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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Introduction: Stress urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common consequence of childbirth
and pelvic floor dysfunction. The risk of SUI differs between vaginal delivery and cesarean
section, but this comparison in the Indonesian female population remains unclear.
Methods: This study is a systematic review and meta-analysis comparing the risk of SUI
between vaginal delivery and cesarean section among Indonesian women using review
manager 5.4. application. Literature searches were conducted in PubMed, Scopus, and
Cochrane databases using relevant keywords.
Results: Analysis of two studies involving 438 women revealed a lower risk of SUI in the
cesarean section group (16 out of 233 women) compared to vaginal delivery (38 out of 205
women). The combined risk ratio was 0.41 (95% CI: 0.22–0.75), indicating that cesarean
section significantly reduces the risk of SUI compared to vaginal delivery.
Conclusion: Cesarean section is associated with a lower risk of SUI compared to vaginal
delivery in the Indonesian female population. These findings may assist clinicians and
patients in making informed decisions about childbirth methods.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
- Blomquist, J. L., Carroll, M., Muñoz, A., & Handa, V. L. (2019). TEMPORARY REMOVAL: Pelvic floor muscle strength and the incidence of pelvic floor disorders after vaginal and cesarean childbirth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.08.003
- Waqiah N, Lotisna D, Abdullah N. Risk factors for stress urinary incontinence following vaginal and caesarean delivery. Indones J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Jan;7(1): 49-52.
- Zhu H, Zhang D, Gao L, Liu H, Di Y, Xie B, Jiao W, Sun X. Effect of Pelvic Floor Workout on Pelvic Floor Muscle Function Recovery of Postpartum Women: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):11073.
- Riesco ML, Caroci Ade S, de Oliveira SM, Lopes MH. Perineal muscle strength during pregnancy and postpartum: the correlation between perineometry and digital vaginal palpation. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem.2010;18(6):1138-
- Mahoney C, Smith A, Marshall A, Reid F. Pelvic floor dysfunction and sensory impairment: Current evidence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017 Mar;36(3):550-556. doi: 10.1002/nau.23004. Epub 2016 Mar 31. PMID: 27037643.
- Wang, H., & Ghoniem, G. (2017). Postpartum stress urinary incontinence, is it related to vaginal delivery? The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 30(13), 1552–1555. doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1209648
- Baydock SA, Flood C, Schulz JA, MacDonald D, Esau D, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Urinary and Fecal Incontinence Four Months After Vaginal Delivery. J Obstet Gynecol Can. 2009 ;31(1):36-41.
- Lugo T, Leslie SW, Mikes BA, et al. Stress Urinary Incontinence. [Updated 2024 Aug 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539769/
- Patel UJ, Godecker AL, Giles DL, Brown HW. Updated Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Women: 2015-2018 National Population-Based Survey Data. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2022 Apr 01;28(4):181-187.
- Boyles SH, Li H, Mori T, Osterweil P, Guise JM. Effect of mode of delivery on the incidence of urinary incontinence in primiparous women. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(1):134–41.
- Amaro JL, Macharelli CA, Yamamoto H, Kawano PR, Padovani CV, Agostinho AD. Prevalence and risk factors for urinary and fecal incontinence in Brazilian women. Int Braz J Urol. 2009;35(5):592-7.
- McKinnie V, Swift SE, Wang W, Woodman P, O’Boyle A, Kahn M, et al. The effect of pregnancy and mode of delivery on the prevalence of urinary and fecal
- Groutz A, Rimon E, Peled S, Gold R, Pauzner D, Lessing JB, et al. Cesarean section: does it really prevent the development of postpartum stress urinary incontinence? A prospective study of 363 women one year after their first delivery. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):2-6.
- MacLennan AH, Taylor AW, Wilson DH, Wilson D. The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity and mode of delivery. BJOG. 2000;107(12):1460-70.
- Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia 2019. Jakarta. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian RI.
- Fakhrizal E, Priyatini T, Santoso BI, Junizaf, Moegni F, Djusad S, Hakim S, Maryuni SW. Prevalence and risk factors of persistent stress urinary incontinence at three months postpartum in Indonesian women. Med J Indones. 2016;25(3):165-71.
- Gao J, Liu X, Zuo Y, Li X. Risk factors of postpartum stress urinary incontinence in primiparas: What should we care. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 May 21;100(20):e25796.
