Main Article Content
Abstract
Human resources are an essential factor in the company, without human resources the company's goals will not be achieved. Official motorcycle dealers in Madiun City need superior human resources, tenacious dexterity, and innovation in carrying out the goals of motorcycle dealers to achieve sales targets. An effective way to improve motorcycle sales performance is to improve work discipline. Work discipline is a rule that binds employees to always obey the company. The research objective is to prove whether there is an influence of organizational culture, supervision, and punishment on work discipline. This research was conducted on official motorcycle sales in Madiun City using the non-probability Sampling research method, the technique for determining the population using saturated samples or census with a total of 288 employees. This research method uses a quantitative approach using SmartPLS software. The results of this study show that 1) organizational culture has a positive and significant effect on work discipline. This reflects that the organizational culture at official motorcycle dealers in Madiun City is clear and the rules set have been obeyed by sales so that there is a good working relationship between all motorcycle dealer employees, 2) supervision has a positive and significant effect on work discipline. This shows that supervisors routinely carry out supervision so that it can help the employees of motorcycle dealers, and 3) supervision has a positive and significant effect on work discipline. Implications and future direction are discussed in the last section of this article.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Robby Sandhi Dessyarti, Putri Oktaviana
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Adhany, D. F., Fauzi, R. U. A., & Dessyarti, R. S. (2022, October). Pengaruh absensi fingerprint, pengawasan, reward, dan punishment terhadap disiplin kerja karyawan pada Rumah Sakit Umum Darmayu Kabupaten Ponorogo. In SIMBA: Seminar Inovasi Manajemen, Bisnis, dan Akuntansi (Vol. 4).
- Al-Sada, M., Al-Esmael, B., & Faisal, M. N. (2017). Influence of organizational culture and leadership style on employee satisfaction, commitment and motivation in the educational sector in Qatar. EuroMed Journal of Business, 12(2), 163-188. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-02-2016-0003
- Araffat, M. Y., Ali, H., Bangsawan, M. I., Diarti, D. K., & Budiono, A. (2020). The influence of leadership style and work discipline on employee performance in the department of transportation Dompu District. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(8), 758-767. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i8.2187
- Arijanto, A., & Wulandari, S. Z. (2019). How the impact of work discipline, work environment and transformational leadership on employee performance: A study at Japanese Automotive Dealer. European Journal of Business and Management, 11(36), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-36-02
- Arsita, S., & Rachman, T. (2022). The effect of supervision, work discipline and physical environment on performance of Sirnajaya Village government employees. Strategic Management Business Journal, 2(01), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.55751/smbj.v2i01.26
- Asadullah, A. B. M., Juhdi, N. B., Islam, M. N., Ahmed, A. A. A., & Abdullah, A. B. M. (2019). The effect of reinforcement and punishment on employee performance. ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 8(2), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.18034/abcjar.v8i2.87
- Bakti, R., & Hartono, S. (2022). The influence of transformational leadership and work discipline on the work performance of education service employees. Multicultural Education, 8(01), 109-125.
- Balliet, D., Mulder, L. B., & Van Lange, P. A. (2011). Reward, punishment, and cooperation: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 594. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0023489
- Bernard, H. R. (2013). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. United Kingdom: SAGE Publications.
- Black, K., Warhurst, R., & Corlett, S. (2017). Identity as a Foundation for Human Resource Development. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
- Börsch-Supan, A., Hunkler, C., & Weiss, M. (2021). Big data at work: Age and labor productivity in the service sector. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 19, 100319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100319
- Bugdol, M. (2018). A different approach to work discipline. Human Resource Management. Palgrave Macmillan: Springer International Publishing.
