Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The dissemination of female figures on Instagram not only represents a reality, but is also a reconstruction over reality. The study explains the forms and factors that influenced the emergence of female figure reconstruction in #metoo on Instagram. The study uses the netnography method. The data was taken from a woman's post in #metoo on Instagram. The findings in this study show that the reconstruction of the female figure in #metoo on Instagram emphasizes two forms, namely the reconstitution of the attitude of women from passive to active, and the reconstruction of female identity from inferior to superior. Such reconstruction is predominantly influenced by structural and cultural factors that are not uncommonly discriminatory and intimidating against women. The study also recommends the importance of a study that explains the conception of subjects against female figure reconstruction in #metoo by interviewing a group of women who are actively using Instagram to gain a more comprehensive and empirical understanding.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Henky Fernando, Yuniar Galuh Larasati
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Abdullah, I. (2017). Di Bawah Bayang-Bayang Media: Kodifikasi, Divergensi, dan Kooptasi Agama di Era Internet. Sabda, 4, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.14710/sabda.12.2.116-121
- Adenrian, A. O., Adeniran, O. H., Ogundele, A. T., & Adedara, M. T. (2023). Proliferation of social media And Cybercrime Against Women and Girls in Nigeria. 2023 International Conference on Cyber Management and Engineering, CyMaEn 2023, 401–407. https://doi.org/10.1109/CyMaEn57228.2023.10051018
- Airlangga PH, A. R., Saputri, W. A., & Nurhakim, P. R. (2024). Socio-religious behavior on consumption pattern during Israel and Palestine conflict in Muslim society. IAS Journal of Localities, 1(2), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v1i2.22
- Alamsyah, F. F. (2020). Representasi, Ideologi dan Rekonstruksi Media. Al-I’lam: Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Penyiaran Islam, 3(2), 92–99. https://doi.org/10.31764/jail.v3i2.2540
- Alarfaj, A., Hakami, N. A., & Hosnimahmoud, H. (2023). Predicting Violence-Induced Stress in an Arabic Social Media Forum. Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing, 35(2), 1423–1439. https://doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2023.028067
- Alsawalqa, R. O., & Alrawashdeh, M. N. (2022). The role of patriarchal structure and gender stereotypes in cyber dating abuse: A qualitative examination of male perpetrators experiences. The British Journal of Sociology, 73(3), 587–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12946
- Apriliani Basnapal, R., & Retno Wulan, R. (2019). Presentasi Perempuan dalam Perspektif Ekofeminisme pada Film Marlina Si Pembunuh dalam Empat Babak. Jurnal Komunikasi, 13(2), 151–164. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol13.iss2.art3
- Bada, M., Chua, Y. T., Collier, B., & Pete, I. (2021). Exploring Masculinities and Perceptions of Gender in Online Cybercrime Subcultures (pp. 237–257). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60527-8_14
- Bastian, B. L., Wood, B. P., & Ng, P. Y. (2023). The role of strong ties in empowering women entrepreneurs in collectivist contexts. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 122–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-10-2021-0171
- Beskow, D. M., Kumar, S., & Carley, K. M. (2020). The evolution of political memes: Detecting and characterizing internet memes with multi-modal deep learning. Information Processing & Management, 57(2), 102170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102170
- Cahyaningtyas, J., Udasmoro, W., & Sofjan, D. (2021). Pembelajaran Sosial Termediasi dan Aktivisme Media Sosial untuk Pola Hidup Berkelanjutan di Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi, 16(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol16.iss1.art1
- Couldry, N. (2015). The myth of ‘us’: digital networks, political change and the production of collectivity. Information, Communication & Society, 18(6), 608–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.979216
