer Spectrum, 4(1), pkz074. https://doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkz074
- Ponnet, K., Wouters, E., Mortelmans, D., Pasteels, I., De Backer, C., Van Leeuwen, K., & Van Hiel, A. (2013). The Influence of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parenting Stress and Depressive Symptoms on Own and Partner’s Parent‐Child Communication. Family Process, 52(2), 312–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12001
- Prasetya, A. B., Purnama, D. S., & Prasetyo, F. W. (2020). Validity and Reliability of The Perceived Stress Scale with RASCH Model. PSIKOPEDAGOGIA Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.12928/psikopedagogia.v8i2.17903
- Purnami, C. T., Suwondo, A., Sawitri, D. R., Sumarni, S., Hadisaputro, S., & Lazuardi, L. (2019). Psychometric Measurement of Perceived Stress among Midwives at Primary Health Care Province of Central Java Indonesia. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(3), 804. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00600.4
References
Aizer, A., Stroud, L., & Buka, S. (2012). Maternal Stress and Child Outcomes: Evidence from Siblings. https://doi.org/10.3386/w18422
Andreou, E., Alexopoulos, E. C., Lionis, C., Varvogli, L., Gnardellis, C., Chrousos, G. P., & Darviri, C. (2011). Perceived Stress Scale: Reliability and Validity Study in Greece. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 8(8), 3287–3298. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph8083287
Baik, S. H., Fox, R. S., Mills, S. D., Roesch, S. C., Sadler, G. R., Klonoff, E. A., & Malcarne, V. L. (2019). Reliability and Validity of the Perceived Stress Scale-10 in Hispanic Americans with English or Spanish Language Preference. Journal of Health Psychology, 24(5), 628–639. https://doi.org/10.1177/1359105316684938
BeLue, R., Halgunseth, L. C., Abiero, B., & Bediako, P. (2015). Maternal Health Status and Parenting Stress in Low-Income, Ethnic-Minority Mothers of Children with Conduct Disorder Problems: the Role of Daily Parenting Hassles. Journal of Racial and Ethnic Health Disparities, 2(4), 501–509. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40615-015-0098-7
Berardi, A., Ruotolo, I., Sellitto, G., Panuccio, F., Polimeni, A., Valente, D., Tofani, M., & Galeoto, G. (2021). Criterion Validity and Reliability of Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) in a Student Population during COVID-19 Pandemic. 18th International Conference on Cognition and Exploratory Learning in Digital Age, 71–78.
Berking, M., Wupperman, P., Reichardt, A., Pejic, T., Dippel, A., & Znoj, H. (2008). Emotion-regulation Skills as a Treatment Target in Psychotherapy. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 46(11), 1230–1237. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brat.2008.08.005
Carroll, P. (2022). Effectiveness of Positive Discipline Parenting Program on Parenting Style, and Child Adaptive Behavior. Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 53(6), 1349–1358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10578-021-01201-x
Chellew, K., Evans, P., Fornes-Vives, J., Pérez, G., & Garcia-Banda, G. (2015). The Effect of Progressive Muscle Relaxation on Daily Cortisol Secretion. Stress, 18(5), 538–544. https://doi.org/10.3109/10253890.2015.1053454
Chen, H.-Y., Meng, L.-F., Yu, Y., Chen, C.-C., Hung, L.-Y., Lin, S.-C., & Chi, H.-J. (2021). Developmental Traits of Impulse Control Behavior in School Children under Controlled Attention, Motor Function, and Perception. Children, 8(10), 922. https://doi.org/10.3390/children8100922
Cucinella, N., Canale, R., Cavarretta, M. V., Ingoglia, S., Iannello, N. M., & Inguglia, C. (2022). Maternal Parenting and Preschoolers’ Psychosocial Adjustment: A Longitudinal Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(21), 13750. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192113750
Durrant, J., & Ensom, R. (2012). Physical Punishment of Children: Lessons from 20 Years of Research. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 184(12), 1373–1377. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.101314
Dworkin, P. H. (1988). The Preschool Child: Developmental Themes and Clinical Issues. Current Problems in Pediatrics, 18(2), 79–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/0045-9380(88)90023-0
Farrell, A. K., Simpson, J. A., Carlson, E. A., Englund, M. M., & Sung, S. (2017). The Impact of Stress at Different Life Stages on Physical Health and The Buffering Effects of Maternal Sensitivity. Health Psychology, 36(1), 35–44. https://doi.org/10.1037/hea0000424
Fresco, D. M., Mennin, D. S., Heimberg, R. G., & Ritter, M. (2013). Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder. Cognitive and Behavioral Practice, 20(3), 282–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpra.2013.02.001
Frey, B. B. (2018). The SAGE Encyclopedia of Educational Research, Measurement, and Evaluation. SAGE Publications, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506326139
Hails, K. A., Reuben, J. D., Shaw, D. S., Dishion, T. J., & Wilson, M. N. (2018). Transactional Associations Among Maternal Depression, Parent–Child Coercion, and Child Conduct Problems During Early Childhood. Journal of Clinical Child & Adolescent Psychology, 47(sup1), S291–S305. https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.2017.1280803
Hasan Tehrani, T., Haghighi, M., & Bazmamoun, H. (2012). Effects of Stress on Mothers of Hospitalized Children in a Hospital in Iran. Iranian Journal of Child Neurology, 6(4), 39–45.