- Caliskan, A., & Zhu, C. (2020). Organizational culture and educational innovations in Turkish Higher Education: Perceptions and reactions of students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.12738/jestp.2020.1.003
- Casey, C. (1999). “Come, join our family”: Discipline and integration in corporate organizational culture. Human Relations, 52, 155-178. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016980602039
- Dessyarti, R. S. (2018). Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan, komitmen organisasi, budaya organisasi terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja karyawan pemasaran pada Dealer Motor PT Suzuki Cabang Madiun dan Ngawi. JURNAL EKOMAKS: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Manajemen dan Akuntansi, 7(2), 112-124. https://doi.org/10.33319/jeko.v7i2.1
- Dheviests, T. A., & Riyanto, S. (2020). The influence of work discipline, self-efficacy and work environment on employee performance in the building plant d department at PT Gajah Tunggal Tbk. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5(1), 1062-1069.
- Domingues, J., Vieira, V. A., & Agnihotri, R. (2017). The interactive effects of goal orientation and leadership style on sales performance. Marketing Letters, 28, 637-649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-017-9436-3
- Doucet, O., Fredette, M., Simard, G., & Tremblay, M. (2015). Leader profiles and their effectiveness on employees’ outcomes. Human Performance, 28(3), 244-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021039
- Franklin, A. L., & Pagan, J. F. (2006). Organization culture as an explanation for employee discipline practices. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 26(1), 52–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X05277335
- Gibbons, R., & Prusak, L. (2020, May). Knowledge, stories, and culture in organizations. In AEA Papers and Proceedings (Vol. 110, pp. 187-192). 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203: American Economic Association. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20201091
- Ginting, F. A., & Sihombing, N. (2021). The effect of self-efficiency, work motivation and supervision on employee performance with work discipline as intervening variables in the services library and archives Medan city. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 24(6), 185-195.
- Giri, E. E., Nimran, U., Hamid, D., Musadieq, M. A., & Al Musadieq, M. (2016). The effect of organizational culture and organizational commitment to job involvement, knowledge sharing, and employee performance: A study on regional telecommunications employees of PT Telkom East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences, 3(4), 20-33.
- Goedurov R. (2020). Public sector organizations: Work environment, environment, employee behavior and discipline. International Journal Papier Public Review, 1(2), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijppr.v1i2.17
- Gordon, D. S., & Puurtinen, M. (2021). High cooperation and welfare despite—and because of—the threat of antisocial punishments and feuds. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(7), 1373. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/xge0001004
- Hair, H. J. (2013). The purpose and duration of supervision, and the training and discipline of supervisors: What social workers say they need to provide effective services. British Journal of Social Work, 43(8), 1562-1588. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcs071
- Hajiali, I., Kessi, A. M. F., Budiandriani, B., Prihatin, E., & Sufri, M. (2022). The effect of supervision, compensation, character on work discipline. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 2(2), 70-85. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v2i2.85
- Hinelo, R., Podungge, R., & Ambo, H. (2023). The effect of reward and punishment implementation on employee performance at the Gorontalo Food and Drug Supervisory Office. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(01), 833-839.
- Idris, M. (2018). The impact of education and training, work discipline and organizational culture on employee’s performance: The study of disaster management and fire department in Palembang City, Indonesia. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 8(3), 118-118.
- Iheanacho, M. U., Edema, A. J., & Ekpe, E. O. (2017). Perceived discipline, punishment and organizational performance among employees of federal ministries in Cross River State. Global Journal of Educational Research, 16(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjedr.v16i1.3
- Isvandiari, A., & Purwanto, A. (2018). The effect of organizational culture, work discipline, and job satisfaction on the performance of non-medical employees at the Islamic hospital of Malang. Asian Scientific Journal of Business and Economics, 11(1), 38-43.
- Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., Fu, P. P., & Mao, Y. (2013). Ethical leadership and job performance in C hina: The roles of workplace friendships and traditionality. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 564-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12027
- Mahlberg, B., Freund, I., Cuaresma, J. C., & Prskawetz, A. (2013). Ageing, productivity and wages in Austria. Labour Economics, 22, 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2012.09.005
- Marlapa, E., & Mulyana, B. (2020). The effect of work discipline and work motivation on employee productivity with competence as intervening variables. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10(3), 54. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.9922
- Marlina, L., Setyoningrum, N. G., Mulyani, Y. S., Permana, T. E., & Sumarni, R. (2021). Improving employees working discipline with punishment, reward, and implementation of standard operational procedures. Perwira International Journal of Economics & Business, 1(1), 37-43.