- Dawskin, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. https://www.worldcat.org/title/selfish-gene/oclc/2681149
- Di Matteo, C., Socci, M., Santini, S., & D’Amen, B. (2022). The influence of gender and class on the transition to retirement: A longitudinal qualitative study on Italian older workers’ experiences. The Sociological Review, 70(3), 506–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261211068595
- Dolan, R., Conduit, J., Fahy, J., & Goodman, S. (2016). Social media engagement behaviour: a uses and gratifications perspective. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 24(3–4), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2015.1095222
- Easteal, P., Holland, K., & Judd, K. (2015). Enduring themes and silences in media portrayals of violence against women. Women’s Studies International Forum, 48, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.10.015
- Fernando, H., Galuh Larasati, Y., Abdullah, I., Jubba, H., Mugni, A., & Persadha, P. D. (2023). The de-existence of Islamic political parties in general elections: A case study of Indonesia as a Muslim-majority country. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2225838
- Fernando, H., Larasati, Y. G., & Cahyani, N. (2023). Being #wanitasalihah: Representations of salihah women on TikTok. IAS Journal of Localities, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v1i1.8
- Fikri Hamdani, & Moh. Muhtador. (2021). Telaah Kritis atas Relasi Agama dan Budaya Patriarki. Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Ushuluddin Dan Filsafat, 17(2), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v17i2.800
- Finnerty, P. (2019). His porn, her pain: confronting America’s porn panic with honest talk about sex. Porn Studies, 6(4), 469–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2016.1272825
- Galuh Larasati, Y., Fernando, H., Jubba, H., Abdullah, I., Darus, M. R., & Iribaram, S. (2023). Past preferences informing future leaders for Indonesian 2024 general elections. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2229110
- Hadiati, Abdullah, I., & Udasmoro, W. (2013). Konstruksi Media terhadap Pemberitaan Kasus Perempuan Koruptor. Al-Ulum, 13(2), 345–372. http://www.journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/au/article/view/192
- Hu, Y., Mu, Y., & Huang, Y. (2020). The #MeToo narrative: Reconstructing the cultural intelligibility of female subjects. Women’s Studies International Forum, 80, 102365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2020.102365
- Ilma, M. (2021). Reconstruction of The Concept of Maḥram in Women’s Safar Based on Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah’s Legal Change Theory. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 20(2), 147. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v20i2.4303
- Khalaf, R. W. (2017). A viewpoint on the reconstruction of destroyed UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Sites. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2016.1269239
- Larasati, Y. G., & Fernando, H. (2023). Objektifikasi Tubuh Dalam Iklan Rekrutmen Kerja di Instagram: Questioning Women Empowerment. Masyarakat Madani: Jurnal Kajian Islam Dan Pengembangan Masyarakat, 8(2), 85–106. https://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/jmm/article/view/23159
- Lomazzi, V. (2023). The Cultural Roots of Violence against Women: Individual and Institutional Gender Norms in 12 Countries. Social Sciences, 12(3), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030117
- Mahanani, P. A. R., & Chairani Putri, R. (2019). Representation and Negotiation of Women Syar’i Hijab Shaff Hijrah Community Through Instagram. KnE Social Sciences, 297–309. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i20.4943
- Marshall, K., Chamberlain, K., & Hodgetts, D. (2019). Female bodybuilders on Instagram: Negotiating an empowered femininity. Feminism & Psychology, 29(1), 96–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353518808319
- McLaughlin, J. S. (2020). Falling Between the Cracks: Discrimination Laws and Older Women. LABOUR, 34(2), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12175
