Main Article Content
Abstract
The outpatient area is important in the hospital because it provides care and services to patients with complex and high-standard operational flows. Medical personnel must be able to work according to professional, operational, and service standards. The factors considered are the accuracy and speed of service to patients. For this reason, the layout of the nurse station used by medical personnel plays an important role in the patient service process. This study uses a qualitative method with an inductive-descriptive discussion. Data were obtained through literature studies. The results of the literature study are variables that can be developed for further research, which are also the objectives of this study. The study's results explain the relationship between the effectiveness of the nurse station layout in the outpatient area and the performance of medical personnel. It can enrich existing theories and become recommendations for arranging the layout of nurse stations in hospitals.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Aprodita Emma Yetti, Tika Ainnunisa Fitria

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References
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- de Lima Andrade, E., da Cunha e Silva, D. C., de Lima, E. A., de Oliveira, R. A., Zannin, P. H. T., & Martins, A. C. G. (2021). Environmental noise in hospitals: a systematic review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(16), 19629–19642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13211-2
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- Hatmoko, A. (2010). Arsitektur Rumah Sakit. PT. Global Rancang Selaras, Yogyakarta.
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- Mehrotra, S., Basukala, S., & Devarakonda, S. (2015). Effective Lighting Design Standards Impacting Patient Care: A Systems Approach. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 03(11), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2015.311006
- Mirza, M., Goyal, T., & Goyal, L. (2023). Barrier-Free Healthcare Design for Patients with Disabilities. In A Guide to Hospital Administration and Planning (pp. 251–266). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6692-7_14
- Mokarami, H., Eskandari, S., Cousins, R., Salesi, M., Kazemi, R., Razeghi, M., & Choobineh, A. (2021). Development and validation of a Nurse Station Ergonomics Assessment (NSEA) tool. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00600-8
- Nermin, M. E., & el–Aziz, L. T. A. (2013). Proposed Developed Standards: Staff Nurses Compliance at Dialysis Unit. Greener Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(5), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJMS.2013.5.061013659
- Pachilova, R., & Sailer, K. (2020). Providing care quality by design: a new measure to assess hospital ward layouts. The Journal of Architecture, 25(2), 186–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2020.1733802
- Pujiyanti, I., Yetti, A. E., & Fitria, T. A. (2021). Efektifitas Penerapan Healing Environment Pada Fasilitas Kesehatan Tipe D di Yogyakarta. Jurnal Arsitektur Dan Perencanaan (JUARA), 4(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.31101/juara.v4i1.1694
- Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 7 of 2019 Concerning Hospital Environmental Health , Pub. L. No. 7 (2019).
- Rodríguez-Labajos, L., Kinloch, J., Nicol, L., Grant, S., & O’Brien, G. (2024). Impact of the design of adult mental health inpatient facilities on healthcare staff: a mixed methods systematic review. BMJ Open, 14(3), e074368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074368
- Sami, J., Shehzadi, K., Sadique, H., Tasneem, S. S., Jabeen, R., & Anwar, M. Z. (2024). PREVALENCE OF MIGRAINE AMONG NURSES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH NURSING STATION ERGONOMICS. Insights-Journal of Health and Rehabilitation, 2(2 (Health & Allied)), 361–372. https://doi.org/10.71000/ijhr180
- Sari, A. O. B., & Jabi, W. (2024). Architectural spatial layout design for hospitals: A review. Journal of Building Engineering, 97, 110835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110835
- Shattell, M., Bartlett, R., Beres, K., Southard, K., Bell, C., Judge, C. A., & Duke, P. (2015). How Patients and Nurses Experience an Open Versus an Enclosed Nursing Station on an Inpatient Psychiatric Unit. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 21(6), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390315617038
- The Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 66 of 2016 Concerning Hospital Occupational Safety and Health, Pub. L. No. 66 (2016).
- The Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of 2016 Concerning Technical Requirements for Hospital Buildings and Infrastructure (2016).
- Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), xiii–xxiii.
- White, M. D., & Marsh, E. E. (2006). Content Analysis: A Flexible Methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2006.0053
- Xie, H., Zhong, B., & Liu, C. (2020). Sound environment quality in nursing units in Chinese nursing homes: A pilot study. Building Acoustics, 27(4), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1351010X20914237
- Yetti, A. E. (2021). Study of Healthy Architecture Approach in Architectural Design at Health Care Facilities. Proceedings of International on Healthcare Facilities, 47–55.