- Maryani, Y., Entang, M., & Tukiran, M. (2021). The relationship between work motivation, work discipline and employee performance at the Regional Secretariat of Bogor City. International Journal of Social and Management Studies, 2(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5555/ijosmas.v2i2.14
- Molenmaker, W. E., de Kwaadsteniet, E. W., & van Dijk, E. (2014). On the willingness to costly reward cooperation and punish non-cooperation: The moderating role of type of social dilemma. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 125(2), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.09.005
- Nam Nguyen, H., & Mohamed, S. (2011). Leadership behaviors, organizational culture and knowledge management practices: An empirical investigation. Journal of Management Development, 30(2), 206-221. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711111105786
- Niu, H., Chen, Y., Ye, H., Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Chen, S. (2020). Distinguishing punishing costly signals from nonpunishing costly signals can facilitate the emergence of altruistic punishment. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 371, 124945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2019.124945
- Okpara, J. O., & Wynn, P. (2007). Human resource management practices in a transition economy: Challenges and prospects. Management Research News, 31(1), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170810845958
- Panekenan, R. M., Tumbuan, W. J., & Rumokoy, F. S. (2019). The influence of reward and punishment toward employee’s performance at Bank Indonesia Branch Manado. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v7i1.22436
- Pattarani, A., Mariana, L., Marmin, H., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). The effectiveness of Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2017 concerning the management of civil servants on the discipline level of government employees. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 6(1.1). https://doi.org/10.29099/ijair.v6i1.1.608
- Pawirosumarto, S., Sarjana, P. K., & Muchtar, M. (2017). Factors affecting employee performance of PT. Kiyokuni Indonesia. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(4), 602-614. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-03-2016-0031
- Piccolo, R. F., Bono, J. E., Heinitz, K., Rowold, J., Duehr, E., & Judge, T. A. (2012). The relative impact of complementary leader behaviors: Which matter most?. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 567-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.008
- Podsakoff, N. P., Podsakoff, P. M., & Kuskova, V. V. (2010). Dispelling misconceptions and providing guidelines for leader reward and punishment behavior. Business Horizons, 53(3), 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2010.01.003
- Prayogi, M. A., & Lesmana, M. T. (2021, January). The influence of leadership style and motivation on the performance of employees. In Conference on International Issues in Business and Economics Research (CIIBER 2019) (pp. 122-127). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210121.019
- Puspitasari, J., & Saleh, M. (2022). The effect of principal supervision on teacher performance through work discipline and work motivation of elementary school teachers in Batumandi Sub District. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 5(06). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i6-103
- Putra, R., lima Krisna, N., & Ali, H. (2021). A review literature employee performance model: Leadership style, compensation and work discipline. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 3(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v3i1.979
- Rachmawati, D., & Mauludin, H. (2018). The effect of work discipline and job involvement on the performance with incentive as intervening variable. International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI), 7(8), 21-30.
- Rad, A. M. M., & De Moraes, A. (2009). Factors affecting employees' job satisfaction in public hospitals: Implications for recruitment and retention. Journal of General Management, 34(4), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/030630700903400404
- Santoso, A. B. & Oktafien, S. (2021). The effects of work discipline on high employee performance. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(8), 1413-1419.
- Saputra, F., & Mahaputra, M. R. (2022). Building occupational safety and health (K3): Analysis of the work environment and work discipline. Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities, 2(3), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v2i3.91
- Saputri, Y. W., Qomariah, N., & Herlambang, T. (2020). Effect of work compensation, supervision and discipline on work performance. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(1), 2597-2601.