- McLuhan, M. (1964). McLuhan Understanding Media The extensions of man London and New York. Basieexpsispittedu. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdesignopendata.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F05%2Funderstanding-media-mcluhan.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3RYonx2sLGYDfr8bByC4jA&ust=1712504356337000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CAcQrpoMahcKEwjo943_9a2FAxUAAA
- Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. In Thousand Oaks Sage Publications (2 nd ed, Vol. 14, Issue 4). Thousand Oaks, California : Sage Publications, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80231-2
- Nazar, N. N. (2022). Konstruksi Realitas dan Politisasi Perempuan di Media Suara NTB. Politea : Jurnal Politik Islam, 5(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.20414/politea.v5i1.5310
- Neville, L. (2015). Male gays in the female gaze: women who watch m/m pornography. Porn Studies, 2(2–3), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2015.1052937
- Norberg, C., & Johansson, M. (2021). “Women and ‘Ideal’ Women”: The Representation of Women in the Construction Industry. Gender Issues, 38(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-020-09257-0
- Nur Fuadah, U., Yuwana Sudikan, S., & Tjahjono, T. (2021). Relasi Dan Eksploitasi Tindakan Para Tokoh Terhadap Alam Dalam Novel-Novel Karya Afifah Afra: Kajian Ekofeminisme Vandana Shiva. Jurnal Education and DevelopmentInstitut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan, 9(1), 410. https://journal.ipts.ac.id/index.php/ED/article/view/2397
- Osumah, O., & Egeran, T. (2020). Challenges of Research Objectivity in a Plural Society: The Case of Nigeria. University of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy, 10(1), 32–47. https://unjpe.com/index.php/UNJPE/article/view/137
- Pan, A. (2023). Gender, Caste and Subjectivity: Revisiting the #MeToo Movement in India. Feminist Encounters, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/12881
- Papanek, H. (2019). The Ideal Woman and the Ideal Society: Control and Autonomy in the Construction of Identity. In Identity Politics and Women (pp. 42–75). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429041051-3
- Peterson, K. M. (2020). The Unruly, Loud, and Intersectional Muslim Woman: Interrupting the Aesthetic Styles of Islamic Fashion Images on Instagram. In International Journal of Communication. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=qkBzEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=he+Unruly,+Loud,+and+Intersectional+Muslim+Woman:+Interrupting+the+Aesthetic+Styles+of+Islamic+Fashion+Images+on+Instagram&ots=JC4AHN4-3R&sig=bIwCs8YWyZpjKjGfuTFdS75Kx5U&redir_esc
- Pfaus, J. G. (2023). The Cancer of Cancel Culture: Spreading “Correct” Scientific Ideologies Across North American Academia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(1), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02452-y
- Qudsy, S. Z., Abdullah, I., & Pabbajah, M. (2021). the Superficial Religious Understanding in Hadith Memes: Mediatization of Hadith in the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 20(60), 92–114. https://www.thenewjsri.ro/index.php/njsri/article/view/104
- Rodriguez, S. L., Doran, E. E., Sissel, M., & Estes, N. (2022). Becoming La Ingeniera : Examining the Engineering Identity Development of Undergraduate Latina Students. Journal of Latinos and Education, 21(2), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348431.2019.1648269
- Scott, J. (2016). The social theory of Patrick Geddes. Journal of Classical Sociology, 16(3), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X15600941
- Silfia, I., & Kurniawan, R. (2022). Stigma Media terhadap Fandom Perempuan dalam Pemberitaan Penggemar K-Pop. Jurnal Komunikasi, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol17.iss1.art1
- Sonkar, M., Soorma, I., & Akanksha, S. (2020). Social Media and the Mobilization of Collective Action on Sexual Violence against Women: A Case Study of the ‘#MeToo’ Movement in India. Vantage: Journal of Thematic Analysis, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.52253/vjta.2020.v01i01.07
- Sumita, S. (2014). Media and women image: A Feminist discourse. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 6(3), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMCS2014.0384