- Yetti, A. E., Ahmad, S., & Pancawati, J. (2022). Study of healthy architecture in integrated clinical architectural design. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2022-1804-04
- Zamani, Z., Joy, T., & Worley, J. (2024). Optimizing Nurse Workflow Efficiency: An Examination of Nurse Walking Behavior and Space Accessibility in Medical Surgical Units. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 17(3), 269–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867241237509
- Zborowsky, T., Bunker-Hellmich, L., Morelli, A., & O’Neill, M. (2010). Centralized vs. Decentralized Nursing Stations: Effects on Nurses’ Functional Use of Space and Work Environment. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 3(4), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/193758671000300404
- Zhang, M., Zhang, S., & Ban, Q. (2024). Study on the Design of Interior Lighting for the Environmental Satisfaction of Patients in Wards (pp. 107–117). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7965-3_10
References
Boote, D. N., & Beile, P. (2005). Scholars Before Researchers: On the Centrality of the Dissertation Literature Review in Research Preparation. Educational Researcher, 34(6), 3–15. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X034006003
Bowen, G. A. (2009). Document Analysis as a Qualitative Research Method. Qualitative Research Journal, 9(2), 27–40. https://doi.org/10.3316/QRJ0902027
Brandt, T., Klein, T. L., Reuter-Oppermann, M., Schäfer, F., Thielen, C., de Vrugt, M. van, & Viana, J. (2025). Integrated patient-to-room and nurse-to-patient assignment in hospital wards. OR Spectrum. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00291-024-00800-z
Cetin, C., Tuna Ultav, Z., & Ballice, G. (2018). The Effects of Interior Design Parameters on the Design Quality of Nurse Stations. Athens Journal of Architecture, 4(2), 149–170. https://doi.org/10.30958/aja.4-2-1
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2017). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches (5th ed.). SAGE Publications.
de Lima Andrade, E., da Cunha e Silva, D. C., de Lima, E. A., de Oliveira, R. A., Zannin, P. H. T., & Martins, A. C. G. (2021). Environmental noise in hospitals: a systematic review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(16), 19629–19642. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-13211-2
Deng, L., & Romainoor, N. H. (2022). A bibliometric analysis of published literature on healthcare facilities’ wayfinding research from 1974 to 2020. Heliyon, 8(9), e10723. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10723
Eftekhari, M., & Ghomeishi, M. (2023). Evaluation of Multisensory Interactions Between the Healing Built Environment and Nurses in Healthcare Nursing Stations: Case Study of Tehran Hospitals. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 16(3), 210–237. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867231166691
Fay, L., Cai, H., & Real, K. (2019). A Systematic Literature Review of Empirical Studies on Decentralized Nursing Stations. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 12(1), 44–68. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586718805222
Feiler, J. L., & Stichler, J. F. (2011). Ergonomics in Healthcare Facility Design, Part 2. JONA: The Journal of Nursing Administration, 41(3), 97–99. https://doi.org/10.1097/NNA.0b013e31820c72a1
Gharaveis, A., Hamilton, D. K., & Pati, D. (2018). The Impact of Environmental Design on Teamwork and Communication in Healthcare Facilities: A Systematic Literature Review. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 11(1), 119–137. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586717730333
Graban, M., & Toussaint, J. (2018). Lean Hospitals. Productivity Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315380827
Gum, L. F., Prideaux, D., Sweet, L., & Greenhill, J. (2012). From the nurses’ station to the health team hub: How can design promote interprofessional collaboration? Journal of Interprofessional Care, 26(1), 21–27. https://doi.org/10.3109/13561820.2011.636157
Hassan Siddiqui, M. U. (2023). “Applying Lean Management Principles for Enhanced Outpatient Waiting Times.” Biomedical Journal of Scientific & Technical Research, 52(4). https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2023.52.008290
Hatmoko, A. (2010). Arsitektur Rumah Sakit. PT. Global Rancang Selaras, Yogyakarta.
Hendrich, A., Chow, M. P., Skierczynski, B. A., & Lu, Z. (2008). A 36-Hospital Time and Motion Study: How Do Medical-Surgical Nurses Spend Their Time? The Permanente Journal, 12(3), 25–34. https://doi.org/10.7812/tpp/08-021
Inumerables, F., Freedman, K., Leary, M., & Short, K. (2024). Oncology Clinical Nurse Specialists Practice in the Outpatient Setting. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 38(2), 98–102. https://doi.org/10.1097/NUR.0000000000000808
Johanes, M., & Atmodiwirjo, P. (2015). Visibility Analysis of Hospital Inpatient Ward. International Journal of Technology, 6(3), 400. https://doi.org/10.14716/ijtech.v6i3.1458
Joint Commission International (JCI). (2025). Joint Commission International Accreditation Standards for Hospitals 8th Edition (8th ed.).