- Seifried, C. (2008). Examining punishment and discipline: Defending the use of punishment by coaches. Quest, 60(3), 370-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2008.10483587
- Soetjipto, N., Kurniawan, G., Sulastri, S., & Riswanto, A. (2021). The influence of employee discipline, learning and supervision on the service performance of public works in Bina Marga Office of Ponorogo regency. Research Horizon, 1(4), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.54518/rh.1.4.2021.143-149
- Srimulatsih, M. (2022). The influence of work discipline on employee health and safety in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Management and Business Applied, 1(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.54099/ijmba.v1i1.96
- Sule-Dan, I., & Ilesanmi, A. G. (2015). Discipline and organization effectiveness: A study of Nigeria customs service. Review of Public Administration and Management, 4(8), 88-106.
- Suryantini, W. P., Riana, I. G., & Suwandana, I. G. M. (2022). Effect of transformational leadership, supervision, work discipline and information technology on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(6), 51-55. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.6.1624
- Syarifudin, S., & Jaenab, J. (2021). The effect of organizational culture and work discipline on job satisfaction of Bima City social service employees. JIM UPB (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Universitas Putera Batam), 9(2), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.33884/jimupb.v9i2.3732
- Taylor, G. R. (2000). Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Research, Second Edition. (2005). United States: University Press of America.
- Tepper, B. J., Simon, L., & Park, H. M. (2017). Abusive supervision. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 123-152. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062539
- Terho, H., Kairisto-Mertanen, L., Bellenger, D., & Johnston, W. J. (2013). Salesperson goal orientations and the selling performance relationship: The critical role of mediation and moderation. Journal of Business Market Management, 6(2), 70-90.
- Van Lange, P. A., Rockenbach, B., & Yamagishi, T. (Eds.). (2014). Reward and punishment in social dilemmas. UK: Oxford University Press.
- Vanesa, Y. Y., Matondang, R., Sadalia, I., & Daulay, M. T. (2019). The influence of organizational culture, work environment and work motivation on employee discipline in PT Jasa Marga (Persero) TBK, Medan Branch, North Sumatra, Indonesia. American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM), 2(5), 37-45.
- Wahyuningrum, S. N. (2021). Analysis of non-physical work environment, reward, punishment and the influence on work discipline of employee. Admisi dan Bisnis, 21(3), 211-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/ab.v21i3.2481
- Wang, Z., Song, Z., Shen, C., & Hu, S. (2023, June). Emergence of punishment in social dilemma with environmental feedback. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 11708-11716). https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i10.26383
- Wibowo, S. N., Solahudin, A., Haryanto, B. E., & Widawati, Y. (2022). The effect of reward and punishment on work discipline. Research Trend in Technology and Management, 1(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.56442/rttm.v1i1.4
- Widowati, S., Putro, T. R., & Mulyaningsih, T. (2022). Macro-economic impact on educational unemployment in Central Java-Indonesia. The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW), 4(1), 272-280.
- Wren, B. M. (2006). Examining gender differences in performance evaluations, rewards and punishments. Journal of Management Research, 6(3), 115-124.
- Yang, J. (2022). Impact of punitive supervision on corporate financial performance. Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies, 5(3), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v5i3.3960
- Zulmariad, R., Indrayani, I., & Khaddafi, M. (2022). The effect of leadership style, motivation and discipline toward employee’s performance. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 2(2), 305-310. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v2i2.233
References
Adhany, D. F., Fauzi, R. U. A., & Dessyarti, R. S. (2022, October). Pengaruh absensi fingerprint, pengawasan, reward, dan punishment terhadap disiplin kerja karyawan pada Rumah Sakit Umum Darmayu Kabupaten Ponorogo. In SIMBA: Seminar Inovasi Manajemen, Bisnis, dan Akuntansi (Vol. 4).