- Tabassum, N., & Nayak, B. S. (2021). Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Women’s Career Progressions from a Managerial Perspective. IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, 10(2), 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975220975513
- Tan, H., & Yu, Y. (2024). A study on identification of youth identity through a gender lens in network buzzwords: A critical discourse analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02618-0
- Widari, T., Aliffiati, & Indra, M. (2023). Fast fashion: Consumptive behavior in fashion industry Generation Z in Yogyakarta. IAS Journal of Localities, 1(2), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v1i2.18
- Yohana, S. (2023). Portuguese representations in the Semana Santa ritual in Larantuka. IAS Journal of Localities, 1(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v1i1.9
References
Abdullah, I. (2017). Di Bawah Bayang-Bayang Media: Kodifikasi, Divergensi, dan Kooptasi Agama di Era Internet. Sabda, 4, 9–15. https://doi.org/10.14710/sabda.12.2.116-121
Adenrian, A. O., Adeniran, O. H., Ogundele, A. T., & Adedara, M. T. (2023). Proliferation of social media And Cybercrime Against Women and Girls in Nigeria. 2023 International Conference on Cyber Management and Engineering, CyMaEn 2023, 401–407. https://doi.org/10.1109/CyMaEn57228.2023.10051018
Airlangga PH, A. R., Saputri, W. A., & Nurhakim, P. R. (2024). Socio-religious behavior on consumption pattern during Israel and Palestine conflict in Muslim society. IAS Journal of Localities, 1(2), 138–152. https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v1i2.22
Alamsyah, F. F. (2020). Representasi, Ideologi dan Rekonstruksi Media. Al-I’lam: Jurnal Komunikasi Dan Penyiaran Islam, 3(2), 92–99. https://doi.org/10.31764/jail.v3i2.2540
Alarfaj, A., Hakami, N. A., & Hosnimahmoud, H. (2023). Predicting Violence-Induced Stress in an Arabic Social Media Forum. Intelligent Automation and Soft Computing, 35(2), 1423–1439. https://doi.org/10.32604/iasc.2023.028067
Alsawalqa, R. O., & Alrawashdeh, M. N. (2022). The role of patriarchal structure and gender stereotypes in cyber dating abuse: A qualitative examination of male perpetrators experiences. The British Journal of Sociology, 73(3), 587–606. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-4446.12946
Apriliani Basnapal, R., & Retno Wulan, R. (2019). Presentasi Perempuan dalam Perspektif Ekofeminisme pada Film Marlina Si Pembunuh dalam Empat Babak. Jurnal Komunikasi, 13(2), 151–164. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol13.iss2.art3
Bada, M., Chua, Y. T., Collier, B., & Pete, I. (2021). Exploring Masculinities and Perceptions of Gender in Online Cybercrime Subcultures (pp. 237–257). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60527-8_14
Bastian, B. L., Wood, B. P., & Ng, P. Y. (2023). The role of strong ties in empowering women entrepreneurs in collectivist contexts. International Journal of Gender and Entrepreneurship, 15(1), 122–146. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJGE-10-2021-0171
Beskow, D. M., Kumar, S., & Carley, K. M. (2020). The evolution of political memes: Detecting and characterizing internet memes with multi-modal deep learning. Information Processing & Management, 57(2), 102170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ipm.2019.102170
Cahyaningtyas, J., Udasmoro, W., & Sofjan, D. (2021). Pembelajaran Sosial Termediasi dan Aktivisme Media Sosial untuk Pola Hidup Berkelanjutan di Indonesia. Jurnal Komunikasi, 16(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol16.iss1.art1
Couldry, N. (2015). The myth of ‘us’: digital networks, political change and the production of collectivity. Information, Communication & Society, 18(6), 608–626. https://doi.org/10.1080/1369118X.2014.979216
Dawskin, R. (1976). The Selfish Gene (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. https://www.worldcat.org/title/selfish-gene/oclc/2681149
Di Matteo, C., Socci, M., Santini, S., & D’Amen, B. (2022). The influence of gender and class on the transition to retirement: A longitudinal qualitative study on Italian older workers’ experiences. The Sociological Review, 70(3), 506–525. https://doi.org/10.1177/00380261211068595
Dolan, R., Conduit, J., Fahy, J., & Goodman, S. (2016). Social media engagement behaviour: a uses and gratifications perspective. Journal of Strategic Marketing, 24(3–4), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1080/0965254X.2015.1095222
