Main Article Content
Abstract
This study examines how non-monetary rewards affect worker motivation in Indonesia’s public sector, highlighting the moderating influence of leadership style and the mediating function of perceived organizational support (POS). Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM) and survey data from 357 public sector workers were used to confirm that work-life balance, career advancement, job enrichment, and recognition significantly increase motivation, with career development having the most impact. POS mediates these ties, and their influence is increased by transformational leadership. These observations, which emphasize the value of organized career development, successful recognition programs, and leadership training, add to the body of knowledge in human resource management and provide valuable suggestions for legislators. Public service performance can be improved, and staff motivation can be raised by bolstering organizational support and encouraging leadership involvement.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Andi Irwan, Vebby Anwar, Cakra Zaitun
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References
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References
Alam, R. (2025). Building adaptive workforces: HRM and digital competency in tourism innovation. Global Review of Tourism and Social Sciences, 1(2), 119-128. https://doi.org/10.53893/grtss.v1i2.357
Aldabbas, H., Pinnington, A., & Lahrech, A. (2021). The mediating role of psychological empowerment in the relationship between knowledge sharing and innovative work behaviour. International Journal of Innovation Management, 25(02), 2150014. https://doi.org/10.1142/S1363919621500146
Aljumah, A. (2023). The impact of extrinsic and intrinsic motivation on job satisfaction: the mediating role of transactional leadership. Cogent Business & Management, 10(3), 2270813. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2270813
Alnajem, A. Q. I., & Al-sudani, M. R. F. (2024). The role of financial and non-financial incentives in influencing the improvement of the academic performance level of employees: an applied study in Baghdad’s private colleges. Heritage and Sustainable Development, 6(1), 91–110. https://doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v6i1.393
Al-Taie, M., & Khattak, M. N. (2024). The impact of perceived organizational support and human resources practices on innovative work behavior: does gender matter? Frontiers in Psychology, 15, 1401916. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1401916
Audenaert, M., George, B., Bauwens, R., Decuypere, A., Descamps, A.-M., Muylaert, J., Ma, R., & Decramer, A. (2020). Empowering leadership, social support, and job crafting in public organizations: a multilevel study. Public Personnel Management, 49(3), 367–392. https://doi.org/10.1177/0091026019873681
Bass, B. M., & Riggio, R. E. (2006). Transformational Leadership (0 ed.). Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410617095
Brough, P., Timms, C., O’Driscoll, M. P., Kalliath, T., Siu, O.-L., Sit, C., & Lo, D. (2014). Work–life balance: a longitudinal evaluation of a new measure across Australia and New Zealand workers. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(19), 2724–2744. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2014.899262
Budhwar, P. S., & Debrah, Y. A. (2013). Human Resource Management in Developing Countries (0 ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203464373
Budur, T., & Poturak, M. (2021). Transformational leadership and its impact on customer satisfaction. measuring mediating effects of organisational citizenship behaviours. Middle East Journal of Management, 8(1), 67-91. https://doi.org/10.1504/MEJM.2021.111997
Chiang, F. F. T., & Birtch, T. A. (2011). Reward climate and its impact on service quality orientation and employee attitudes. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 3–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.03.007
Chiang, F. F. T., & Birtch, T. A. (2012). The performance implications of financial and non‐financial rewards: an Asian Nordic comparison. Journal of Management Studies, 49(3), 538–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-6486.2011.01018.x
Cropanzano, R., & Mitchell, M. S. (2005). Social exchange theory: an interdisciplinary review. Journal of Management, 31(6), 874–900. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206305279602
Ding, M., & Wang, C. (2023). Can public service motivation increase work engagement? —a meta-analysis across cultures. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1060941. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1060941
Diprose, R., Wulandari, P., Williams, E., & Levriana, Y. (2020). Bureaucratic Reform in Indonesia: Policy Analyst Experiences. Knowledge Sector Initiative (KSI), The University of Melbourne.
Do Monte, P. A. (2017). Public versus private sector: do workers’ behave differently? EconomiA, 18(2), 229–243. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econ.2017.01.001
Edwards, T., Sánchez-Mangas, R., Jalette, P., Lavelle, J., & Minbaeva, D. (2016). Global standardization or national differentiation of HRM practices in multinational companies? a comparison of multinationals in five countries. Journal of International Business Studies, 47(8), 997–1021. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-016-0003-6
Eisenberger, R., & Stinglhamber, F. (2011). Perceived organizational support: Fostering enthusiastic and productive employees. American Psychological Association. https://doi.org/10.1037/12318-000
Galsanjigmed, E., & Sekiguchi, T. (2023). Challenges women experience in leadership careers: an integrative review. Merits, 3(2), 366–389. https://doi.org/10.3390/merits3020021
Garavan, T. N., & McGuire, D. (2001). Competencies and workplace learning: some reflections on the rhetoric and the reality. Journal of Workplace Learning, 13(4), 144–164. https://doi.org/10.1108/13665620110391097
García Del Castillo-López, Á., & Pérez Domínguez, M. (2024). Employees’ emotional intelligence and job satisfaction: the mediating role of work climate and job stress. Administrative Sciences, 14(9), 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/admsci14090205
Gkorezis, P., & Petridou, E. (2017). Corporate social responsibility and pro-environmental behaviour: Organisational identification as a mediator. European Journal of International Management, 11(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1504/EJIM.2017.081248
