Main Article Content
Abstract
This study proposes an integrated model to investigate how destination experience, destination love, and perceived value drive tourist loyalty, underpinned by attachment theory and expectancy-value theory. Addressing gaps in previous loyalty research, it combines emotional and cognitive constructs that have often been examined in isolation. Based on survey data from 642 respondents and analyzed using PLS-SEM with SEMinR, the findings reveal that destination experience significantly enhances destination love, perceived value, and loyalty. Moreover, destination love and perceived value act as mediators, strengthening the formation of loyalty. The model shows moderate explanatory power, validating the theoretical integration. This study contributes novel insights by unifying emotional attachment and value perceptions within a single framework, offering a more comprehensive understanding of loyalty-building mechanisms. Practically, the findings underscore the importance of delivering emotionally engaging and value-rich experiences to foster tourist loyalty and enhance destination competitiveness. The results extend existing theories and provide a strong foundation for future research in cross-cultural and emerging market contexts.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Lilik Wahyudi, Endang Hariningsih

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Akoglu, H. E., & Özbek, O. (2022). The effect of brand experiences on brand loyalty through perceived quality and brand trust: a study on sports consumers. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 34(10), 2130–2148. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2021-0333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2021-0333
- Amado Mateus, M., Guzmán Rincón, A., Juárez Acosta, F., Ramos Soler, I., & Rodríguez Valero, D. (2024). Keys to managing university reputation from the students’ perspective. Heliyon, 10(21), e39805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39805
- Amaro, S., Barroco, C., & Antunes, J. (2020). Exploring the antecedents and outcomes of destination brand love. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 30(3), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-08-2019-2487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-08-2019-2487
- Aro, K., Suomi, K., & Saraniemi, S. (2018). Antecedents and consequences of destination brand love — a case study from Finnish Lapland. Tourism Management, 67, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.003
- Bagozzi, R. P. (1986). Attitude formation under the theory of reasoned action and a purposeful behaviour reformulation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00708.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00708.x
- Bagozzi, R. P. (1999). The role of emotions in marketing. Jounal of Academic Marketing Science, 27(2), 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399272005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399272005
- Bajs, I. P. (2013). Tourist perceived value, relationship to satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513513158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513513158
- Baniya, R., Chaulagain, S., & Okumus, B. (2024). Examining relationships among emotional experience, place identity, and destination loyalty. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 12(2), 117-144. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1309241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1309241
- Beer, H. N., Shrader, T. C., Schmidt, T. B., & Yates, D. T. (2023). The evolution of zoos as conservation institutions: a summary of the transition from menageries to zoological gardens and parallel improvement of mammalian welfare management. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 4(4), 648–664. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4040046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4040046
- Busby, G., Huang, R., & Jarman, R. (2013). The stein effect: an alternative film-induced tourism perspective. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(6), 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1875
- Câmara, E., Pocinho, M., Agapito, D., & Jesus, S. N. d. (2023). Meaningful experiences in tourism: a systematic review of psychological constructs. European Journal of Tourism Research, 34, 3403. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.2964 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.2964
- Chen, C., & Chen, F.-S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.008
- Chen, Q., Huang, R., & Zhang, A. (2020a). A bite of nostalgia: the influence of nostalgia in consumers’ loyalty intentions at traditional restaurants. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 604–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.10.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.10.016
- Chen, Y.-S., Chang, T.-W., Li, H.-X., & Chen, Y.-R. (2020b). The influence of green brand affect on green purchase intentions: the mediation effects of green brand associations and green brand attitude. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114089
- Chiu, W., (Grace) Oh, G., & Cho, H. (2022). Impact of COVID ‐19 on consumers’ impulse buying behavior of fitness products: a moderated mediation model. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 21(2), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1998
- Chiu, Y.-T. H., Lee, W.-I., & Chen, T.-H. (2014). Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism: antecedents and implications. Tourism Management, 40, 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.013
- Erfgen, C., Zenker, S., & Sattler, H. (2015). The vampire effect: when do celebrity endorsers harm brand recall? International Journal of Research in Marketing, 32(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2014.12.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2014.12.002
- Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
