Main Article Content
Abstract
In this study, the researchers try to identify the factors that encourage/prohibit them to reason and behave ethically in order to derive a prescriptive guidance that can enhance the process, while practicing managers to develop policies and programs that strengthened employees’ ethical resolve on the job. In this study, Bratman’ Belief-Desire-Intention (BDI) model used to explain the research framework, the ethical decision intention component (ethical awareness, ethical judgment and ethical intention) are examined how their relationship towards each other. The researchers has employed survey-based approach to meet the study’s objectives and self-administrated questionnaires were used to gather data from 120 first line managers who work in 4-star and 5-star hotels in Malaysia respectively. These significance findings make a unique contribution towards the development of moral theories, as the researchers will not perceive them as individual but a comprehensive process to aware, evaluate and intend to act morally right. Through the findings of this study, it urges organizations to emphasize the importance of the ethical dilemma in their professional education at both the initial stage and through ongoing professional development.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2022 Thamil-Durai Chelliah, Ling-Meng Chan
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References
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- Aquino, K., Freeman, D., Reed II, A., Lim, V. K., & Felps, W. (2009). Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior: the interactive influence of situations and moral identity centrality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 123-141.
- Barnett, D. P. (2001). Reason, Rule, and Individuality: A Critique of Dialogic Liberalism. US: The Johns Hopkins University.
- Barnett, T., & Valentine, S. (2004). Issue contingencies and marketers' recognition of ethical issues, ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. Journal of Business Research, 57(4), 338-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00365-X
- Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
- Bilgihan, A., Severt, D., & Kandampully, J. (2013). Using word trees, word networks, and tag clouds to provide meaningful insights: A case study of electronic word of mouth for hotel service delivery. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 4(4), 19-42. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2013100102
- Blum, L. (1991). Moral perception and particularity. Ethics, 101(4), 701-725.
- Bratman, M. (1987). Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
- Butterfield, K. D., Trevin, L. K., & Weaver, G. R. (2000). Moral awareness in business organizations: Influences of issue-related and social context factors. Human Relations, 53(7), 981-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0018726700537004
- Çelik, S., Dedeoğlu, B. B., & İnanir, A. (2015). Relationship between ethical leadership, organizational commitment and job satisfaction at hotel organizations. Ege Academic Review, 15(1), 53-64.
- Chang, M. K. (1998). Predicting unethical behavior: a comparison of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(16), 1825-1834. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005721401993
- Cherry, J. (2006). The impact of normative influence and locus of control on ethical judgments and intentions: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 68(2), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9043-3
- Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
- Cruz, C. A., Shafer, W. E., & Strawser, J. R. (2000). A multidimensional analysis of tax practitioners' ethical judgments. Journal of Business Ethics, 24(3), 223-244. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006140809998
- Culiberg, B., & Mihelič, K. K. (2016). Three ethical frames of reference: insights into Millennial' ethical judgments and intentions in the workplace. Business Ethics: A European Review, 25(1), 94-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12106
- Deale, C. S., Schoffstall, D. G., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Perceptions of ethical issues in hospitality and tourism research. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 30(4), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2018.1480378
- Dubinsky, A. J., & Loken, B. (1989). Analyzing ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Business Research, 19(2), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(89)90001-5
- Erkutlu, H. V., & Chafra, J. (2017). Leader narcissism and subordinate embeddedness: the moderating roles of moral attentiveness and behavioral integrity. EuroMed Journal of Business, 12(2), 146-162. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-04-2016-0012
- Fairchild, A. J., & McQuillin, S. D. (2010). Evaluating mediation and moderation effects in school psychology: A presentation of methods and review of current practice. Journal of School Psychology, 48(1), 53-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2009.09.001
- Festinger, L. (1962). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Vol. 2). UK: Stanford University Press.
- Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 10(2), 130-132.