Kelly, R., Brown, D., McCance, T., & Boomer, C. (2019). The experience of person‐centred practice in a 100% single‐room environment in acute care settings—A narrative literature review. Journal of Clinical Nursing, 28(13–14), 2369–2385. https://doi.org/10.1111/jocn.14729
Kudlová, P., & Kočvarová, I. (2024). Knowledge Of Diabetes Among Czech Outpatient Nurses to Provide Quality Care and Education to Diabetics: A Cross-Sectional Study. Health Problems of Civilization, 18(2), 130–139. https://doi.org/10.5114/hpc.2023.133086
Lee, J., Lee, H., & McCuskey Shepley, M. (2020). Exploring the spatial arrangement of patient rooms for minimum nurse travel in hospital nursing units in Korea. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 9(4), 711–725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2020.06.003
Lee, S., Tang, C., Park, S. Y., & Chen, Y. (2012). Loosely formed patient care teams. Proceedings of the ACM 2012 Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work, 867–876. https://doi.org/10.1145/2145204.2145334
Mehrotra, S., Basukala, S., & Devarakonda, S. (2015). Effective Lighting Design Standards Impacting Patient Care: A Systems Approach. Journal of Biosciences and Medicines, 03(11), 54–61. https://doi.org/10.4236/jbm.2015.311006
Mirza, M., Goyal, T., & Goyal, L. (2023). Barrier-Free Healthcare Design for Patients with Disabilities. In A Guide to Hospital Administration and Planning (pp. 251–266). Springer Nature Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-6692-7_14
Mokarami, H., Eskandari, S., Cousins, R., Salesi, M., Kazemi, R., Razeghi, M., & Choobineh, A. (2021). Development and validation of a Nurse Station Ergonomics Assessment (NSEA) tool. BMC Nursing, 20(1), 83. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12912-021-00600-8
Nermin, M. E., & el–Aziz, L. T. A. (2013). Proposed Developed Standards: Staff Nurses Compliance at Dialysis Unit. Greener Journal of Medical Sciences, 3(5), 179–189. https://doi.org/10.15580/GJMS.2013.5.061013659
Pachilova, R., & Sailer, K. (2020). Providing care quality by design: a new measure to assess hospital ward layouts. The Journal of Architecture, 25(2), 186–202. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602365.2020.1733802
Pujiyanti, I., Yetti, A. E., & Fitria, T. A. (2021). Efektifitas Penerapan Healing Environment Pada Fasilitas Kesehatan Tipe D di Yogyakarta. Jurnal Arsitektur Dan Perencanaan (JUARA), 4(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.31101/juara.v4i1.1694
Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 7 of 2019 Concerning Hospital Environmental Health , Pub. L. No. 7 (2019).
Rodríguez-Labajos, L., Kinloch, J., Nicol, L., Grant, S., & O’Brien, G. (2024). Impact of the design of adult mental health inpatient facilities on healthcare staff: a mixed methods systematic review. BMJ Open, 14(3), e074368. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2023-074368
Sami, J., Shehzadi, K., Sadique, H., Tasneem, S. S., Jabeen, R., & Anwar, M. Z. (2024). PREVALENCE OF MIGRAINE AMONG NURSES AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH NURSING STATION ERGONOMICS. Insights-Journal of Health and Rehabilitation, 2(2 (Health & Allied)), 361–372. https://doi.org/10.71000/ijhr180
Sari, A. O. B., & Jabi, W. (2024). Architectural spatial layout design for hospitals: A review. Journal of Building Engineering, 97, 110835. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2024.110835
Shattell, M., Bartlett, R., Beres, K., Southard, K., Bell, C., Judge, C. A., & Duke, P. (2015). How Patients and Nurses Experience an Open Versus an Enclosed Nursing Station on an Inpatient Psychiatric Unit. Journal of the American Psychiatric Nurses Association, 21(6), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1177/1078390315617038
The Regulation of the Minister of Health Number 66 of 2016 Concerning Hospital Occupational Safety and Health, Pub. L. No. 66 (2016).
The Regulation of the Minister of Health of the Republic of Indonesia Number 24 of 2016 Concerning Technical Requirements for Hospital Buildings and Infrastructure (2016).
Webster, J., & Watson, R. T. (2002). Analyzing the Past to Prepare for the Future: Writing a Literature Review. MIS Quarterly, 26(2), xiii–xxiii.
White, M. D., & Marsh, E. E. (2006). Content Analysis: A Flexible Methodology. Library Trends, 55(1), 22–45. https://doi.org/10.1353/lib.2006.0053
Xie, H., Zhong, B., & Liu, C. (2020). Sound environment quality in nursing units in Chinese nursing homes: A pilot study. Building Acoustics, 27(4), 283–298. https://doi.org/10.1177/1351010X20914237
Yetti, A. E. (2021). Study of Healthy Architecture Approach in Architectural Design at Health Care Facilities. Proceedings of International on Healthcare Facilities, 47–55.
Yetti, A. E., Ahmad, S., & Pancawati, J. (2022). Study of healthy architecture in integrated clinical architectural design. Malaysian Journal of Society and Space, 18(4). https://doi.org/10.17576/geo-2022-1804-04
Zamani, Z., Joy, T., & Worley, J. (2024). Optimizing Nurse Workflow Efficiency: An Examination of Nurse Walking Behavior and Space Accessibility in Medical Surgical Units. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 17(3), 269–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/19375867241237509
Zborowsky, T., Bunker-Hellmich, L., Morelli, A., & O’Neill, M. (2010). Centralized vs. Decentralized Nursing Stations: Effects on Nurses’ Functional Use of Space and Work Environment. HERD: Health Environments Research & Design Journal, 3(4), 19–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/193758671000300404
Zhang, M., Zhang, S., & Ban, Q. (2024). Study on the Design of Interior Lighting for the Environmental Satisfaction of Patients in Wards (pp. 107–117). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-7965-3_10