Al-Sada, M., Al-Esmael, B., & Faisal, M. N. (2017). Influence of organizational culture and leadership style on employee satisfaction, commitment and motivation in the educational sector in Qatar. EuroMed Journal of Business, 12(2), 163-188. https://doi.org/10.1108/EMJB-02-2016-0003
Araffat, M. Y., Ali, H., Bangsawan, M. I., Diarti, D. K., & Budiono, A. (2020). The influence of leadership style and work discipline on employee performance in the department of transportation Dompu District. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 7(8), 758-767. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i8.2187
Arijanto, A., & Wulandari, S. Z. (2019). How the impact of work discipline, work environment and transformational leadership on employee performance: A study at Japanese Automotive Dealer. European Journal of Business and Management, 11(36), 9-21. https://doi.org/10.7176/EJBM/11-36-02
Arsita, S., & Rachman, T. (2022). The effect of supervision, work discipline and physical environment on performance of Sirnajaya Village government employees. Strategic Management Business Journal, 2(01), 57-64. https://doi.org/10.55751/smbj.v2i01.26
Asadullah, A. B. M., Juhdi, N. B., Islam, M. N., Ahmed, A. A. A., & Abdullah, A. B. M. (2019). The effect of reinforcement and punishment on employee performance. ABC Journal of Advanced Research, 8(2), 47-58. https://doi.org/10.18034/abcjar.v8i2.87
Bakti, R., & Hartono, S. (2022). The influence of transformational leadership and work discipline on the work performance of education service employees. Multicultural Education, 8(01), 109-125.
Balliet, D., Mulder, L. B., & Van Lange, P. A. (2011). Reward, punishment, and cooperation: a meta-analysis. Psychological Bulletin, 137(4), 594. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/a0023489
Bernard, H. R. (2013). Social Research Methods: Qualitative and Quantitative Approaches. United Kingdom: SAGE Publications.
Black, K., Warhurst, R., & Corlett, S. (2017). Identity as a Foundation for Human Resource Development. United Kingdom: Taylor & Francis.
Börsch-Supan, A., Hunkler, C., & Weiss, M. (2021). Big data at work: Age and labor productivity in the service sector. The Journal of the Economics of Ageing, 19, 100319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jeoa.2021.100319
Bugdol, M. (2018). A different approach to work discipline. Human Resource Management. Palgrave Macmillan: Springer International Publishing.
Caliskan, A., & Zhu, C. (2020). Organizational culture and educational innovations in Turkish Higher Education: Perceptions and reactions of students. Educational Sciences: Theory and Practice, 20(1), 20–39. https://doi.org/10.12738/jestp.2020.1.003
Casey, C. (1999). “Come, join our family”: Discipline and integration in corporate organizational culture. Human Relations, 52, 155-178. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1016980602039
Dessyarti, R. S. (2018). Pengaruh gaya kepemimpinan, komitmen organisasi, budaya organisasi terhadap kepuasan kerja dan kinerja karyawan pemasaran pada Dealer Motor PT Suzuki Cabang Madiun dan Ngawi. JURNAL EKOMAKS: Jurnal Ilmu Ekonomi Manajemen dan Akuntansi, 7(2), 112-124. https://doi.org/10.33319/jeko.v7i2.1
Dheviests, T. A., & Riyanto, S. (2020). The influence of work discipline, self-efficacy and work environment on employee performance in the building plant d department at PT Gajah Tunggal Tbk. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology, 5(1), 1062-1069.
Domingues, J., Vieira, V. A., & Agnihotri, R. (2017). The interactive effects of goal orientation and leadership style on sales performance. Marketing Letters, 28, 637-649. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11002-017-9436-3
Doucet, O., Fredette, M., Simard, G., & Tremblay, M. (2015). Leader profiles and their effectiveness on employees’ outcomes. Human Performance, 28(3), 244-264. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959285.2015.1021039
Franklin, A. L., & Pagan, J. F. (2006). Organization culture as an explanation for employee discipline practices. Review of Public Personnel Administration, 26(1), 52–73. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X05277335
Gibbons, R., & Prusak, L. (2020, May). Knowledge, stories, and culture in organizations. In AEA Papers and Proceedings (Vol. 110, pp. 187-192). 2014 Broadway, Suite 305, Nashville, TN 37203: American Economic Association. https://doi.org/10.1257/pandp.20201091
Ginting, F. A., & Sihombing, N. (2021). The effect of self-efficiency, work motivation and supervision on employee performance with work discipline as intervening variables in the services library and archives Medan city. South East Asia Journal of Contemporary Business, Economics and Law, 24(6), 185-195.