- Ghorbani, A., Mousazadeh, H., Golafshan, A., Almani, F. A., & Dávid, L. (2023). Tourists-generated photographs in online media and tourism destination choice: The case of Shiraz metropolis in Iran. Cogent Social Sciences, 9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2225336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2225336
- Ghorbanzadeh, D. (2024). City brand love: destination attractiveness and memorable tourism city experiences. Tourism Review, 79(3), 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-01-2023-0016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2023-0016
- Ghorbanzadeh, D., Shabbir, M. S., Mahmood, A., & Kazemi, E. (2021). Investigating the role of experience quality in predicting destination image, perceived value, satisfaction, and behavioural intentions: a case of war tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(21), 3090–3106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1863924 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1863924
- Gupta, V., Roy, H., & Sahu, G. (2022). How the tourism & hospitality lecturers coped with the transition to online teaching due to COVID-19: an assessment of stressors, negative sentiments & coping strategies. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 30(May 2021), 100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100341
- Haase, J., Wiedmann, K.-P., & Labenz, F. (2018). Effects of consumer sensory perception on brand performance. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 35(6), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-10-2017-2404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-10-2017-2404
- Hair, J. ., Hult, G. T. ., Ringle, C. ., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage Publication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
- Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis. Cengage.
- Han, H., Kim, Y., & Kim, E. K. (2011). Cognitive, affective, conative, and action loyalty: testing the impact of inertia. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 1008–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.03.006
- Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
- Hicks, A. M., & Korbel, C. (2020). Attachment theory. In Gellman, M. D., & Turner, J. R. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (pp. 172-178). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_939
- Hosany, S., & Gilbert, D. (2009). Measuring tourists’ emotional experiences toward hedonic holiday destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349267
- Hsiao, A., Wang, Y., Ma, E. (Jintao), & Jin, X. (2021). Do culturally competent employees make for happy visitors? the case of a sports event in Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 624–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.11.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.11.016
- Hudson, S., Huang, L., Roth, M. S., & Madden, T. J. (2016). The influence of social media interactions on consumer-brand relationships: a three-country study of brand perceptions and marketing behaviors. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 33(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2015.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2015.06.004
- Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1086/376806 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/376806
- Jeong, Y., & Kim, S. (2019). A study of event quality, destination image, perceived value, tourist satisfaction, and destination loyalty among sport tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(4), 940–960. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2019-0101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2019-0101
- Jiang, M., & Garrod, B. (2025). Stirring the emotions: modelling the role of emotions in developing satisfaction and loyalty in tea tourism experiences. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2025.2478285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2025.2478285
- Jiang, M., Zhao, L., & Li, Y. (2024). Multidimensional destination perception effects over medical tourists’ behavioural in emerging destinations: empirical evidence from China’s international medical tourism pilot area. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 10(2), 545-561. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-07-2023-0144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-07-2023-0144
- Jiao, Y., Meng, M. Z., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Constructing a virtual destination: Li Ziqi’s Chinese rural idyll on YouTube. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 22(3), 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2022.2096178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2022.2096178
- Khan, A., Mohammad, A. S., & Muhammad, S. (2021). An integrated model of brand experience and brand love for halal brands: survey of halal fast food consumers in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(8), 1492–1520. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2019-0236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2019-0236
- Kim, A. J., & Johnson, K. K. P. (2016). Power of consumers using social media: examining the influences of brand-related user-generated content on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.047
- Lai, I. K. W., Liu, Y., & Lu, D. (2021). The effects of tourists’ destination culinary experience on electronic word-of-mouth generation intention: the experience economy theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(3), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1851273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1851273
- Li, Z., & Zhang, J. (2023). How to improve destination brand identification and loyalty using short-form videos? the role of emotional experience and self-congruity. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 30, 100825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100825 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100825