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002224378101800313
- Goh, E., & Kong, S. (2018). Theft in the hotel workplace: Exploring frontline employees’ perceptions towards hotel employee theft. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(4), 442-455. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1467358416683770
- Guo, K. H. (2013). Security-related behavior in using information systems in the workplace: A review and synthesis. Computers & Security, 32, 242-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2012.10.003
- Harris, L. C. (2012). ‘Ripping off’ tourists: An empirical evaluation of tourists’ perceptions and service worker (MIS) behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1070-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.002
- Haynes, N., & Egan, D. (2020). The perceptions of frontline employees towards hotel overbooking practices: exploring ethical challenges. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 19(2), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-019-00226-1
- Hughes, R., & Huby, M. (2002). The application of vignettes in social and nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(4), 382-386. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02100.x
- Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. (1986). A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, 6(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F027614678600600103
- Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366-395. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4278958
- Karacaer, S., Gohar, R., Aygün, M., & Sayin, C. (2009). Effects of personal values on auditor’s ethical decisions: A comparison of Pakistani and Turkish professional auditors. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(1), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0102-4
- Kohlberg, L. (1981). The Philosophy of Moral Development Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice. Brazil: Harper & Row.
- Krebs, D. L., Vermeulen, S. C., Carpendaie, J. I., & Denton, K. (2014). Structural and situational influences on moral judgment: The interaction between stage and dilemma. In Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development (pp.161-192). United States: Taylor and Francis.
- Lee, J. J., & Ok, C. M. (2014). Understanding hotel employees’ service sabotage: Emotional labor perspective based on conservation of resources theory. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.08.014
- Lehnert, K., Park, Y. H., & Singh, N. (2015). Research note and review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: Boundary conditions and extensions. Journal of Business Ethics, 129(1), 195-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2147-2
- Lin, C. F. (2014). Exploring the hotel service personnel's cognitive implications toward service attributes and ethics. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 24(1), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20349
- Lincoln, S. H., & Holmes, E. K. (2011). Ethical decision making: A process influenced by moral intensity. Journal of Healthcare, Science and the Humanities, 1(1), 55-69.
- Markus, H., & Kunda, Z. (1986). Stability and malleability of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 858-866. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.858
- May, D. R., & Pauli, K. P. (2002). The role of moral intensity in ethical decision making: A review and investigation of moral recognition, evaluation, and intention. Business & Society, 41(1), 84-117. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0007650302041001006
- Mudrack, P. E., & Mason, E. S. (2013). Ethical judgments: What do we know, where do we go?. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(3), 575-597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1426-z
- Musbah, A., Cowton, C. J., & Tyfa, D. (2016). The role of individual variables, organizational variables and moral intensity dimensions in Libyan management accountants’ ethical decision making. Journal of Business ethics, 134(3), 335-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2421-3
- Nguyen, P. M. B., & Truong, G. N. T. (2021). Employee theft behavior: A case study of five-star hotels in Vietnam. International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management (IJABIM), 12(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/ 10.4018/IJABIM.294098
- O’Fallon, M. J., & Butterfield, K. D. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996–2003. Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics, 2, 213-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4126-3_11
- Olalere, A. A. (2013). The Mediating Effect of Contextual Characteristics on Collectivist Dynamics and Entity Based Creativity among Faculty in Higher Education (Doctoral dissertation, Clemson University).
- Piaget, J. (1965). The stages of the intellectual development of the child. Educational Psychology in Context: Readings for Future Teachers, 63(4), 98-106.
- Reidenbach, R. E., & Robin, D. P. (1990). Toward the development of a multidimensional scale for improving evaluations of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(8), 639-653. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00383391
- Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory. United Kingdom: Praeger.
- Stevens, B. (2001). Hospitality ethics: Responses from human resource directors and students to seven ethical scenarios. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(3), 233-242. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006449526584
- Stevens, B. (2011). Hotel managers identify ethical problems: A survey of their concerns. Hospitality Review, 29(2), 22-36.
- Suhakim, A. I., & Arisudhana, D. (2017). Pengaruh gender, locus of control, komitmen profesi, dan kesadaran etis terhadap perilaku auditor dalam situasi konflik. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 1(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.36080/jak.v1i1.359
- Teng, C. C., & Cheng, S. S. (2021). Hospitality ethics: Perspectives from hotel practitioners and intern students. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 33(2), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2020.1791135
- Teng, C. C., Hsu, S. M., Lai, H. S., & Chen, H. (2020). Exploring ethical incidents in the Taiwanese hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 21(4), 422-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2018.1511496
- Thomas, N., & Kumar, D. N. S. (2016). Ethical beliefs and practices in hotel industry for value creation. KIMI Hospitality Research Journal, 1(1), 1-21.