Giri, E. E., Nimran, U., Hamid, D., Musadieq, M. A., & Al Musadieq, M. (2016). The effect of organizational culture and organizational commitment to job involvement, knowledge sharing, and employee performance: A study on regional telecommunications employees of PT Telkom East Nusa Tenggara Province, Indonesia. International Journal of Management and Administrative Sciences, 3(4), 20-33.
Goedurov R. (2020). Public sector organizations: Work environment, environment, employee behavior and discipline. International Journal Papier Public Review, 1(2), 31-36. https://doi.org/10.47667/ijppr.v1i2.17
Gordon, D. S., & Puurtinen, M. (2021). High cooperation and welfare despite—and because of—the threat of antisocial punishments and feuds. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 150(7), 1373. https://psycnet.apa.org/doi/10.1037/xge0001004
Hair, H. J. (2013). The purpose and duration of supervision, and the training and discipline of supervisors: What social workers say they need to provide effective services. British Journal of Social Work, 43(8), 1562-1588. https://doi.org/10.1093/bjsw/bcs071
Hajiali, I., Kessi, A. M. F., Budiandriani, B., Prihatin, E., & Sufri, M. (2022). The effect of supervision, compensation, character on work discipline. Golden Ratio of Human Resource Management, 2(2), 70-85. https://doi.org/10.52970/grhrm.v2i2.85
Hinelo, R., Podungge, R., & Ambo, H. (2023). The effect of reward and punishment implementation on employee performance at the Gorontalo Food and Drug Supervisory Office. Jurnal Ekonomi, 12(01), 833-839.
Idris, M. (2018). The impact of education and training, work discipline and organizational culture on employee’s performance: The study of disaster management and fire department in Palembang City, Indonesia. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 8(3), 118-118.
Iheanacho, M. U., Edema, A. J., & Ekpe, E. O. (2017). Perceived discipline, punishment and organizational performance among employees of federal ministries in Cross River State. Global Journal of Educational Research, 16(1), 15-20. https://doi.org/10.4314/gjedr.v16i1.3
Isvandiari, A., & Purwanto, A. (2018). The effect of organizational culture, work discipline, and job satisfaction on the performance of non-medical employees at the Islamic hospital of Malang. Asian Scientific Journal of Business and Economics, 11(1), 38-43.
Liu, J., Kwan, H. K., Fu, P. P., & Mao, Y. (2013). Ethical leadership and job performance in C hina: The roles of workplace friendships and traditionality. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 86(4), 564-584. https://doi.org/10.1111/joop.12027
Mahlberg, B., Freund, I., Cuaresma, J. C., & Prskawetz, A. (2013). Ageing, productivity and wages in Austria. Labour Economics, 22, 5-15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2012.09.005
Marlapa, E., & Mulyana, B. (2020). The effect of work discipline and work motivation on employee productivity with competence as intervening variables. International Review of Management and Marketing, 10(3), 54. https://doi.org/10.32479/irmm.9922
Marlina, L., Setyoningrum, N. G., Mulyani, Y. S., Permana, T. E., & Sumarni, R. (2021). Improving employees working discipline with punishment, reward, and implementation of standard operational procedures. Perwira International Journal of Economics & Business, 1(1), 37-43.