- Long, N. T. (2023). Factors affecting destination innovation and competitiveness at destinations in the Central Highlands, Vietnam. Journal of Tourism Management Research, 10(2), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.18488/31.v10i2.3579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/31.v10i2.3579
- Mahrinasari, M. S., Bangsawan, S., & Sabri, M. F. (2024). Local wisdom and government’s role in strengthening the sustainable competitive advantage of creative industries. Heliyon, 10(10), e31133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31133
- Mariani, M., & Baggio, R. (2022). Big data and analytics in hospitality and tourism: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(1), 231–278. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0301
- Masud, A. Al, Ahmed, S., Kaisar, M. T., Hossain, B., Shimu, M., & Islam, M. F. (2024). Unveiling brand loyalty in emerging markets: analyzing smartphone user preferences: Robustness of structural equation modeling (SEM) and simultaneous equation modeling (SEMs). Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(3), 100353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100353
- Nenotek, S. A., Paramarta, I. M. S., Sjioen, A. E., Beeh, N., Cornelis, A. R., & Benu, N. N. (2025). The linguistic landscape for sustainable and inclusive tourism: insight from Timor Tengah Selatan, Indonesia. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2024.2441579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2024.2441579
- Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150499
- Omo-Obas, P., & Anning‐Dorson, T. (2022). Cognitive-affective-motivation factors influencing international visitors’ destination satisfaction and loyalty. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(5), 2222–2240. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhti-05-2022-0178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-05-2022-0178
- Orgaz-Agüera, F., & Moral-Cuadra, S. (2022). The relevance of the souvenirs, food, experiences and facilities of a bordered destination on the key relationship of perceived value, attitudes and satisfaction. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 37(3), 513–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2020.1792799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2020.1792799
- Park, E., Kim, W.-H., & Kim, S.-B. (2022). Tracking tourism and hospitality employees’ real-time perceptions and emotions in an online community during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(23), 3761–3765. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1823336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1823336
- Pradhan, D., Moharana, T. R., & Malik, G. (2023). Influence of celebrity, destination and tourist personality on destination attachment and revisit intention: moderating roles of endorsement embeddedness, destination crowding and gender. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 27(October 2022), 100754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100754 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100754
- Pramanik, S. A. K. (2024). Unlocking the power of relationship marketing dimensions in accelerating destination loyalty: mediating effects of destination experience. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332667.2024.2405304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332667.2024.2405304
- Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2011). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410321
- Putu, I., Sukaatmadja, G., Nyoman, N., Yasa, K., Laksmita, P., Rahmayanti, D., & Gde, I. (2023). Bali brand love: a perspective from domestic tourists. Cogent Business & Management, 10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2260119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2260119
- Radomir, L., & Moisescu, O. I. (2019). Discriminant validity of the customer-based corporate reputation scale: some causes for concern. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29(4), 457–469. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2018-2115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2018-2115
- Rini, E. S., Rombe, E., & Tarigan, M. I. (2024). Brand destination loyalty: the antecedents of destination brand experience. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2320992. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2320992 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2320992
- Shen, Y., Huang, S., Choi, H.-S. C., & Morrison, A. M. (2021). Does brand love matter to casual restaurants? a multi-group path analysis. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 30(5), 630–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1867282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1867282
- Sigala, M. (2016). Social media and the co-creation of tourism experiences. The Handbook of Managing and Marketing Tourism Experiences, 85–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-290-320161033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-290-320161033
- Stangl, B., Prayag, G., & Polster, L. (2020). Segmenting visitors’ motivation, price perceptions, willingness to pay and price sensitivity in a collaborative destination marketing effort. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(21), 2666–2682. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1662380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1662380
- Suci, A., Wang, H.-C., & Doong, H.-S. (2023). Promoting a heritage product to domestic youth markets: should it be localized? International Journal of Emerging Markets, 18(12), 6015–6036. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2021-1033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2021-1033
- Suhartanto, D., Brien, A., Primiana, I., Wibisono, N., & Triyuni, N. N. (2020). Tourist loyalty in creative tourism: the role of experience quality, value, satisfaction, and motivation. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(7), 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1568400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1568400