Easteal, P., Holland, K., & Judd, K. (2015). Enduring themes and silences in media portrayals of violence against women. Women’s Studies International Forum, 48, 103–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2014.10.015
Fernando, H., Galuh Larasati, Y., Abdullah, I., Jubba, H., Mugni, A., & Persadha, P. D. (2023). The de-existence of Islamic political parties in general elections: A case study of Indonesia as a Muslim-majority country. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2225838
Fernando, H., Larasati, Y. G., & Cahyani, N. (2023). Being #wanitasalihah: Representations of salihah women on TikTok. IAS Journal of Localities, 1(1), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v1i1.8
Fikri Hamdani, & Moh. Muhtador. (2021). Telaah Kritis atas Relasi Agama dan Budaya Patriarki. Rausyan Fikr: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Ushuluddin Dan Filsafat, 17(2), 277–295. https://doi.org/10.24239/rsy.v17i2.800
Finnerty, P. (2019). His porn, her pain: confronting America’s porn panic with honest talk about sex. Porn Studies, 6(4), 469–471. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2016.1272825
Galuh Larasati, Y., Fernando, H., Jubba, H., Abdullah, I., Darus, M. R., & Iribaram, S. (2023). Past preferences informing future leaders for Indonesian 2024 general elections. Cogent Social Sciences, 9(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2229110
Hadiati, Abdullah, I., & Udasmoro, W. (2013). Konstruksi Media terhadap Pemberitaan Kasus Perempuan Koruptor. Al-Ulum, 13(2), 345–372. http://www.journal.iaingorontalo.ac.id/index.php/au/article/view/192
Hu, Y., Mu, Y., & Huang, Y. (2020). The #MeToo narrative: Reconstructing the cultural intelligibility of female subjects. Women’s Studies International Forum, 80, 102365. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2020.102365
Ilma, M. (2021). Reconstruction of The Concept of Maḥram in Women’s Safar Based on Ibnu Qayyim al-Jauziyyah’s Legal Change Theory. JURIS (Jurnal Ilmiah Syariah), 20(2), 147. https://doi.org/10.31958/juris.v20i2.4303
Khalaf, R. W. (2017). A viewpoint on the reconstruction of destroyed UNESCO Cultural World Heritage Sites. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 23(3), 261–274. https://doi.org/10.1080/13527258.2016.1269239
Larasati, Y. G., & Fernando, H. (2023). Objektifikasi Tubuh Dalam Iklan Rekrutmen Kerja di Instagram: Questioning Women Empowerment. Masyarakat Madani: Jurnal Kajian Islam Dan Pengembangan Masyarakat, 8(2), 85–106. https://ejournal.uin-suska.ac.id/index.php/jmm/article/view/23159
Lomazzi, V. (2023). The Cultural Roots of Violence against Women: Individual and Institutional Gender Norms in 12 Countries. Social Sciences, 12(3), 117. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12030117
Mahanani, P. A. R., & Chairani Putri, R. (2019). Representation and Negotiation of Women Syar’i Hijab Shaff Hijrah Community Through Instagram. KnE Social Sciences, 297–309. https://doi.org/10.18502/kss.v3i20.4943
Marshall, K., Chamberlain, K., & Hodgetts, D. (2019). Female bodybuilders on Instagram: Negotiating an empowered femininity. Feminism & Psychology, 29(1), 96–119. https://doi.org/10.1177/0959353518808319
McLaughlin, J. S. (2020). Falling Between the Cracks: Discrimination Laws and Older Women. LABOUR, 34(2), 215–238. https://doi.org/10.1111/labr.12175
McLuhan, M. (1964). McLuhan Understanding Media The extensions of man London and New York. Basieexpsispittedu. https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fdesignopendata.files.wordpress.com%2F2014%2F05%2Funderstanding-media-mcluhan.pdf&psig=AOvVaw3RYonx2sLGYDfr8bByC4jA&ust=1712504356337000&source=images&cd=vfe&opi=89978449&ved=0CAcQrpoMahcKEwjo943_9a2FAxUAAA
Miles, M. B., & Huberman, A. M. (1994). Qualitative Data Analysis: An Expanded Sourcebook. In Thousand Oaks Sage Publications (2 nd ed, Vol. 14, Issue 4). Thousand Oaks, California : Sage Publications, 1994. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0272-4944(05)80231-2
Nazar, N. N. (2022). Konstruksi Realitas dan Politisasi Perempuan di Media Suara NTB. Politea : Jurnal Politik Islam, 5(1), 37–54. https://doi.org/10.20414/politea.v5i1.5310