Maryani, Y., Entang, M., & Tukiran, M. (2021). The relationship between work motivation, work discipline and employee performance at the Regional Secretariat of Bogor City. International Journal of Social and Management Studies, 2(2), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.5555/ijosmas.v2i2.14
Molenmaker, W. E., de Kwaadsteniet, E. W., & van Dijk, E. (2014). On the willingness to costly reward cooperation and punish non-cooperation: The moderating role of type of social dilemma. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 125(2), 175-183. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obhdp.2014.09.005
Nam Nguyen, H., & Mohamed, S. (2011). Leadership behaviors, organizational culture and knowledge management practices: An empirical investigation. Journal of Management Development, 30(2), 206-221. https://doi.org/10.1108/02621711111105786
Niu, H., Chen, Y., Ye, H., Zhang, H., Li, Y., & Chen, S. (2020). Distinguishing punishing costly signals from nonpunishing costly signals can facilitate the emergence of altruistic punishment. Applied Mathematics and Computation, 371, 124945. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amc.2019.124945
Okpara, J. O., & Wynn, P. (2007). Human resource management practices in a transition economy: Challenges and prospects. Management Research News, 31(1), 57-76. https://doi.org/10.1108/01409170810845958
Panekenan, R. M., Tumbuan, W. J., & Rumokoy, F. S. (2019). The influence of reward and punishment toward employee’s performance at Bank Indonesia Branch Manado. Jurnal EMBA: Jurnal Riset Ekonomi, Manajemen, Bisnis dan Akuntansi, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.35794/emba.v7i1.22436
Pattarani, A., Mariana, L., Marmin, H., & Putra, A. H. P. K. (2023). The effectiveness of Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 11 of 2017 concerning the management of civil servants on the discipline level of government employees. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence Research, 6(1.1). https://doi.org/10.29099/ijair.v6i1.1.608
Pawirosumarto, S., Sarjana, P. K., & Muchtar, M. (2017). Factors affecting employee performance of PT. Kiyokuni Indonesia. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(4), 602-614. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-03-2016-0031
Piccolo, R. F., Bono, J. E., Heinitz, K., Rowold, J., Duehr, E., & Judge, T. A. (2012). The relative impact of complementary leader behaviors: Which matter most?. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(3), 567-581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.12.008
Podsakoff, N. P., Podsakoff, P. M., & Kuskova, V. V. (2010). Dispelling misconceptions and providing guidelines for leader reward and punishment behavior. Business Horizons, 53(3), 291-303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2010.01.003
Prayogi, M. A., & Lesmana, M. T. (2021, January). The influence of leadership style and motivation on the performance of employees. In Conference on International Issues in Business and Economics Research (CIIBER 2019) (pp. 122-127). Atlantis Press. https://doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.210121.019
Puspitasari, J., & Saleh, M. (2022). The effect of principal supervision on teacher performance through work discipline and work motivation of elementary school teachers in Batumandi Sub District. International Journal of Social Science and Human Research, 5(06). https://doi.org/10.47191/ijsshr/v5-i6-103
Putra, R., lima Krisna, N., & Ali, H. (2021). A review literature employee performance model: Leadership style, compensation and work discipline. Dinasti International Journal of Management Science, 3(1), 56-66. https://doi.org/10.31933/dijms.v3i1.979
Rachmawati, D., & Mauludin, H. (2018). The effect of work discipline and job involvement on the performance with incentive as intervening variable. International Journal of Business and Management Invention (IJBMI), 7(8), 21-30.
Rad, A. M. M., & De Moraes, A. (2009). Factors affecting employees' job satisfaction in public hospitals: Implications for recruitment and retention. Journal of General Management, 34(4), 51-66. https://doi.org/10.1177/030630700903400404
Santoso, A. B. & Oktafien, S. (2021). The effects of work discipline on high employee performance. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT), 12(8), 1413-1419.
Saputra, F., & Mahaputra, M. R. (2022). Building occupational safety and health (K3): Analysis of the work environment and work discipline. Journal of Law, Politic and Humanities, 2(3), 105-114. https://doi.org/10.38035/jlph.v2i3.91
Saputri, Y. W., Qomariah, N., & Herlambang, T. (2020). Effect of work compensation, supervision and discipline on work performance. International Journal of Scientific and Technology Research, 9(1), 2597-2601.