- Swanson, J. W., & Weissert, W. G. (2017). Case managers for high-risk, high-cost patients as agents and street-level bureaucrats. Medical Care Research and Review, 75(5), 527–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558717727116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558717727116
- Tehseen, S., Ramayah, T., & Sajilan, S. (2017). Testing and controlling for common method variance: a review of available methods. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 4, 146–175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20547/jms.2014.1704202
- Tsai, C. (2016). Memorable tourist experiences and place attachment when consuming local food. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(6), 536–548. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2070
- Ur Rahman, R., Ali Shah, S. M., El-Gohary, H., Abbas, M., Haider Khalil, S., Al Altheeb, S., & Sultan, F. (2020). Social media adoption and financial sustainability: learned lessons from developing countries. Sustainability, 12(24), 10616. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410616 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410616
- Verma, A., & Rajendran, G. (2017). The effect of historical nostalgia on tourists’ destination loyalty intention: an empirical study of the world cultural heritage site – Mahabalipuram, India. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(9), 977–990. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1357639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1357639
- Wang, H., Yang, Y., & He, W. (2022a). Does value lead to loyalty? exploring the important role of the tourist–destination relationship. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050136
- Wang, Y., Pan, J.-Y., Xu, Y., Luo, J., & Wu, Y. (2022b). The determinants of impulsive buying behavior in electronic commerce. Sustainability, 14(12), 7500. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127500
- Won, D. H., Hwang, Y. S., & Chung, N. (2024). The effect of tourists’ brand experience in Incheon Smart Tourism City on trust, identification, and loyalty. Converg Tourism Contents Soc, 10(3), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.22556/jctc.2024.10.3.21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22556/jctc.2024.10.3.21
- Yadav, R., Paul, J., & Mittal, A. (2023). Impact of nation brand experience on nation brand loyalty, and positive WOM in a changing environment: the role of nation brand love. International Marketing Review, 40(1), 28–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-05-2021-0173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-05-2021-0173
- Yuan, F., & Vui, C. N. (2023). The influence of destination image on tourists’ behavioural intentions: explore how tourists’ perceptions of a destination affect their intentions to visit, revisit, or recommend it to others. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(S6), 1391-1397. https://doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is6.2471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44iS6.2471
- Zhang, Z., Zhang, N., & Wang, J. (2022). The influencing factors on impulse buying behavior of consumers under the mode of hunger marketing in live commerce. Sustainability, 14(4), 2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042122
- Zhou, G., & Chen, W. (2023). Agritourism experience value cocreation impact on the brand equity of rural tourism destinations in China. Tourism Review, 78(5), 1315–1335. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2022-0539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2022-0539
- Zhou, Y. (2022). The application trend of digital finance and technological innovation in the development of green economy. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2022(1), 1064558. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1064558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1064558
- Zhou, Y., Kim, W. G., Okumus, B., & Cobanoglu, C. (2021). Understanding online travel communities: a literature review and future research directions in hospitality and tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(2), 194–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1887052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1887052
References
Akoglu, H. E., & Özbek, O. (2022). The effect of brand experiences on brand loyalty through perceived quality and brand trust: a study on sports consumers. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 34(10), 2130–2148. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2021-0333 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-05-2021-0333
Amado Mateus, M., Guzmán Rincón, A., Juárez Acosta, F., Ramos Soler, I., & Rodríguez Valero, D. (2024). Keys to managing university reputation from the students’ perspective. Heliyon, 10(21), e39805. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39805 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e39805
Amaro, S., Barroco, C., & Antunes, J. (2020). Exploring the antecedents and outcomes of destination brand love. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 30(3), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1108/jpbm-08-2019-2487 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-08-2019-2487
Aro, K., Suomi, K., & Saraniemi, S. (2018). Antecedents and consequences of destination brand love — a case study from Finnish Lapland. Tourism Management, 67, 71–81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.003 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.01.003
Bagozzi, R. P. (1986). Attitude formation under the theory of reasoned action and a purposeful behaviour reformulation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 25(2), 95–107. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00708.x DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-8309.1986.tb00708.x
