Main Article Content
Abstract
As supply chains become increasingly digitalized, cybersecurity (CBS) threats escalate, necessitating the adoption of innovative technologies such as blockchain technology (BLT) to enhance security. The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of blockchain technology (BLT) on cybersecurity (CBS) measures within the supply chains of manufacturing enterprises, considering the moderating role of user-centric orientation (UCO). The study is grounded in the Diffusion of Innovation (DOI) theory and adopts a cross-sectional quantitative research design, using a questionnaire survey to collect data from 206 supply chain partners of manufacturing enterprises in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania. Hayes’ PROCESS macro is employed to test model hypotheses. The study results exhibit a significant positive direct effect of both BLT and UCO on CBS. Furthermore, UCO positively moderates the relationship between BLT and CBS. For manufacturing enterprises and supply chain partners seeking to implement BLT to enhance CBS, the study highlights the importance of incorporating UCO into the design and implementation of security protocols, ensuring that users are educated and actively involved in CBS practices. This research contributes to the growing body of literature on BLT and CBS by exploring the under-researched moderating role of UCO. It extends the application of DOI theory to the intersection of BLT and CBS in manufacturing supply chains, offering a novel perspective on how user engagement can optimise the security benefits of emerging technologies.
Keywords
Article Details
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References
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- Alyami, A., Sammon, D., Neville, K., & Mahony, C. (2024). Critical success factors for Security Education, Training and Awareness (SETA) programme effectiveness: an empirical comparison of practitioner perspectives. Information and Computer Security, 32(1), 53-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-08-2022-0133
- Bayramova, A., Edwards, D. J., & Roberts, C. (2021). The role of blockchain technology in augmenting supply chain resilience to cybercrime. Buildings, 11(7), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070283
- Calle, G., DiCaprio, A., Stassen, M., & Manzer, A. (2019). Can blockchain futureproof supply chains? a Brexit case study. In Choi, J. J., & Ozkan, B. (Eds.), Disruptive Innovation in Business and Finance in the Digital World (International Financial Review Vol. 20, pp. 101-122). Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1569-376720190000020013
- Chaduvula, S. C., Dachowicz, A., Atallah, M. J., & Panchal, J. H. (2018). Security in cyber-enabled design and manufacturing: a survey. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 18(4), 040802. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040341
- Chang, A., El-Rayes, N., & Shi, J. (2022). Blockchain technology for supply chain management: a comprehensive review. FinTech, 1(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech1020015
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 5th ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, Inc.
- Dutta, P., Choi, T. M., Somani, S., & Butala, R. (2020). Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: applications, challenges and research opportunities. Transportation Research Part E, 142, 102067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.102067
- Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S. R., Park, H., & Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation modelling (SEM) in ecological studies: an updated review. Ecological Processes, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0063-3
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
- Friday, D., Melnyk, S. A., Altman, M., Harrison, N., & Ryan, S. (2024). An inductive analysis of collaborative cybersecurity management capabilities, relational antecedents and supply chain cybersecurity parameters. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 54(5), 476-500. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-01-2023-0034
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- Hair, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
- Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 3rd ed. New York: The Guilford Press.
- Hashimy, L., Jain, G., & Grifell-Tatjé, E. (2023). Determinants of blockchain adoption as decentralized business model by Spanish firms – an innovation theory perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 123(1), 204-228. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-01-2022-0030
- Hong, L. and Hales, D.N. (2024). How blockchain manages supply chain risks: evidence from Indian manufacturing companies. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 35(5), 1604-1627. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-05-2023-0178
- Igbinovia, M. O., & Ishola, B. C. (2023). Cyber security in university libraries and implication for library and information science education in Nigeria. Digital Library Perspectives, 39(3), 248-266. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLP-11-2022-0089
- Israel, B. (2022). Enhancing customer retention in manufacturing SMEs through supply chain innovative practices. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 10(3), 272-286.
- Kaspersky (2021). Kaspersky Security Bulletin Statistics. Moscow: Kaspersky.
