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This study aims to examine the perceptions of K–12 science teachers regarding the integration of Mobile Augmented Reality (mAR) as a pedagogical tool in Biology education. Specifically, it investigates current mAR usage, its perceived impact on student learning, and the challenges teachers face in its implementation. Using a mixed-method research design, data were collected from 34 teachers through surveys and interviews. Results reveal that only 44.1% of respondents have used mAR in their lessons primarily coming from private schools, while 55.9% have not, primarily due to limited access to devices, unstable internet, and insufficient training. Teachers who employed mAR reported improved student engagement, enhanced visualization of complex concepts, and increased motivation and collaboration. mAR was most used during the engagement and exploration phases, particularly in anatomy and cell biology lessons. Despite challenges in curriculum alignment, technical support, and classroom management, most teachers acknowledge the potential of mAR to enrich Biology education. The study highlights the need for improved infrastructure, targeted professional development, and curriculum-aligned AR content to support wider adoption.
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Hak Cipta (c) 2025 Raianne Joy Maulion, Maricar Prudente

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Referensi
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Referensi
Statista, “AR/VR-Worldwide,” Statista Outlook, [Online].
Available: https://www.statista.com/outlook/amo/ar-vr/worldwide. (Accessed: Apr. 10, 2025).
HolonIQ, “2022 Global Education Outlook,” HolonIQ Notes, 2 Februari 2022. [Online]. Available: https://www.holoniq.com/notes/2022-global-education-outlook. (Accessed: Apr. 10, 2025).
M. Akçayır and G. Akçayır, “Advantages and challenges associated with augmented reality for education: a systematic review of the literature,” Educational Research Review, vol. 20, pp. 1-11, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.11.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2016.11.002
M. Dunleavy and C. Dede, "Augmented reality teaching and learning," in Handbook of Research on Educational Communications and Technology, Springer, 2014, pp. 735–745, https://doi.org/110.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_59. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-3185-5_59
OECD, PISA 2018 Results (Volume III): What School Life Means for Students’ Lives, Paris, France: OECD Publishing, 2020. https://doi.org/110.1787/acd78851-en.
T. Ciloglu and A. B. Ustun, "The Effects of Mobile AR-Based Biology Learning Experience On Students’ Motivation, Self-Efficacy, And Attitudes In Online Learning," J. Sci. Educ. Technol., vol. 32, pp. 309–337, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-023-10030-7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10956-023-10030-7
M. E. C. Santos, A. Chen, T. Taketomi, G. Yamamoto, J. Miyazaki, and H. Kato, "Augmented Reality Learning Experiences: Survey Of Prototype Design And Evaluation," IEEE Trans. Learn. Technol., vol. 7, pp. 38–56, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2013.37. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/TLT.2013.37
T. I. Permana, H. Husamah, M. I. Nurhamdani, A. Zaskia, A. Savitri, and D. A. Salsabila, “Augmented Reality In Biology Education: A Systematic Literature Review,” Res. Dev. Educ. (RaDEn), vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 630-652, June 11, 2024. https://doi.org/10.22219/raden.v4i1.32636. DOI: https://doi.org/10.22219/raden.v4i1.32636
M. B. Ibáñez and C. Delgado-Kloos, "Augmented Reality For STEM Learning: A Systematic Review," Comput. Educ., vol. 123, pp. 109–123, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.002. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.05.002
H.-K. Wu, S. W.-Y. Lee, H.-Y. Chang, and Y.-W. Liang, "Current status, opportunities and challenges of augmented reality in education," Comput. Educ., vol. 62, pp. 41–49, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.024. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.10.024
T.-Y. Liu and Y.-L. Chu, "Using ubiquitous games in an English listening and speaking course: Impact on learning outcomes and motivation," Comput. Educ., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 630–643, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.023.
I. Radu, "Augmented reality in education: A meta-review and cross-media analysis," Pers. Ubiquitous Comput., vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 1533–1543, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-013-0747-y. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00779-013-0747-y
T. P. Caudell and D. W. Mizell, "Augmented reality: An application of heads-up display technology to manual manufacturing processes," in Proc. 25th Hawaii Int. Conf. Syst. Sci., 1992, pp. 659–669. https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183317. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/HICSS.1992.183317
R. T. Azuma, "A survey of augmented reality," Presence: Teleoperators Virtual Environ., vol. 6, no. 4, pp. 355–385, 1997. https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1162/pres.1997.6.4.355
R. Azuma, Y. Baillot, R. Behringer, S. Feiner, S. Julier and B. MacIntyre, "Recent advances in augmented reality," in IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications, vol. 21, no. 6, pp. 34-47, Nov.-Dec. 2001. https://doi.org/10.1109/38.963459. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/38.963459
J. H. Shuhaiber, "Augmented reality in surgery," Arch. Surg., vol. 139, no. 2, pp. 170–174, Feb. 2004. https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.139.2.170. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1001/archsurg.139.2.170
R. Wojciechowski and J. Cellary, "Evaluation of learners’ attitude toward learning in AR-based environment," Comput. Educ., vol. 68, pp. 570–585, 2013. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.014. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2013.02.014
H. Altinpulluk, "Advantages and challenges associated with AR applications in science education: A literature review," J. Sci. Educ. Technol., vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 10–20, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9806-3. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-018-9806-3
A. Gillet, M. Sanner, D. Stoffler, D. Goodsell, and A. Olson, "Augmented Reality with Tangible Auto-Fabricated Models For Molecular Biology Applications," in Visualization 2004 (Proceedings), Los Alamitos, CA, USA: IEEE Computer Society, 2004, pp. 235–241. https://doi.org/10.1109/VISUAL.2004.7. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1109/VISUAL.2004.7
S. S. Jamali, M. F. Shiratuddin, K. W. Wong, and C. L. Oskam, "Utilising Mobile-Augmented Reality For Learning Human Anatomy," Procedia-Social and Behavioral Sciences, vol. 197, pp. 659–668, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.518. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.07.054
Y.-H. Wang, "Integrating Games, E-Books And AR Techniques To Support Project-Based Science Learning," Educ. Technol. Soc., vol. 23, no. 3, pp. 53–67, Jul. 2020, [online], Available on: https://www.jstor.org/stable/26926426.