Seifried, C. (2008). Examining punishment and discipline: Defending the use of punishment by coaches. Quest, 60(3), 370-386. https://doi.org/10.1080/00336297.2008.10483587
Soetjipto, N., Kurniawan, G., Sulastri, S., & Riswanto, A. (2021). The influence of employee discipline, learning and supervision on the service performance of public works in Bina Marga Office of Ponorogo regency. Research Horizon, 1(4), 143-149. https://doi.org/10.54518/rh.1.4.2021.143-149
Srimulatsih, M. (2022). The influence of work discipline on employee health and safety in the era of the COVID-19 pandemic. International Journal of Management and Business Applied, 1(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.54099/ijmba.v1i1.96
Sule-Dan, I., & Ilesanmi, A. G. (2015). Discipline and organization effectiveness: A study of Nigeria customs service. Review of Public Administration and Management, 4(8), 88-106.
Suryantini, W. P., Riana, I. G., & Suwandana, I. G. M. (2022). Effect of transformational leadership, supervision, work discipline and information technology on employee performance. European Journal of Business and Management Research, 7(6), 51-55. https://doi.org/10.24018/ejbmr.2022.7.6.1624
Syarifudin, S., & Jaenab, J. (2021). The effect of organizational culture and work discipline on job satisfaction of Bima City social service employees. JIM UPB (Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen Universitas Putera Batam), 9(2), 148-157. https://doi.org/10.33884/jimupb.v9i2.3732
Taylor, G. R. (2000). Integrating Quantitative and Qualitative Methods in Research, Second Edition. (2005). United States: University Press of America.
Tepper, B. J., Simon, L., & Park, H. M. (2017). Abusive supervision. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4, 123-152. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-041015-062539
Terho, H., Kairisto-Mertanen, L., Bellenger, D., & Johnston, W. J. (2013). Salesperson goal orientations and the selling performance relationship: The critical role of mediation and moderation. Journal of Business Market Management, 6(2), 70-90.
Van Lange, P. A., Rockenbach, B., & Yamagishi, T. (Eds.). (2014). Reward and punishment in social dilemmas. UK: Oxford University Press.
Vanesa, Y. Y., Matondang, R., Sadalia, I., & Daulay, M. T. (2019). The influence of organizational culture, work environment and work motivation on employee discipline in PT Jasa Marga (Persero) TBK, Medan Branch, North Sumatra, Indonesia. American International Journal of Business Management (AIJBM), 2(5), 37-45.
Wahyuningrum, S. N. (2021). Analysis of non-physical work environment, reward, punishment and the influence on work discipline of employee. Admisi dan Bisnis, 21(3), 211-224. http://dx.doi.org/10.32497/ab.v21i3.2481
Wang, Z., Song, Z., Shen, C., & Hu, S. (2023, June). Emergence of punishment in social dilemma with environmental feedback. In Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence (Vol. 37, No. 10, pp. 11708-11716). https://doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i10.26383
Wibowo, S. N., Solahudin, A., Haryanto, B. E., & Widawati, Y. (2022). The effect of reward and punishment on work discipline. Research Trend in Technology and Management, 1(1), 48-56. https://doi.org/10.56442/rttm.v1i1.4
Widowati, S., Putro, T. R., & Mulyaningsih, T. (2022). Macro-economic impact on educational unemployment in Central Java-Indonesia. The International Journal of Social Sciences World (TIJOSSW), 4(1), 272-280.
Wren, B. M. (2006). Examining gender differences in performance evaluations, rewards and punishments. Journal of Management Research, 6(3), 115-124.
Yang, J. (2022). Impact of punitive supervision on corporate financial performance. Proceedings of Business and Economic Studies, 5(3), 17-23. https://doi.org/10.26689/pbes.v5i3.3960
Zulmariad, R., Indrayani, I., & Khaddafi, M. (2022). The effect of leadership style, motivation and discipline toward employee’s performance. International Journal of Educational Review, Law And Social Sciences (IJERLAS), 2(2), 305-310. https://doi.org/10.54443/ijerlas.v2i2.233