- Kawaguchi, N. (2019). Application of blockchain to supply chain: flexible blockchain technology. Procedia Computer Science, 164, 143-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.12.166
- Kont, K. -R. (2024). Management of cyber risks in the library: analysis of information security awareness of Estonian library employees. Library Management, 45(1/2), 118-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-07-2023-0058
- Kumar, J., Rani, G., Rani, M., & Rani, V. (2024). Blockchain technology adoption and its impact on SME performance: insights for entrepreneurs and policymakers. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-02-2024-0034
- Lelo, J. M., & Israel, B. (2024). Supply chain innovative practices and customer satisfaction: insights from manufacturing SMEs. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 12(1), 54-69.
- Lyon, G. (2024). Informational inequality: the role of resources and attributes in information security awareness. Information and Computer Security, 32(2), 197-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-04-2023-0063
- Morganelli, C. R. (2021). Exploring User-Centric Innovation in the Design of Information Security Awareness Programs in Health Care: A Case Study. Doctoral Dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis.
- Nabben, K. (2021). Blockchain security as “people security”: applying sociotechnical security to blockchain technology. Frontiers in Computer Science, 2, 599406. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2020.599406
- Nawi, F. A., Tambi, M. A., Samat, M. F., & Mustapha, W. M. (2020). A review on the internal consistency of a scale: the empirical example of the influence of human capital investment on Malcom Baldridge quality principles in TVET institutions. Asian People Journal, 3(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.37231/apj.2020.3.1.121
- Nicoletti, B., & Appolloni, A. (2024). Digital transformation in ecosystems: integrated operations model and its application to fifth-party logistics operators. Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-04-2023-0024
- Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step-by-step Guide to Data Analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). London: Routledge.
- Preuveneers, D., Joosen, W., & Ilie-Zudor, E. (2017). Trustworthy data-driven networked production for customer-centric plants. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(10), 2305-2324. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2016-0419
- Ray, R. K., Chowdhury, F. R., & Hasan, M. R. (2024). Blockchain applications in retail cybersecurity: enhancing supply chain integrity, secure transactions, and data protection. Journal of Business and Management Studies, 6(1), 206-214. https://doi.org/10.32996/jbms.2024.6.1.13
- Renaud, K., & Ophoff, J. (2021). A cyber situational awareness model to predict the implementation of cyber security controls and precautions by SMEs. Organizational Cybersecurity Journal: Practice, Process and People, 1(1), 24-46. https://doi.org/10.1108/OCJ-03-2021-0004
- Roy, S. (2024). Blockchain Technology in the Global Supply Chain: A Theoretical Overview and Security Issues. In Bhattacharyya, R., & Mazumdar, D. (Eds.), Contemporary Issues in International Trade (pp. 195-208). Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83797-320-020241012
- Sang, L., & Hexmoor, H. (2021). Information-centric blockchain technology for the smart grid. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications, 13(3), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijnsa.2021.13303
- Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research Methods for Business Students, 8th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
- Singh, S., Singh, S., & Kajla, T. (2023). Checking the Effectiveness of Blockchain Application in Fraud Detection with A Systematic Literature Review Approach. In Grima, S., Sood, K., & Özen, E. (Eds.), Contemporary Studies of Risks in Emerging Technology, Part B (Emerald Studies in Finance, Insurance, and Risk Management) (pp. 57-86). Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80455-566-820231003
- Sindhuja, P. N. (2014). Impact of information security initiatives on supply chain performance. Information and Computer Security, 22(5), 450-473. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMCS-05-2013-0035
- Raj, R., Singh, A., Kumar, V., & Verma, P. (2024). Challenges in adopting blockchain technology in supply chain management: a too farfetched idea? International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 41(8), 2146-2180. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-12-2022-0366
- Rehman, S. U., Usman, M., Fernando, Y., Kamarudin, D., & Waheed, A. (2023). Improving manufacturing supply chain performance: nexus of industrial Internet of Things, blockchain technology and innovativeness. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, Vol. ahead-of print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-12-2021-0191
- Rogers, E. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, fifth edition. New York: Free Press.
- Rogers, E. (1962). Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press.