Bagozzi, R. P. (1999). The role of emotions in marketing. Jounal of Academic Marketing Science, 27(2), 184–206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399272005 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0092070399272005
Bajs, I. P. (2013). Tourist perceived value, relationship to satisfaction, and behavioral intentions. Journal of Travel Research, 54(1), 122–134. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513513158 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513513158
Baniya, R., Chaulagain, S., & Okumus, B. (2024). Examining relationships among emotional experience, place identity, and destination loyalty. Advances in Hospitality and Tourism Research (AHTR), 12(2), 117-144. https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1309241 DOI: https://doi.org/10.30519/ahtr.1309241
Beer, H. N., Shrader, T. C., Schmidt, T. B., & Yates, D. T. (2023). The evolution of zoos as conservation institutions: a summary of the transition from menageries to zoological gardens and parallel improvement of mammalian welfare management. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 4(4), 648–664. https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4040046 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/jzbg4040046
Busby, G., Huang, R., & Jarman, R. (2013). The stein effect: an alternative film-induced tourism perspective. International Journal of Tourism Research, 15(6), 570–582. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1875 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.1875
Câmara, E., Pocinho, M., Agapito, D., & Jesus, S. N. d. (2023). Meaningful experiences in tourism: a systematic review of psychological constructs. European Journal of Tourism Research, 34, 3403. https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.2964 DOI: https://doi.org/10.54055/ejtr.v34i.2964
Chen, C., & Chen, F.-S. (2010). Experience quality, perceived value, satisfaction and behavioral intentions for heritage tourists. Tourism Management, 31(1), 29–35. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.008 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2009.02.008
Chen, Q., Huang, R., & Zhang, A. (2020a). A bite of nostalgia: the influence of nostalgia in consumers’ loyalty intentions at traditional restaurants. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 45, 604–614. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.10.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2020.10.016
Chen, Y.-S., Chang, T.-W., Li, H.-X., & Chen, Y.-R. (2020b). The influence of green brand affect on green purchase intentions: the mediation effects of green brand associations and green brand attitude. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(11), 4089. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114089 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114089
Chiu, W., (Grace) Oh, G., & Cho, H. (2022). Impact of COVID ‐19 on consumers’ impulse buying behavior of fitness products: a moderated mediation model. Journal of Consumer Behaviour, 21(2), 245–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1998 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/cb.1998
Chiu, Y.-T. H., Lee, W.-I., & Chen, T.-H. (2014). Environmentally responsible behavior in ecotourism: antecedents and implications. Tourism Management, 40, 321–329. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.013 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2013.06.013
Erfgen, C., Zenker, S., & Sattler, H. (2015). The vampire effect: when do celebrity endorsers harm brand recall? International Journal of Research in Marketing, 32(2), 155–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2014.12.002 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2014.12.002
Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Evaluating structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error. Journal of Marketing Research, 18(1), 39. https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3151312
Ghorbani, A., Mousazadeh, H., Golafshan, A., Almani, F. A., & Dávid, L. (2023). Tourists-generated photographs in online media and tourism destination choice: The case of Shiraz metropolis in Iran. Cogent Social Sciences, 9. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2225336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2225336
Ghorbanzadeh, D. (2024). City brand love: destination attractiveness and memorable tourism city experiences. Tourism Review, 79(3), 703-718. https://doi.org/10.1108/tr-01-2023-0016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-01-2023-0016
Ghorbanzadeh, D., Shabbir, M. S., Mahmood, A., & Kazemi, E. (2021). Investigating the role of experience quality in predicting destination image, perceived value, satisfaction, and behavioural intentions: a case of war tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(21), 3090–3106. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1863924 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1863924
Gupta, V., Roy, H., & Sahu, G. (2022). How the tourism & hospitality lecturers coped with the transition to online teaching due to COVID-19: an assessment of stressors, negative sentiments & coping strategies. Journal of Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Education, 30(May 2021), 100341. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100341 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhlste.2021.100341
Haase, J., Wiedmann, K.-P., & Labenz, F. (2018). Effects of consumer sensory perception on brand performance. Journal of Consumer Marketing, 35(6), 565–576. https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-10-2017-2404 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JCM-10-2017-2404
Hair, J. ., Hult, G. T. ., Ringle, C. ., & Sarstedt, M. (2022). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling. Sage Publication. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80519-7
Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Black, W. C., & Anderson, R. E. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis. Cengage.