- Toti, J. F., Diallo, M. F., & Huaman-Ramirez, R. (2021). Ethical sensitivity in consumers’ decision-making: The mediating and moderating role of internal locus of control. Journal of Business Research, 131, 168-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.045
- Trevino, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 601-617. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1986.4306235
- Uyar, A., Kuzey, C., Güngörmüs, A. H., & Alas, R. (2015). Influence of theory, seniority, and religiosity on the ethical awareness of accountants. Social Responsibility Journal, 11(3), 590-604. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-06-2014-0073
- Wong, A., & Chan, A. (2010). Understanding the leadership perceptions of staff in China's hotel industry: Integrating the macro-and micro-aspects of leadership contexts. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.01.003
- Wong, S. C. K., & Li, J. S. (2015). Will hotel employees’ perception of unethical managerial behavior affect their job satisfaction? A study of Chinese hotel employees in China. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(5), 853-877. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2013-0253
- Yang, H. L., & Wu, W. P. (2009). The effect of moral intensity on ethical decision making in accounting. Journal of Moral Education, 38(3), 335-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240903101606
References
Ajzen, I., & Fishbein, M. (1980). Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Change. New Jessey: Prentice-Hill.
Aquino, K., Freeman, D., Reed II, A., Lim, V. K., & Felps, W. (2009). Testing a social-cognitive model of moral behavior: the interactive influence of situations and moral identity centrality. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 97(1), 123-141.
Barnett, D. P. (2001). Reason, Rule, and Individuality: A Critique of Dialogic Liberalism. US: The Johns Hopkins University.
Barnett, T., & Valentine, S. (2004). Issue contingencies and marketers' recognition of ethical issues, ethical judgments and behavioral intentions. Journal of Business Research, 57(4), 338-346. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(02)00365-X
Baron, R. M., & Kenny, D. A. (1986). The moderator–mediator variable distinction in social psychological research: Conceptual, strategic, and statistical considerations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(6), 1173-1182.
Bilgihan, A., Severt, D., & Kandampully, J. (2013). Using word trees, word networks, and tag clouds to provide meaningful insights: A case study of electronic word of mouth for hotel service delivery. International Journal of Service Science, Management, Engineering, and Technology (IJSSMET), 4(4), 19-42. https://doi.org/10.4018/ijssmet.2013100102
Blum, L. (1991). Moral perception and particularity. Ethics, 101(4), 701-725.
Bratman, M. (1987). Intention, Plans, and Practical Reason. United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press.
Butterfield, K. D., Trevin, L. K., & Weaver, G. R. (2000). Moral awareness in business organizations: Influences of issue-related and social context factors. Human Relations, 53(7), 981-1018. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0018726700537004
Çelik, S., Dedeoğlu, B. B., & İnanir, A. (2015). Relationship between ethical leadership, organizational commitment and job satisfaction at hotel organizations. Ege Academic Review, 15(1), 53-64.