- Rauniyar, K., Wu, X., Gupta, S., Modgil, S., & Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. (2023). Risk management of supply chains in the digital transformation era: contribution and challenges of blockchain technology. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 123(1), 253-277. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2021-0235
- Suri, A., Sharma, Y., Jindal, L., & Sijariya, R. (2024). Blockchain for data protection and cyber fraud reduction: systematic literature review and technology adoption dynamics among gen Y and Z. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 41(80), 2181-2198. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-03-2023-0094
- Tarde, G. (1903). The Laws of Imitation. Peter Smith by permission of Henry Holt & Company. Clouchester, Massachusetts.
- Topcu, Y. E., Can, İ. E., & Özçınar, A. (2024). Blockchain technology in foreign trade management: which blockchain alternative is more suitable? Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 26(2), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-05-2023-0064
- United Nations (2020). Tanzanian Industrial SMEs Cluster Mapping Report. Climate Technology Centre and Network. Nairobi, Kenya.
- Yadav, S., & Singh, S. P. (2020). Blockchain critical success factors for sustainable supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 152, 104505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104505
- Zhuang, P., Zamir, T., & Liang, H. (2020). Blockchain for cybersecurity in smart grid: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 17(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2020.2998479
References
Abdelwahed, N. A. A., Al Doghan, M. A., Saraih, U. N., & Soomro, B. A. (2024). The predictive robustness of organizational and technological enablers towards blockchain technology adoption and financial performance. Kybernetes. https://doi.org/10.1108/K-09-2023-1655
Agarwal, U., Rishiwal, V., Tanwar, S., Chaudhary, R., Sharma, G., Bokoro, P. N., & Sharma, R. (2022). Blockchain technology for secure supply chain management: a comprehensive review. IEEE Access, 10, 85493-85517. https://doi.org/10.1109/ACCESS.2022.3194319
Aliu, J., Oke, A. E., Akinwumi, I. I., Abdulazeez Kanya, R., & Uyi Ehiosun, L. (2024). Scrutinizing the level of awareness and adoption of distributed ledger technology in the Nigerian construction industry. Technological Sustainability, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/TECHS-01-2024-0003
Al-Farsi, S., Rathore, M. M., & Bakiras, S. (2021). Security of blockchain-based supply chain management systems: challenges and opportunities. Applied Sciences, 11(12), 5585. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11125585
Alyami, A., Sammon, D., Neville, K., & Mahony, C. (2024). Critical success factors for Security Education, Training and Awareness (SETA) programme effectiveness: an empirical comparison of practitioner perspectives. Information and Computer Security, 32(1), 53-73. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-08-2022-0133
Bayramova, A., Edwards, D. J., & Roberts, C. (2021). The role of blockchain technology in augmenting supply chain resilience to cybercrime. Buildings, 11(7), 283. https://doi.org/10.3390/buildings11070283
Calle, G., DiCaprio, A., Stassen, M., & Manzer, A. (2019). Can blockchain futureproof supply chains? a Brexit case study. In Choi, J. J., & Ozkan, B. (Eds.), Disruptive Innovation in Business and Finance in the Digital World (International Financial Review Vol. 20, pp. 101-122). Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1569-376720190000020013
Chaduvula, S. C., Dachowicz, A., Atallah, M. J., & Panchal, J. H. (2018). Security in cyber-enabled design and manufacturing: a survey. Journal of Computing and Information Science in Engineering, 18(4), 040802. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4040341
Chang, A., El-Rayes, N., & Shi, J. (2022). Blockchain technology for supply chain management: a comprehensive review. FinTech, 1(2), 191-205. https://doi.org/10.3390/fintech1020015
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research Design: Qualitative, Quantitative, and Mixed Methods Approaches, 5th ed. Los Angeles: Sage Publications, Inc.