Neville, L. (2015). Male gays in the female gaze: women who watch m/m pornography. Porn Studies, 2(2–3), 192–207. https://doi.org/10.1080/23268743.2015.1052937
Norberg, C., & Johansson, M. (2021). “Women and ‘Ideal’ Women”: The Representation of Women in the Construction Industry. Gender Issues, 38(1), 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12147-020-09257-0
Nur Fuadah, U., Yuwana Sudikan, S., & Tjahjono, T. (2021). Relasi Dan Eksploitasi Tindakan Para Tokoh Terhadap Alam Dalam Novel-Novel Karya Afifah Afra: Kajian Ekofeminisme Vandana Shiva. Jurnal Education and DevelopmentInstitut Pendidikan Tapanuli Selatan, 9(1), 410. https://journal.ipts.ac.id/index.php/ED/article/view/2397
Osumah, O., & Egeran, T. (2020). Challenges of Research Objectivity in a Plural Society: The Case of Nigeria. University of Nigeria Journal of Political Economy, 10(1), 32–47. https://unjpe.com/index.php/UNJPE/article/view/137
Pan, A. (2023). Gender, Caste and Subjectivity: Revisiting the #MeToo Movement in India. Feminist Encounters, 7(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.20897/femenc/12881
Papanek, H. (2019). The Ideal Woman and the Ideal Society: Control and Autonomy in the Construction of Identity. In Identity Politics and Women (pp. 42–75). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429041051-3
Peterson, K. M. (2020). The Unruly, Loud, and Intersectional Muslim Woman: Interrupting the Aesthetic Styles of Islamic Fashion Images on Instagram. In International Journal of Communication. https://books.google.co.id/books?hl=id&lr=&id=qkBzEAAAQBAJ&oi=fnd&pg=PP1&dq=he+Unruly,+Loud,+and+Intersectional+Muslim+Woman:+Interrupting+the+Aesthetic+Styles+of+Islamic+Fashion+Images+on+Instagram&ots=JC4AHN4-3R&sig=bIwCs8YWyZpjKjGfuTFdS75Kx5U&redir_esc
Pfaus, J. G. (2023). The Cancer of Cancel Culture: Spreading “Correct” Scientific Ideologies Across North American Academia. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 52(1), 43–47. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-022-02452-y
Qudsy, S. Z., Abdullah, I., & Pabbajah, M. (2021). the Superficial Religious Understanding in Hadith Memes: Mediatization of Hadith in the Industrial Revolution 4.0. Journal for the Study of Religions and Ideologies, 20(60), 92–114. https://www.thenewjsri.ro/index.php/njsri/article/view/104
Rodriguez, S. L., Doran, E. E., Sissel, M., & Estes, N. (2022). Becoming La Ingeniera : Examining the Engineering Identity Development of Undergraduate Latina Students. Journal of Latinos and Education, 21(2), 181–200. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348431.2019.1648269
Scott, J. (2016). The social theory of Patrick Geddes. Journal of Classical Sociology, 16(3), 237–260. https://doi.org/10.1177/1468795X15600941
Silfia, I., & Kurniawan, R. (2022). Stigma Media terhadap Fandom Perempuan dalam Pemberitaan Penggemar K-Pop. Jurnal Komunikasi, 17(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol17.iss1.art1
Sonkar, M., Soorma, I., & Akanksha, S. (2020). Social Media and the Mobilization of Collective Action on Sexual Violence against Women: A Case Study of the ‘#MeToo’ Movement in India. Vantage: Journal of Thematic Analysis, 66–74. https://doi.org/10.52253/vjta.2020.v01i01.07
Sumita, S. (2014). Media and women image: A Feminist discourse. Journal of Media and Communication Studies, 6(3), 48–58. https://doi.org/10.5897/JMCS2014.0384
Tabassum, N., & Nayak, B. S. (2021). Gender Stereotypes and Their Impact on Women’s Career Progressions from a Managerial Perspective. IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, 10(2), 192–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975220975513
Tan, H., & Yu, Y. (2024). A study on identification of youth identity through a gender lens in network buzzwords: A critical discourse analysis. Humanities and Social Sciences Communications, 11(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-024-02618-0
Widari, T., Aliffiati, & Indra, M. (2023). Fast fashion: Consumptive behavior in fashion industry Generation Z in Yogyakarta. IAS Journal of Localities, 1(2), 104–113. https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v1i2.18
Yohana, S. (2023). Portuguese representations in the Semana Santa ritual in Larantuka. IAS Journal of Localities, 1(1), 30–40. https://doi.org/10.62033/iasjol.v1i1.9