J. Tondeur, J. Van Braak, P. A. Ertmer, and A. Ottenbreit-Leftwich, "Understanding The Relationship Between Teachers’ Pedagogical Beliefs And Technology Use In Education: A Systematic Review Of Qualitative Evidence," Educ. Technol. Res. Develop., vol. 65, pp. 555–575, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-016-9481-2. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-016-9481-2
K. F. Hew and T. Brush, "Integrating Technology Into K–12 Teaching And Learning: Current Knowledge Gaps And Recommendations For Future Research," Educ. Technol. Res. Develop., vol. 55, pp. 223–252, 2007. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-006-9022-5
J. Piedade and E. Batista, “Teachers’ Perceptions of Augmented Reality In Education: Between Pedagogical Potential And Technological Readiness,” Educ. Sci, vol. 15, no. 8, Art. no. 1076, Aug. 2025. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15081076. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci15081076
E. Schmidthaler, B. Anđic, M. Schmollmüller, B. Sabitzer, and Z. Lavicza, “Mobile Augmented Reality In Biological Education: Perceptions Of Austrian Secondary School Teachers,” J. Effi. Responsib. Educ. Sci., vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 113-127, 2023. https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2023.160203. DOI: https://doi.org/10.7160/eriesj.2023.160203
L. Cohen, L. Manion, and K. Morrison, Research Methods in Education, 6th ed., London, U.K.: Routledge, 2007. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203224342. DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203224342
D. L. Morgan, "Exploring the use of artificial intelligence for qualitative data analysis: The case of ChatGPT," Int. J. Qualitative Methods, vol. 22, pp. 1–11, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231211248. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069231211248
M. Meriyati, M. Nitin, S. Bradford, and V. Wiliyanti, "The impact of applying augmented reality technology in learning on student learning experiences," J. Emerg. Technol. Educ., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 215–228, Jun. 2024. https://doi.org/ 10.70177/jete.v2i2.1067. DOI: https://doi.org/10.70177/jete.v2i2.1067
I. Ansori, F. Arianto, and K. Khotimah, "The Effectiveness of Augmented Reality On Students' Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) In Geography," Edunesia: J. Ilm. Pendidik., vol. 6, no. 1, pp. 448–464, Apr. 2025. https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v6i1.1083. DOI: https://doi.org/10.51276/edu.v6i1.1083
M. A. Sattar, M. U. Maqbool, F. Zakir, and Mustaeen Billah, “Enhancing Student Engagement Through Augmented Reality In Secondary Biology Education,” Front. Educ., vol. 10, 2025. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1628004. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2025.1628004
S. C. Olim and V. Nisi, "Augmented Reality Towards Facilitating Abstract Concepts Learning," in Entertainment Computing – ICEC 2020 (N. J. Nunes, L. Ma, M. Wang, N. Correia, and Z. Pan, Eds.), Lecture Notes in Computer Science, vol. 12523. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65736-9_17. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-65736-9_17
L. S. Nowell, J. M. Norris, D. E. White, and N. J. Moules, "Thematic Analysis: Striving To Meet The Trustworthiness Criteria," Int. J. Qualitative Methods, vol. 16, no. 1, pp. 1–13, 2017. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
T.-Y. Liu and Y.-L. Chu, "Using Ubiquitous Games In An English Listening And Speaking Course: Impact On Learning Outcomes And Motivation," Comput. Educ., vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 630–643, 2010. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.023. DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2010.02.023
S. Subran and S. N. D. Mahmud, "Augmented Reality (AR) Technology In Biology And Life Science Education: A Systematic Literature Review (SLR)," Int. J. Acad. Res. Prog. Educ. Develop., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 768–792, Jan. 2024. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v13-i1/20455. DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARPED/v13-i1/20455
F. Khairiyah, M. Ramdan, and H. Suharyati, "Application Of Augmented Reality-Based Learning Technology To Information Processing And Memory In Vocational High Schools: A Literature Review," Int. J. Sustainable Develop. Future Soc., vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 54–61, Dec. 2024. https://doi.org/10.62157/ijsdfs.v2i2.72. DOI: https://doi.org/10.62157/ijsdfs.v2i2.72
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