Dutta, P., Choi, T. M., Somani, S., & Butala, R. (2020). Blockchain technology in supply chain operations: applications, challenges and research opportunities. Transportation Research Part E, 142, 102067. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tre.2020.102067
Fan, Y., Chen, J., Shirkey, G., John, R., Wu, S. R., Park, H., & Shao, C. (2016). Applications of structural equation modelling (SEM) in ecological studies: an updated review. Ecological Processes, 5(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13717-016-0063-3
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39-50. https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378101800104
Friday, D., Melnyk, S. A., Altman, M., Harrison, N., & Ryan, S. (2024). An inductive analysis of collaborative cybersecurity management capabilities, relational antecedents and supply chain cybersecurity parameters. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 54(5), 476-500. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPDLM-01-2023-0034
Gani, A. B. D., Fernando, Y., Lan, S., Lim, M. K., & Tseng, M. -L. (2023). Interplay between cyber supply chain risk management practices and cyber security performance. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 123(3), 843-861. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-05-2022-0313
Gohil, D., & Thakker, S. V. (2021). Blockchain-integrated technologies for solving supply chain challenges. Modern Supply Chain Research and Applications, 3(2), 78-97. https://doi.org/10.1108/MSCRA-10-2020-0028
Grobler, M., Gaire, R., & Nepal, S. (2021). User, usage and usability: redefining human centric cyber security. Frontiers in Big Data, 4, 583723. https://doi.org/10.3389/fdata.2021.583723
Hair, J. F., Howard, M. C., & Nitzl, C. (2020). Assessing measurement model quality in PLS-SEM using confirmatory composite analysis. Journal of Business Research, 109, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2019.11.069
Hayes, A. F. (2022). Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Approach, 3rd ed. New York: The Guilford Press.
Hashimy, L., Jain, G., & Grifell-Tatjé, E. (2023). Determinants of blockchain adoption as decentralized business model by Spanish firms – an innovation theory perspective. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 123(1), 204-228. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-01-2022-0030
Hong, L. and Hales, D.N. (2024). How blockchain manages supply chain risks: evidence from Indian manufacturing companies. The International Journal of Logistics Management, 35(5), 1604-1627. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLM-05-2023-0178
Igbinovia, M. O., & Ishola, B. C. (2023). Cyber security in university libraries and implication for library and information science education in Nigeria. Digital Library Perspectives, 39(3), 248-266. https://doi.org/10.1108/DLP-11-2022-0089
Israel, B. (2022). Enhancing customer retention in manufacturing SMEs through supply chain innovative practices. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 10(3), 272-286.
Kaspersky (2021). Kaspersky Security Bulletin Statistics. Moscow: Kaspersky.
Kawaguchi, N. (2019). Application of blockchain to supply chain: flexible blockchain technology. Procedia Computer Science, 164, 143-148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.12.166
Kont, K. -R. (2024). Management of cyber risks in the library: analysis of information security awareness of Estonian library employees. Library Management, 45(1/2), 118-140. https://doi.org/10.1108/LM-07-2023-0058
Kumar, J., Rani, G., Rani, M., & Rani, V. (2024). Blockchain technology adoption and its impact on SME performance: insights for entrepreneurs and policymakers. Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JEC-02-2024-0034
Lelo, J. M., & Israel, B. (2024). Supply chain innovative practices and customer satisfaction: insights from manufacturing SMEs. Management Dynamics in the Knowledge Economy, 12(1), 54-69.
Lyon, G. (2024). Informational inequality: the role of resources and attributes in information security awareness. Information and Computer Security, 32(2), 197-217. https://doi.org/10.1108/ICS-04-2023-0063
Morganelli, C. R. (2021). Exploring User-Centric Innovation in the Design of Information Security Awareness Programs in Health Care: A Case Study. Doctoral Dissertation, Capella University, Minneapolis.
Nabben, K. (2021). Blockchain security as “people security”: applying sociotechnical security to blockchain technology. Frontiers in Computer Science, 2, 599406. https://doi.org/10.3389/fcomp.2020.599406
Nawi, F. A., Tambi, M. A., Samat, M. F., & Mustapha, W. M. (2020). A review on the internal consistency of a scale: the empirical example of the influence of human capital investment on Malcom Baldridge quality principles in TVET institutions. Asian People Journal, 3(1), 19-29. https://doi.org/10.37231/apj.2020.3.1.121
Nicoletti, B., & Appolloni, A. (2024). Digital transformation in ecosystems: integrated operations model and its application to fifth-party logistics operators. Journal of Global Operations and Strategic Sourcing, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JGOSS-04-2023-0024
Pallant, J. (2020). SPSS Survival Manual: A Step-by-step Guide to Data Analysis using IBM SPSS (7th ed.). London: Routledge.