Han, H., Kim, Y., & Kim, E. K. (2011). Cognitive, affective, conative, and action loyalty: testing the impact of inertia. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30(4), 1008–1019. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.03.006 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2011.03.006
Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2014). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43(1), 115–135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
Hicks, A. M., & Korbel, C. (2020). Attachment theory. In Gellman, M. D., & Turner, J. R. (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Behavioral Medicine (pp. 172-178). Cham: Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-1005-9_939 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-39903-0_939
Hosany, S., & Gilbert, D. (2009). Measuring tourists’ emotional experiences toward hedonic holiday destinations. Journal of Travel Research, 49(4), 513–526. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349267 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287509349267
Hsiao, A., Wang, Y., Ma, E. (Jintao), & Jin, X. (2021). Do culturally competent employees make for happy visitors? the case of a sports event in Australia. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 49, 624–634. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.11.016 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2021.11.016
Hudson, S., Huang, L., Roth, M. S., & Madden, T. J. (2016). The influence of social media interactions on consumer-brand relationships: a three-country study of brand perceptions and marketing behaviors. International Journal of Research in Marketing, 33(1), 27–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2015.06.004 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijresmar.2015.06.004
Jarvis, C. B., MacKenzie, S. B., & Podsakoff, P. M. (2003). A critical review of construct indicators and measurement model misspecification in marketing and consumer research. Journal of Consumer Research, 30(2), 199–218. https://doi.org/10.1086/376806 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1086/376806
Jeong, Y., & Kim, S. (2019). A study of event quality, destination image, perceived value, tourist satisfaction, and destination loyalty among sport tourists. Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics, 32(4), 940–960. https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2019-0101 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/APJML-02-2019-0101
Jiang, M., & Garrod, B. (2025). Stirring the emotions: modelling the role of emotions in developing satisfaction and loyalty in tea tourism experiences. Current Issues in Tourism, 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2025.2478285 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2025.2478285
Jiang, M., Zhao, L., & Li, Y. (2024). Multidimensional destination perception effects over medical tourists’ behavioural in emerging destinations: empirical evidence from China’s international medical tourism pilot area. International Journal of Tourism Cities, 10(2), 545-561. https://doi.org/10.1108/ijtc-07-2023-0144 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJTC-07-2023-0144
Jiao, Y., Meng, M. Z., & Zhang, Y. (2022). Constructing a virtual destination: Li Ziqi’s Chinese rural idyll on YouTube. Journal of Teaching in Travel & Tourism, 22(3), 279–294. https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2022.2096178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15313220.2022.2096178
Khan, A., Mohammad, A. S., & Muhammad, S. (2021). An integrated model of brand experience and brand love for halal brands: survey of halal fast food consumers in Malaysia. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 12(8), 1492–1520. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2019-0236 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2019-0236
Kim, A. J., & Johnson, K. K. P. (2016). Power of consumers using social media: examining the influences of brand-related user-generated content on Facebook. Computers in Human Behavior, 58, 98–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.047 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.12.047
Lai, I. K. W., Liu, Y., & Lu, D. (2021). The effects of tourists’ destination culinary experience on electronic word-of-mouth generation intention: the experience economy theory. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 26(3), 231–244. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1851273 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2020.1851273
Li, Z., & Zhang, J. (2023). How to improve destination brand identification and loyalty using short-form videos? the role of emotional experience and self-congruity. Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 30, 100825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100825 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2023.100825
Long, N. T. (2023). Factors affecting destination innovation and competitiveness at destinations in the Central Highlands, Vietnam. Journal of Tourism Management Research, 10(2), 200–212. https://doi.org/10.18488/31.v10i2.3579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.18488/31.v10i2.3579