- Leeman L, Rogers R, Borders N, Teaf D, Qualls C. The Effect of Perineal Lacerations on Pelvic Floor Function and Anatomy at 6 Months Postpartum in a Prospective Cohort of Nulliparous Women. Birth. 2016 Dec;43(4):293-302.
References
Blomquist, J. L., Carroll, M., Muñoz, A., & Handa, V. L. (2019). TEMPORARY REMOVAL: Pelvic floor muscle strength and the incidence of pelvic floor disorders after vaginal and cesarean childbirth. American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology. doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2019.08.003
Waqiah N, Lotisna D, Abdullah N. Risk factors for stress urinary incontinence following vaginal and caesarean delivery. Indones J Obstet Gynecol. 2019 Jan;7(1): 49-52.
Zhu H, Zhang D, Gao L, Liu H, Di Y, Xie B, Jiao W, Sun X. Effect of Pelvic Floor Workout on Pelvic Floor Muscle Function Recovery of Postpartum Women: Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2022; 19(17):11073.
Riesco ML, Caroci Ade S, de Oliveira SM, Lopes MH. Perineal muscle strength during pregnancy and postpartum: the correlation between perineometry and digital vaginal palpation. Rev Lat Am Enfermagem.2010;18(6):1138-
Mahoney C, Smith A, Marshall A, Reid F. Pelvic floor dysfunction and sensory impairment: Current evidence. Neurourol Urodyn. 2017 Mar;36(3):550-556. doi: 10.1002/nau.23004. Epub 2016 Mar 31. PMID: 27037643.
Wang, H., & Ghoniem, G. (2017). Postpartum stress urinary incontinence, is it related to vaginal delivery? The Journal of Maternal-Fetal & Neonatal Medicine, 30(13), 1552–1555. doi:10.1080/14767058.2016.1209648
Baydock SA, Flood C, Schulz JA, MacDonald D, Esau D, et al. Prevalence and Risk Factors for Urinary and Fecal Incontinence Four Months After Vaginal Delivery. J Obstet Gynecol Can. 2009 ;31(1):36-41.
Lugo T, Leslie SW, Mikes BA, et al. Stress Urinary Incontinence. [Updated 2024 Aug 31]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2024 Jan-. Available from: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539769/
Patel UJ, Godecker AL, Giles DL, Brown HW. Updated Prevalence of Urinary Incontinence in Women: 2015-2018 National Population-Based Survey Data. Female Pelvic Med Reconstr Surg. 2022 Apr 01;28(4):181-187.
Boyles SH, Li H, Mori T, Osterweil P, Guise JM. Effect of mode of delivery on the incidence of urinary incontinence in primiparous women. Obstet Gynecol. 2009;113(1):134–41.
Amaro JL, Macharelli CA, Yamamoto H, Kawano PR, Padovani CV, Agostinho AD. Prevalence and risk factors for urinary and fecal incontinence in Brazilian women. Int Braz J Urol. 2009;35(5):592-7.
McKinnie V, Swift SE, Wang W, Woodman P, O’Boyle A, Kahn M, et al. The effect of pregnancy and mode of delivery on the prevalence of urinary and fecal
Groutz A, Rimon E, Peled S, Gold R, Pauzner D, Lessing JB, et al. Cesarean section: does it really prevent the development of postpartum stress urinary incontinence? A prospective study of 363 women one year after their first delivery. Neurourol Urodyn. 2004;23(1):2-6.
MacLennan AH, Taylor AW, Wilson DH, Wilson D. The prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and their relationship to gender, age, parity and mode of delivery. BJOG. 2000;107(12):1460-70.
Laporan Nasional Riskesdas 2018. Kementerian Kesehatan Republik Indonesia 2019. Jakarta. Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan Kementerian RI.
Fakhrizal E, Priyatini T, Santoso BI, Junizaf, Moegni F, Djusad S, Hakim S, Maryuni SW. Prevalence and risk factors of persistent stress urinary incontinence at three months postpartum in Indonesian women. Med J Indones. 2016;25(3):165-71.
Gao J, Liu X, Zuo Y, Li X. Risk factors of postpartum stress urinary incontinence in primiparas: What should we care. Medicine (Baltimore). 2021 May 21;100(20):e25796.
Leeman L, Rogers R, Borders N, Teaf D, Qualls C. The Effect of Perineal Lacerations on Pelvic Floor Function and Anatomy at 6 Months Postpartum in a Prospective Cohort of Nulliparous Women. Birth. 2016 Dec;43(4):293-302.