Chang, M. K. (1998). Predicting unethical behavior: a comparison of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 17(16), 1825-1834. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1005721401993
Cherry, J. (2006). The impact of normative influence and locus of control on ethical judgments and intentions: A cross-cultural comparison. Journal of Business Ethics, 68(2), 113-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-006-9043-3
Cheung, G. W., & Rensvold, R. B. (2002). Evaluating goodness-of-fit indexes for testing measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling, 9(2), 233-255. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15328007SEM0902_5
Cruz, C. A., Shafer, W. E., & Strawser, J. R. (2000). A multidimensional analysis of tax practitioners' ethical judgments. Journal of Business Ethics, 24(3), 223-244. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006140809998
Culiberg, B., & Mihelič, K. K. (2016). Three ethical frames of reference: insights into Millennial' ethical judgments and intentions in the workplace. Business Ethics: A European Review, 25(1), 94-111. https://doi.org/10.1111/beer.12106
Deale, C. S., Schoffstall, D. G., & Lee, S. H. (2018). Perceptions of ethical issues in hospitality and tourism research. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 30(4), 203-214. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2018.1480378
Dubinsky, A. J., & Loken, B. (1989). Analyzing ethical decision making in marketing. Journal of Business Research, 19(2), 83-107. https://doi.org/10.1016/0148-2963(89)90001-5
Erkutlu, H. V., & Chafra, J. (2017). Leader narcissism and subordinate embeddedness: the moderating roles of moral attentiveness and behavioral integrity. EuroMed Journal of Business, 12(2), 146-162. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-04-2016-0012
Fairchild, A. J., & McQuillin, S. D. (2010). Evaluating mediation and moderation effects in school psychology: A presentation of methods and review of current practice. Journal of School Psychology, 48(1), 53-84. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2009.09.001
Festinger, L. (1962). A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (Vol. 2). UK: Stanford University Press.
Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 10(2), 130-132.
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(3), 382-388. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002224378101800313
Goh, E., & Kong, S. (2018). Theft in the hotel workplace: Exploring frontline employees’ perceptions towards hotel employee theft. Tourism and Hospitality Research, 18(4), 442-455. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1467358416683770
Guo, K. H. (2013). Security-related behavior in using information systems in the workplace: A review and synthesis. Computers & Security, 32, 242-251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cose.2012.10.003
Harris, L. C. (2012). ‘Ripping off’ tourists: An empirical evaluation of tourists’ perceptions and service worker (MIS) behavior. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 1070-1093. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2011.12.002
Haynes, N., & Egan, D. (2020). The perceptions of frontline employees towards hotel overbooking practices: exploring ethical challenges. Journal of Revenue and Pricing Management, 19(2), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41272-019-00226-1
Hughes, R., & Huby, M. (2002). The application of vignettes in social and nursing research. Journal of Advanced Nursing, 37(4), 382-386. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.2002.02100.x
Hunt, S. D., & Vitell, S. (1986). A general theory of marketing ethics. Journal of Macromarketing, 6(1), 5-16. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F027614678600600103
Jones, T. M. (1991). Ethical decision making by individuals in organizations: An issue-contingent model. Academy of Management Review, 16(2), 366-395. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1991.4278958
Karacaer, S., Gohar, R., Aygün, M., & Sayin, C. (2009). Effects of personal values on auditor’s ethical decisions: A comparison of Pakistani and Turkish professional auditors. Journal of Business Ethics, 88(1), 53-64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-009-0102-4
Kohlberg, L. (1981). The Philosophy of Moral Development Moral Stages and the Idea of Justice. Brazil: Harper & Row.
Krebs, D. L., Vermeulen, S. C., Carpendaie, J. I., & Denton, K. (2014). Structural and situational influences on moral judgment: The interaction between stage and dilemma. In Handbook of Moral Behavior and Development (pp.161-192). United States: Taylor and Francis.
Lee, J. J., & Ok, C. M. (2014). Understanding hotel employees’ service sabotage: Emotional labor perspective based on conservation of resources theory. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 36, 176-187. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.08.014
Lehnert, K., Park, Y. H., & Singh, N. (2015). Research note and review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: Boundary conditions and extensions. Journal of Business Ethics, 129(1), 195-219. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2147-2
Lin, C. F. (2014). Exploring the hotel service personnel's cognitive implications toward service attributes and ethics. Human Factors and Ergonomics in Manufacturing & Service Industries, 24(1), 14-28. https://doi.org/10.1002/hfm.20349
Lincoln, S. H., & Holmes, E. K. (2011). Ethical decision making: A process influenced by moral intensity. Journal of Healthcare, Science and the Humanities, 1(1), 55-69.