Mahrinasari, M. S., Bangsawan, S., & Sabri, M. F. (2024). Local wisdom and government’s role in strengthening the sustainable competitive advantage of creative industries. Heliyon, 10(10), e31133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31133 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e31133
Mariani, M., & Baggio, R. (2022). Big data and analytics in hospitality and tourism: a systematic literature review. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 34(1), 231–278. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0301 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-03-2021-0301
Masud, A. Al, Ahmed, S., Kaisar, M. T., Hossain, B., Shimu, M., & Islam, M. F. (2024). Unveiling brand loyalty in emerging markets: analyzing smartphone user preferences: Robustness of structural equation modeling (SEM) and simultaneous equation modeling (SEMs). Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 10(3), 100353. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100353 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.joitmc.2024.100353
Nenotek, S. A., Paramarta, I. M. S., Sjioen, A. E., Beeh, N., Cornelis, A. R., & Benu, N. N. (2025). The linguistic landscape for sustainable and inclusive tourism: insight from Timor Tengah Selatan, Indonesia. Cogent Arts and Humanities, 12(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2024.2441579 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311983.2024.2441579
Oliver, R. L. (1980). A cognitive model of the antecedents and consequences of satisfaction decisions. Journal of Marketing Research, 17(4), 460. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150499 DOI: https://doi.org/10.2307/3150499
Omo-Obas, P., & Anning‐Dorson, T. (2022). Cognitive-affective-motivation factors influencing international visitors’ destination satisfaction and loyalty. Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Insights, 6(5), 2222–2240. https://doi.org/10.1108/jhti-05-2022-0178 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JHTI-05-2022-0178
Orgaz-Agüera, F., & Moral-Cuadra, S. (2022). The relevance of the souvenirs, food, experiences and facilities of a bordered destination on the key relationship of perceived value, attitudes and satisfaction. Journal of Borderlands Studies, 37(3), 513–532. https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2020.1792799 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/08865655.2020.1792799
Park, E., Kim, W.-H., & Kim, S.-B. (2022). Tracking tourism and hospitality employees’ real-time perceptions and emotions in an online community during the COVID-19 pandemic. Current Issues in Tourism, 25(23), 3761–3765. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1823336 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2020.1823336
Pradhan, D., Moharana, T. R., & Malik, G. (2023). Influence of celebrity, destination and tourist personality on destination attachment and revisit intention: moderating roles of endorsement embeddedness, destination crowding and gender. Journal of Destination Marketing and Management, 27(October 2022), 100754. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100754 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2022.100754
Pramanik, S. A. K. (2024). Unlocking the power of relationship marketing dimensions in accelerating destination loyalty: mediating effects of destination experience. Journal of Relationship Marketing, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332667.2024.2405304 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15332667.2024.2405304
Prayag, G., & Ryan, C. (2011). Antecedents of tourists’ loyalty to Mauritius. Journal of Travel Research, 51(3), 342–356. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410321 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287511410321
Putu, I., Sukaatmadja, G., Nyoman, N., Yasa, K., Laksmita, P., Rahmayanti, D., & Gde, I. (2023). Bali brand love: a perspective from domestic tourists. Cogent Business & Management, 10. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2260119 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2023.2260119
Radomir, L., & Moisescu, O. I. (2019). Discriminant validity of the customer-based corporate reputation scale: some causes for concern. Journal of Product & Brand Management, 29(4), 457–469. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2018-2115 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/JPBM-11-2018-2115
Rini, E. S., Rombe, E., & Tarigan, M. I. (2024). Brand destination loyalty: the antecedents of destination brand experience. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2320992. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2320992 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2320992
Shen, Y., Huang, S., Choi, H.-S. C., & Morrison, A. M. (2021). Does brand love matter to casual restaurants? a multi-group path analysis. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 30(5), 630–654. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1867282 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2021.1867282
Sigala, M. (2016). Social media and the co-creation of tourism experiences. The Handbook of Managing and Marketing Tourism Experiences, 85–111. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-290-320161033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-290-320161033