Herr, R., Barrech, A., Riedel, N., Gündel, H., Angerer, P., & Li, J. (2018). Long-Term Effectiveness of Stress Management at Work: Effects of the Changes in Perceived Stress Reactivity on Mental Health and Sleep Problems Seven Years Later. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 15(2), 255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph15020255
Huang, F., Wang, H., Wang, Z., Zhang, J., Du, W., Su, C., Jia, X., Ouyang, Y., Wang, Y., Li, L., Jiang, H., & Zhang, B. (2020). Psychometric Properties of the Perceived Stress Scale in a Community Sample of Chinese. BMC Psychiatry, 20(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-02520-4
Kok, R. (2020). Emotion Regulation. In Encyclopedia of Personality and Individual Differences (pp. 1281–1290). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-24612-3_811
Kwon, S., O’Neill, M. E., & Foster, C. C. (2022). The Associations of Child’s Clinical Conditions and Behavioral Problems with Parenting Stress among Families of Preschool-Aged Children: 2018–2019 National Survey of Child Health. Children, 9(2), 241. https://doi.org/10.3390/children9020241
Ma, X., Yue, Z.-Q., Gong, Z.-Q., Zhang, H., Duan, N.-Y., Shi, Y.-T., Wei, G.-X., & Li, Y.-F. (2017). The Effect of Diaphragmatic Breathing on Attention, Negative Affect and Stress in Healthy Adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 8, 874. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00874
Martin, R. E., & Ochsner, K. N. (2016). The Neuroscience of Emotion Regulation Development: Implications for Education. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 10, 142–148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cobeha.2016.06.006
Masumoto, K., Taishi, N., & Shiozaki, M. (2016). Age and Gender Differences in Relationships Among Emotion Regulation, Mood, and Mental Health. Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, 2, 233372141663702. https://doi.org/10.1177/2333721416637022
Meeussen, L., & Van Laar, C. (2018). Feeling Pressure to Be a Perfect Mother Relates to Parental Burnout and Career Ambitions. Frontiers in Psychology, 9. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02113
Mendez, M., Durtschi, J., Neppl, T. K., & Stith, S. M. (2016). Corporal Punishment and Externalizing Behaviors in Toddlers: The Moderating Role of Positive and Harsh Parenting. Journal of Family Psychology, 30(8), 887–895. https://doi.org/10.1037/fam0000187
Mennin, D. S. (2006). Emotion Regulation Therapy: An Integrative Approach to Treatment-Resistant Anxiety Disorders. Journal of Contemporary Psychotherapy, 36(2), 95–105. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10879-006-9012-2
Mennin, D. S., & Fresco, D. M. (2014). Emotion Regulation Therapy. In Handbook of emotion regulation, 2nd ed. (pp. 469–490). The Guilford Press.
Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., O’Toole, M. S., & Heimberg, R. G. (2018). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder With and Without Co-occurring Depression. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 86(3), 268–281. https://doi.org/10.1037/ccp0000289
Mennin, D. S., Fresco, D. M., Ritter, M., & Heimberg, R. G. (2015). An Open Trial of Emotion Regulation Therapy for Generalized Anxiety Disorder and Cooccurring Depression. Depression and Anxiety, 32(8), 614–623. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22377
Misirliyan, S. S., Boehning, A. P., & Shah, M. (2023). Development Milestones. StatPearls Publishing.
Montana, J. I., Matamala-Gomez, M., Maisto, M., Mavrodiev, P. A., Cavalera, C. M., Diana, B., Mantovani, F., & Realdon, O. (2020). The Benefits of Emotion Regulation Interventions in Virtual Reality for the Improvement of Wellbeing in Adults and Older Adults: A Systematic Review. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(2), 500. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm9020500
O’Toole, M. S., Mennin, D. S., Applebaum, A., Weber, B., Rose, H., Fresco, D. M., & Zachariae, R. (2020). A Randomized Controlled Trial of Emotion Regulation Therapy for Psychologically Distressed Caregivers of Cancer Patients. JNCI Cancer Spectrum, 4(1), pkz074. https://doi.org/10.1093/jncics/pkz074
Ponnet, K., Wouters, E., Mortelmans, D., Pasteels, I., De Backer, C., Van Leeuwen, K., & Van Hiel, A. (2013). The Influence of Mothers’ and Fathers’ Parenting Stress and Depressive Symptoms on Own and Partner’s Parent‐Child Communication. Family Process, 52(2), 312–324. https://doi.org/10.1111/famp.12001
Prasetya, A. B., Purnama, D. S., & Prasetyo, F. W. (2020). Validity and Reliability of The Perceived Stress Scale with RASCH Model. PSIKOPEDAGOGIA Jurnal Bimbingan Dan Konseling, 8(2). https://doi.org/10.12928/psikopedagogia.v8i2.17903
Purnami, C. T., Suwondo, A., Sawitri, D. R., Sumarni, S., Hadisaputro, S., & Lazuardi, L. (2019). Psychometric Measurement of Perceived Stress among Midwives at Primary Health Care Province of Central Java Indonesia. Indian Journal of Public Health Research & Development, 10(3), 804. https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-5506.2019.00600.4