Markus, H., & Kunda, Z. (1986). Stability and malleability of the self-concept. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51(4), 858-866. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0022-3514.51.4.858
May, D. R., & Pauli, K. P. (2002). The role of moral intensity in ethical decision making: A review and investigation of moral recognition, evaluation, and intention. Business & Society, 41(1), 84-117. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0007650302041001006
Mudrack, P. E., & Mason, E. S. (2013). Ethical judgments: What do we know, where do we go?. Journal of Business Ethics, 115(3), 575-597. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-012-1426-z
Musbah, A., Cowton, C. J., & Tyfa, D. (2016). The role of individual variables, organizational variables and moral intensity dimensions in Libyan management accountants’ ethical decision making. Journal of Business ethics, 134(3), 335-358. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-014-2421-3
Nguyen, P. M. B., & Truong, G. N. T. (2021). Employee theft behavior: A case study of five-star hotels in Vietnam. International Journal of Asian Business and Information Management (IJABIM), 12(3), 1-20. https://doi.org/ 10.4018/IJABIM.294098
O’Fallon, M. J., & Butterfield, K. D. (2013). A review of the empirical ethical decision-making literature: 1996–2003. Citation Classics from the Journal of Business Ethics, 2, 213-263. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-4126-3_11
Olalere, A. A. (2013). The Mediating Effect of Contextual Characteristics on Collectivist Dynamics and Entity Based Creativity among Faculty in Higher Education (Doctoral dissertation, Clemson University).
Piaget, J. (1965). The stages of the intellectual development of the child. Educational Psychology in Context: Readings for Future Teachers, 63(4), 98-106.
Reidenbach, R. E., & Robin, D. P. (1990). Toward the development of a multidimensional scale for improving evaluations of business ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 9(8), 639-653. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00383391
Rest, J. R. (1986). Moral Development: Advances in Research and Theory. United Kingdom: Praeger.
Stevens, B. (2001). Hospitality ethics: Responses from human resource directors and students to seven ethical scenarios. Journal of Business Ethics, 30(3), 233-242. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1006449526584
Stevens, B. (2011). Hotel managers identify ethical problems: A survey of their concerns. Hospitality Review, 29(2), 22-36.
Suhakim, A. I., & Arisudhana, D. (2017). Pengaruh gender, locus of control, komitmen profesi, dan kesadaran etis terhadap perilaku auditor dalam situasi konflik. Jurnal Akuntansi dan Keuangan, 1(1). http://dx.doi.org/10.36080/jak.v1i1.359
Teng, C. C., & Cheng, S. S. (2021). Hospitality ethics: Perspectives from hotel practitioners and intern students. Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Education, 33(2), 99-110. https://doi.org/10.1080/10963758.2020.1791135
Teng, C. C., Hsu, S. M., Lai, H. S., & Chen, H. (2020). Exploring ethical incidents in the Taiwanese hotel industry. International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration, 21(4), 422-439. https://doi.org/10.1080/15256480.2018.1511496
Thomas, N., & Kumar, D. N. S. (2016). Ethical beliefs and practices in hotel industry for value creation. KIMI Hospitality Research Journal, 1(1), 1-21.
Toti, J. F., Diallo, M. F., & Huaman-Ramirez, R. (2021). Ethical sensitivity in consumers’ decision-making: The mediating and moderating role of internal locus of control. Journal of Business Research, 131, 168-182. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2021.03.045
Trevino, L. K. (1986). Ethical decision making in organizations: A person-situation interactionist model. Academy of Management Review, 11(3), 601-617. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1986.4306235
Uyar, A., Kuzey, C., Güngörmüs, A. H., & Alas, R. (2015). Influence of theory, seniority, and religiosity on the ethical awareness of accountants. Social Responsibility Journal, 11(3), 590-604. https://doi.org/10.1108/SRJ-06-2014-0073
Wong, A., & Chan, A. (2010). Understanding the leadership perceptions of staff in China's hotel industry: Integrating the macro-and micro-aspects of leadership contexts. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), 437-447. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.01.003
Wong, S. C. K., & Li, J. S. (2015). Will hotel employees’ perception of unethical managerial behavior affect their job satisfaction? A study of Chinese hotel employees in China. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 27(5), 853-877. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-06-2013-0253
Yang, H. L., & Wu, W. P. (2009). The effect of moral intensity on ethical decision making in accounting. Journal of Moral Education, 38(3), 335-351. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240903101606