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Abstract
In hot, arid regions like Jacobabad, Pakistan, military barracks must be sustainable and energy-efficient. This study investigates architectural techniques to improve energy efficiency while maintaining the comfort of military soldiers. The research is guided by a systematic process that includes experimental design, climate assessment, case study analysis, and energy performance modelling. Case studies and climate analyses are crucial elements in detecting environmental issues like excessive heat and sun radiation. The Hourly Analysis Program (HAP) and Building Information Modeling (BIM) are used in energy performance modelling to assess the effects of ventilation, shading, insulation, and orientation. Materials, window locations, and shading strategies are evaluated using a design of experiments (DOE) framework. The integration of renewable energy sources, especially solar photovoltaic panels, and passive cooling techniques are given top priority in this study. Practicality is ensured by validation and optimization, which results in a framework for military accommodations that use less energy and are more sustainable in harsh environments.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Aman Ullah, Mir Wali Shah, Syeda Arfa Quddusi, Demet IRKLI ERYILDIZ

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References
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- DeKay, M., & Brown, G. (2013). Sun, wind, and light: architectural design strategies. John Wiley & Sons.
- Efficiency, I. E. (2018). Analysis and Outlooks to 2040. Paris: International Energy Agency.
- Ellis, P., & Herron, D. (2012). Extremely low energy design for Army buildings: Barracks. ASHRAE Transactions, 118, 767.
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- Goltz, M. N., & Turek, N. F. (2017). Sustainable Military Installations. Sustainability Practice and Education on University Campuses and Beyond, 212.
- Harlan, S. L., Chowell, G., Yang, S., Petitti, D. B., Morales Butler, E. J., Ruddell, B. L., & Ruddell, D. M. (2014). Heat-related deaths in hot cities: estimates of human tolerance to high-temperature thresholds. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(3), 3304-3326.
- Hendron, R., Leach, M., Bonnema, E., Shekhar, D., & Pless, S. (2013). Advanced Energy Retrofit Guide (AERG): Practical Ways to Improve Energy Performance; Healthcare Facilities (Book).
- Khalil, S., & Zaheer, S. (2013). Climate change and relationship between meteorological parameters: A case study of Jacobabad (Sindh), Pakistan. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(7), 1607-1624.
- Kugelman, M. (2016). Managing energy and climate policy challenges in Pakistan: Modest progress, major problems. In Handbook of Transitions to Energy and Climate Security (pp. 312-326). Routledge.
- Lazos, D., Sproul, A. B., & Kay, M. (2014). Optimisation of energy management in commercial buildings with weather forecasting inputs: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 587-603.
- Mardookhy, M., Sawhney, R., Ji, S., Zhu, X., & Zhou, W. (2014). A study of energy efficiency in residential buildings in Knoxville, Tennessee. Journal of cleaner production, 85, 241-249.
- Peruzzi, L., Salata, F., de Lieto Vollaro, A., & de Lieto Vollaro, R. (2014). The reliability of technological systems with high energy efficiency in residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 68, 19-24.
- Salameh, T., Assad, M. E. H., Tawalbeh, M., Ghenai, C., Merabet, A., & Öztop, H. F. (2020). Analysis of cooling load on commercial building in UAE climate using building integrated photovoltaic façade system. Solar Energy, 199, 617-629.
- Strakos, J. K., Quintanilla, J. A., & Huscroft, J. R. (2016). Department of Defense energy policy and research: a framework to support strategy. Energy Policy, 92, 83-91.
- Wong, L. (2017). A review of daylighting design and implementation in buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 959-968.
- Xiong, J., Yao, R., Grimmond, S., Zhang, Q., & Li, B. (2019). A hierarchical climatic zoning method for energy efficient building design applied in the region with diverse climate characteristics. Energy and Buildings, 186, 355-367.
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References
Ahmad, T., Ahmad, I., Arshad, I. A., & Bianco, N. (2021). A comprehensive study on the Bayesian modelling of extreme rainfall: a case study from Pakistan. International Journal of Climatology.
Ali, S., Kiani, R. S., Reboita, M. S., Dan, L., Eum, H. I., Cho, J., Dairaku, K., Khan, F., & Shreshta, M. L. (2021). Identifying hotspots cities vulnerable to climate change in Pakistan under CMIP5 climate projections. Int. J. Climatol, 41(1), 559-581.
DeKay, M., & Brown, G. (2013). Sun, wind, and light: architectural design strategies. John Wiley & Sons.
Efficiency, I. E. (2018). Analysis and Outlooks to 2040. Paris: International Energy Agency.
Ellis, P., & Herron, D. (2012). Extremely low energy design for Army buildings: Barracks. ASHRAE Transactions, 118, 767.
Feng, W., Zhang, Q., Ji, H., Wang, R., Zhou, N., Ye, Q., Hao, B., Li, Y., Luo, D., & Lau, S. S. Y. (2019). A review of net zero energy buildings in hot and humid climates: Experience learned from 34 case study buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 114, 109303.
Goltz, M. N., & Turek, N. F. (2017). Sustainable Military Installations. Sustainability Practice and Education on University Campuses and Beyond, 212.
Harlan, S. L., Chowell, G., Yang, S., Petitti, D. B., Morales Butler, E. J., Ruddell, B. L., & Ruddell, D. M. (2014). Heat-related deaths in hot cities: estimates of human tolerance to high-temperature thresholds. International journal of environmental research and public health, 11(3), 3304-3326.
Hendron, R., Leach, M., Bonnema, E., Shekhar, D., & Pless, S. (2013). Advanced Energy Retrofit Guide (AERG): Practical Ways to Improve Energy Performance; Healthcare Facilities (Book).
Khalil, S., & Zaheer, S. (2013). Climate change and relationship between meteorological parameters: A case study of Jacobabad (Sindh), Pakistan. International Journal of Asian Social Science, 3(7), 1607-1624.
Kugelman, M. (2016). Managing energy and climate policy challenges in Pakistan: Modest progress, major problems. In Handbook of Transitions to Energy and Climate Security (pp. 312-326). Routledge.
Lazos, D., Sproul, A. B., & Kay, M. (2014). Optimisation of energy management in commercial buildings with weather forecasting inputs: A review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 587-603.
Mardookhy, M., Sawhney, R., Ji, S., Zhu, X., & Zhou, W. (2014). A study of energy efficiency in residential buildings in Knoxville, Tennessee. Journal of cleaner production, 85, 241-249.
Peruzzi, L., Salata, F., de Lieto Vollaro, A., & de Lieto Vollaro, R. (2014). The reliability of technological systems with high energy efficiency in residential buildings. Energy and Buildings, 68, 19-24.
Salameh, T., Assad, M. E. H., Tawalbeh, M., Ghenai, C., Merabet, A., & Öztop, H. F. (2020). Analysis of cooling load on commercial building in UAE climate using building integrated photovoltaic façade system. Solar Energy, 199, 617-629.
Strakos, J. K., Quintanilla, J. A., & Huscroft, J. R. (2016). Department of Defense energy policy and research: a framework to support strategy. Energy Policy, 92, 83-91.
Wong, L. (2017). A review of daylighting design and implementation in buildings. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 74, 959-968.
Xiong, J., Yao, R., Grimmond, S., Zhang, Q., & Li, B. (2019). A hierarchical climatic zoning method for energy efficient building design applied in the region with diverse climate characteristics. Energy and Buildings, 186, 355-367.
Zarrella, A., Prataviera, E., Romano, P., Carnieletto, L., & Vivian, J. (2020). Analysis and application of a lumped-capacitance model for urban building energy modelling. Sustainable Cities and Society, 63, 102450.