Preuveneers, D., Joosen, W., & Ilie-Zudor, E. (2017). Trustworthy data-driven networked production for customer-centric plants. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 117(10), 2305-2324. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-10-2016-0419
Ray, R. K., Chowdhury, F. R., & Hasan, M. R. (2024). Blockchain applications in retail cybersecurity: enhancing supply chain integrity, secure transactions, and data protection. Journal of Business and Management Studies, 6(1), 206-214. https://doi.org/10.32996/jbms.2024.6.1.13
Renaud, K., & Ophoff, J. (2021). A cyber situational awareness model to predict the implementation of cyber security controls and precautions by SMEs. Organizational Cybersecurity Journal: Practice, Process and People, 1(1), 24-46. https://doi.org/10.1108/OCJ-03-2021-0004
Roy, S. (2024). Blockchain Technology in the Global Supply Chain: A Theoretical Overview and Security Issues. In Bhattacharyya, R., & Mazumdar, D. (Eds.), Contemporary Issues in International Trade (pp. 195-208). Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-83797-320-020241012
Sang, L., & Hexmoor, H. (2021). Information-centric blockchain technology for the smart grid. International Journal of Network Security & Its Applications, 13(3), 27-42. https://doi.org/10.5121/ijnsa.2021.13303
Saunders, M., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research Methods for Business Students, 8th ed. Harlow: Pearson Education Limited.
Singh, S., Singh, S., & Kajla, T. (2023). Checking the Effectiveness of Blockchain Application in Fraud Detection with A Systematic Literature Review Approach. In Grima, S., Sood, K., & Özen, E. (Eds.), Contemporary Studies of Risks in Emerging Technology, Part B (Emerald Studies in Finance, Insurance, and Risk Management) (pp. 57-86). Leeds: Emerald Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-80455-566-820231003
Sindhuja, P. N. (2014). Impact of information security initiatives on supply chain performance. Information and Computer Security, 22(5), 450-473. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMCS-05-2013-0035
Raj, R., Singh, A., Kumar, V., & Verma, P. (2024). Challenges in adopting blockchain technology in supply chain management: a too farfetched idea? International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 41(8), 2146-2180. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-12-2022-0366
Rehman, S. U., Usman, M., Fernando, Y., Kamarudin, D., & Waheed, A. (2023). Improving manufacturing supply chain performance: nexus of industrial Internet of Things, blockchain technology and innovativeness. Journal of Science and Technology Policy Management, Vol. ahead-of print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JSTPM-12-2021-0191
Rogers, E. (2003). Diffusion of Innovations, fifth edition. New York: Free Press.
Rogers, E. (1962). Diffusion of Innovations. New York: The Free Press.
Rauniyar, K., Wu, X., Gupta, S., Modgil, S., & Lopes de Sousa Jabbour, A. B. (2023). Risk management of supply chains in the digital transformation era: contribution and challenges of blockchain technology. Industrial Management & Data Systems, 123(1), 253-277. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMDS-04-2021-0235
Suri, A., Sharma, Y., Jindal, L., & Sijariya, R. (2024). Blockchain for data protection and cyber fraud reduction: systematic literature review and technology adoption dynamics among gen Y and Z. International Journal of Quality & Reliability Management, 41(80), 2181-2198. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJQRM-03-2023-0094
Tarde, G. (1903). The Laws of Imitation. Peter Smith by permission of Henry Holt & Company. Clouchester, Massachusetts.
Topcu, Y. E., Can, İ. E., & Özçınar, A. (2024). Blockchain technology in foreign trade management: which blockchain alternative is more suitable? Digital Policy, Regulation and Governance, 26(2), 121-134. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPRG-05-2023-0064
United Nations (2020). Tanzanian Industrial SMEs Cluster Mapping Report. Climate Technology Centre and Network. Nairobi, Kenya.
Yadav, S., & Singh, S. P. (2020). Blockchain critical success factors for sustainable supply chain. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 152, 104505. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2019.104505
Zhuang, P., Zamir, T., & Liang, H. (2020). Blockchain for cybersecurity in smart grid: a comprehensive survey. IEEE Transactions on Industrial Informatics, 17(1), 3-19. https://doi.org/10.1109/TII.2020.2998479