Hackman, J. R., & Oldham, G. R. (1976). Motivation through the design of work: test of a theory. Organizational Behavior and Human Performance, 16(2), 250–279. https://doi.org/10.1016/0030-5073(76)90016-7
Hatidja, S., Syahribulan, S., Thaha, S., Jamaluddin, J., & Azizurrohman, M. (2024). Fostering employee job satisfaction in the hospitality industry: the role of organizational culture, motivation, and appraisals mediated by service innovations case of hotels in Bali. STI Policy and Management Journal, 9(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.14203/STIPM.2024.402
Hussain, S. D., Khaliq, Dr. A., Nisar, Q. A., Kamboh, A. Z., & Ali, S. (2019). Impact of employees’ recognition, rewards and job stress on job performance: mediating role of perceived organization support. SEISENSE Journal of Management, 2(2), 69–82. https://doi.org/10.33215/sjom.v2i2.121
Ilyana, S., & Sholihin, M. (2021). The effect of incentives and leadership styles on creative performance. Journal of Indonesian Economy and Business, 36(1), 14. https://doi.org/10.22146/jieb.59893
Imran, M. Y., Elahi, N. S., Abid, G., Ashfaq, F., & Ilyas, S. (2020). Impact of perceived organizational support on work engagement: mediating mechanism of thriving and flourishing. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(3), 82. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6030082
Jamaluddin (2025). The impact of remote working on employee productivity during COVID-19 in Indonesia: the moderating role of job level and the influence of cultural adaptability. Global Review of Tourism and Social Sciences, 1(2), Article 2. https://doi.org/10.53893/grtss.v1i2.356
Johns, N., & Howard, A. (1998). Customer expectations versus perceptions of service performance in the foodservice industry. International Journal of Service Industry Management, 9(3), 248–265. https://doi.org/10.1108/09564239810223556
Kim, S., Heppner, J. B., & Park, K.-T. (2017). Figure 3 in Eight new species of the genus Promalactis (Lepidoptera: Oecophoridae) from Indonesia, with a checklist of the genus [Graphic]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/ZENODO.4746804
Krejcie, R. V., & Morgan, D. W. (1970). Determining sample size for research activities. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 30(3), 607–610. https://doi.org/10.1177/001316447003000308
Lamovšek, A., Černe, M., Radević, I., & Božič, K. (2023). The key to work–life balance is (enriched) job design? three-way interaction effects with formalization and adaptive personality characteristics. Applied Research in Quality of Life, 18(2), 647–676. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11482-022-10100-9
Maan, A. T., Abid, G., Butt, T. H., Ashfaq, F., & Ahmed, S. (2020). Perceived organizational support and job satisfaction: a moderated mediation model of proactive personality and psychological empowerment. Future Business Journal, 6(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s43093-020-00027-8
Manzoor, F., Wei, L., & Asif, M. (2021). Intrinsic rewards and employee’s performance with the mediating mechanism of employee’s motivation. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 563070. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.563070
Maurer, M., Bach, N., & Oertel, S. (2023). Changes in formal structure towards self-managing organization and their effects on the intra-organizational communication network. Journal of Organization Design, 12(3), 83–98. https://doi.org/10.1007/s41469-023-00143-z
Murphy, K. S., DiPietro, R. B., Kock, G., & Lee, J. (Stephen). (2011). Does mandatory food safety training and certification for restaurant employees improve inspection outcomes? International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(1), 150–156. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2010.04.007
Ng, E. S., Sears, G. J., & Arnold, K. A. (2024). Who does diversity better? the role of servant leaders in promoting diversity management across public and private sector organizations. Public Administration Quarterly, 48(4), 195–209. https://doi.org/10.1177/07349149241253726
Opara, S., & Waheduzzaman, W. (2024). The universal, contingency or configurational HRM approaches for organizational performance: lessons from Australian performing arts. German Journal of Human Resource Management: Zeitschrift Für Personalforschung, 23970022241231538. https://doi.org/10.1177/23970022241231538
Orazi, D. C., Turrini, A., & Valotti, G. (2013). Public sector leadership: new perspectives for research and practice. International Review of Administrative Sciences, 79(3), 486–504. https://doi.org/10.1177/0020852313489945
Ortega, L., & Dpa, J. P. A. (2025). The nexus of organizational culture and work performance: the mediating role of organizational politics in local government setting. Global Review of Tourism and Social Sciences, 1(2), 129-144. https://doi.org/10.53893/grtss.v1i2.362
Pratama, A. B., & Nurhidayah, A. (2019). Does public service motivation matter to employees’ performance and organizational commitment in sub-district offices? JKAP (Jurnal Kebijakan dan Administrasi Publik), 23(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.22146/jkap.37913
Qi, L., Liu, B., Wei, X., & Hu, Y. (2019). Impact of inclusive leadership on employee innovative behavior: perceived organizational support as a mediator. PLOS ONE, 14(2), e0212091. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0212091
Rahman, S., Teicher, J., Cox, J. W., & Alam, Q. (2023). Slipstreaming for public sector reform: how enterprising public sector leaders navigate institutional inertia. Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 33(1), 4–18. https://doi.org/10.1093/jopart/muac006
Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. Guilford Press. https://doi.org/10.1521/978.14625/28806
Setyawati, N., Woelandari, D. S., & Rianto, M., R. (2022). Career development, motivation and promotion on employee performance. East Asian Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, 1(9), 1957–1970. https://doi.org/10.55927/eajmr.v1i9.1453
Sihite, M., Soegiarto, I., Ilmi, M., & Ilham, I. (2024). The impact of leadership style, employee motivation, and organizational culture on job performance of start-up employee. International Journal of Business, Law, and Education, 5(2), 1736–1749. https://doi.org/10.56442/ijble.v5i2.730
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