Stangl, B., Prayag, G., & Polster, L. (2020). Segmenting visitors’ motivation, price perceptions, willingness to pay and price sensitivity in a collaborative destination marketing effort. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(21), 2666–2682. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1662380 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1662380
Suci, A., Wang, H.-C., & Doong, H.-S. (2023). Promoting a heritage product to domestic youth markets: should it be localized? International Journal of Emerging Markets, 18(12), 6015–6036. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2021-1033 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-07-2021-1033
Suhartanto, D., Brien, A., Primiana, I., Wibisono, N., & Triyuni, N. N. (2020). Tourist loyalty in creative tourism: the role of experience quality, value, satisfaction, and motivation. Current Issues in Tourism, 23(7), 867–879. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1568400 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1568400
Swanson, J. W., & Weissert, W. G. (2017). Case managers for high-risk, high-cost patients as agents and street-level bureaucrats. Medical Care Research and Review, 75(5), 527–561. https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558717727116 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1077558717727116
Tehseen, S., Ramayah, T., & Sajilan, S. (2017). Testing and controlling for common method variance: a review of available methods. The Journal of Men’s Studies, 4, 146–175. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20547/jms.2014.1704202
Tsai, C. (2016). Memorable tourist experiences and place attachment when consuming local food. International Journal of Tourism Research, 18(6), 536–548. https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2070 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jtr.2070
Ur Rahman, R., Ali Shah, S. M., El-Gohary, H., Abbas, M., Haider Khalil, S., Al Altheeb, S., & Sultan, F. (2020). Social media adoption and financial sustainability: learned lessons from developing countries. Sustainability, 12(24), 10616. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410616 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410616
Verma, A., & Rajendran, G. (2017). The effect of historical nostalgia on tourists’ destination loyalty intention: an empirical study of the world cultural heritage site – Mahabalipuram, India. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(9), 977–990. https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1357639 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1357639
Wang, H., Yang, Y., & He, W. (2022a). Does value lead to loyalty? exploring the important role of the tourist–destination relationship. Behavioral Sciences, 12(5), 136. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050136 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs12050136
Wang, Y., Pan, J.-Y., Xu, Y., Luo, J., & Wu, Y. (2022b). The determinants of impulsive buying behavior in electronic commerce. Sustainability, 14(12), 7500. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127500 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14127500
Won, D. H., Hwang, Y. S., & Chung, N. (2024). The effect of tourists’ brand experience in Incheon Smart Tourism City on trust, identification, and loyalty. Converg Tourism Contents Soc, 10(3), 21–38. https://doi.org/10.22556/jctc.2024.10.3.21 DOI: https://doi.org/10.22556/jctc.2024.10.3.21
Yadav, R., Paul, J., & Mittal, A. (2023). Impact of nation brand experience on nation brand loyalty, and positive WOM in a changing environment: the role of nation brand love. International Marketing Review, 40(1), 28–48. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-05-2021-0173 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IMR-05-2021-0173
Yuan, F., & Vui, C. N. (2023). The influence of destination image on tourists’ behavioural intentions: explore how tourists’ perceptions of a destination affect their intentions to visit, revisit, or recommend it to others. Journal of Advanced Zoology, 44(S6), 1391-1397. https://doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44is6.2471 DOI: https://doi.org/10.17762/jaz.v44iS6.2471
Zhang, Z., Zhang, N., & Wang, J. (2022). The influencing factors on impulse buying behavior of consumers under the mode of hunger marketing in live commerce. Sustainability, 14(4), 2122. https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042122 DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/su14042122
Zhou, G., & Chen, W. (2023). Agritourism experience value cocreation impact on the brand equity of rural tourism destinations in China. Tourism Review, 78(5), 1315–1335. https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2022-0539 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/TR-11-2022-0539
Zhou, Y. (2022). The application trend of digital finance and technological innovation in the development of green economy. Journal of Environmental and Public Health, 2022(1), 1064558. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1064558 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/1064558
Zhou, Y., Kim, W. G., Okumus, B., & Cobanoglu, C. (2021). Understanding online travel communities: a literature review and future research directions in hospitality and tourism. Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 38(2), 194–212. https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1887052 DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2021.1887052