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Abstract
This article analyzes normative issues in various laws and regulations governing the handling of freedom of peaceful assembly. The formulations of the problems analyzed in this article are: first, whether the regulation and limitation of the right to peaceful assembly in Indonesia are in line with international human rights ideals. Second, how are the arrangements and restrictions on the right of assembly from other countries, which can provide constructive input on the norms for regulating and limiting the freedom of peaceful assembly in Indonesia? This article uses normative legal research and a comparative approach to constitutional law, by looking at concepts and practices from other countries. The conclusions of this study are: first, the regulation and restriction of the freedom of peaceful assembly is still far from the ideal of international human rights. There are still ambivalent and discriminatory arrangements. Second, the conclusion from the results of the comparative study found that there are many variants of gathering activities that are not accommodated by Indonesian legislation, such as: sudden gatherings, continuous and scheduled gatherings, and reciprocal gatherings.
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References
- Buku
- Abdali, Riza I M. Ananto Setiawan, Miftah Fadhli, Nuresti T Astarina dan Mirza Satria Buana, Laporan Monitoring dan Evaluasi Implementasi Hak atas Kebebasan Berkumpul dan Berorganisasi di Indonesia Tahun 2018-2019, Koalisi Kebebasan Berserikat, 2019.
- Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, ODIHR, 2010.
- Henkin, Louis, ‘International Human Rights in the United States’ dalam Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
- Higgins, Rosalyn, The European Convention on Human Rights, dalam Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
- Humphrey, John P, ‘Political and Related Rights’, dalam Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
- McBride, Jeremy, ‘Freedom of Association’, dalam Hodder Arnold, The Essentials of Human Rights, London, 2005.
- McDougal, Myres, Harold Lasswell dan Lung-chu Chen, Human Rights and World Public Order: The Basic Policies of an International Law of Human Dignity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980.
- Morrison, Clovis, The Developing European Law of Human Rights, Sijthoff, Leiden, 1967.
- Shestack, Jerome J, ‘The Jurisprudence of Human Rights’ dalam Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
- Zweigert, Konrad dan H Kotz, An Introduction to Comparative Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
- Jurnal dan Artikel
- Fortman, Bas de Gaay, ‘Minority Rights: A Major Misconception?’, Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 33 No 2, 2011, 265-303.
- Golder, Ben dan George Williams, ‘Balancing National Security and Human Rights: Assessing Legal Response of Common Law Nations to the Threat of Terrorism.’ Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, Volume 8, Issue 1, 2006, 43-62.
- Hoecke, Mark van, ‘Methodology of Comparative Legal Research’, Law and Method (2015).
- Jarman, Neil dan Michael Hamilton, ‘Protecting Peaceful Protest: The OSCE/ODIHR and Freedom of Peaceful Assembly’ Journal of Human Rights Practice 1 (2) 2009, 208-235, 209.
- Mietzner, Marcus, ‘Populist Anti-Scientism, Religious Polarisation and Institutionalised Corruption: How Indonesia’s Democratic Decline Shape It COVID-19, Journal of Current Asian Affairs (2020), 1-23.
- Mohan, Dinesh, ‘Safety as Human Rights’, Harvard, The President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2003.
- Petersen, Niels, ‘The German Constitutional Court and Legislative Capture’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Volume 12 Issue 3, 2014, 650-669.
- Wiratraman, Herlambang, ‘Does Indonesian COVID-19 Emergency Law secure Rule of Law and Human Rights,’ Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, Volume 4 (1), (2020), 306-334.
- Putusan Peradilan Nasional dan Internasional
- Arzte fur das Leben v. Austria, 21 June 1988, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
- Christians against Racism dan Fascism v. United Kingdom, European Commission on Human Rights.
- Ciloglu and others v. Turkey, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
- Cisse v. France, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
- Dennis v. United States, 341 US 494 (1951)
- Emin Huseynov v. Azerbaijan, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
- Human Rights Committee on Gelina Youbko v. Belarus, Communication No 1903/2009, CCPR/C/110/D/1903/2009.
- Human Rights Committee on Nikolai Alekseev v. Russia Federation, Communication No. 1873/2009, CCPR/C/ 109/D/1873/2009.
- Kudrevicius and others v. Lithuania, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
- Oya Ataman v. Turkey, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
- Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 065/PUU-II/2004 tentang Pengujian Undang-undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia.
- Shmushkovych v. Ukraine, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
- UN Human Rights Council, Joint report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association and the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions on the proper management of assemblies, UN Doc. A/HRC/31/66, 4 February 2016, para. 9.
- United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v. Turkey, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights, Decision No. 133/1996/752/951, para. 47.
- Ziliberberg v. Moldova, 4 May 2004, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
- Peraturan Perundang-undangan
- Armenia’s Law on Conducting Meetings, Assemblies, Rallies and Demonstrations, 2008.
- Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia (DUHAM).
- Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
- Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana, Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 1981 No. 76, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 3209.
- Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1998 tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat di Muka Umum, Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 1998 No. 181, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 3789.
- Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (UU HAM), Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 1999 No. 165, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 3886.
- Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2005 tentang Ratifikasi Kovenan Hak Sipil dan Politik, Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2005 No. 119, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 4558.
- Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan, Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2014 No. 292, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 5601.
- Maklumat Kepolisian Republik Indonesia Nomor: MAK/2/III/2020 pada tanggal 19 Maret 2020 tentang Kepatuhan Terhadap Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Penanganan Penyebaran Virus Corona (Covid-19).
- Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2012 tentang Tata Cara Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan, Pengamanan dan Penanganan Perkara Penyampaian Pendapat di Muka Umum.
- Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 9 Tahun 2008 tentang Tata Cara Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan, Pengamanan dan Penanganan Perkara Penyampaian Pendapat di Muka Umum.
- Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penggunaan Kekuatan dalam Tindakan Kepolisian.
- Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Nomor 16 Tahun 2006 tentang Pedoman Pengendalian Massa.
- Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Nomor 8 Tahun 2009 tentang Implementasi Prinsip HAM.
- Prinsip-Prinsip Siracusa terhadap Pembatasan Hak dan Kebebasan.
- Surat Telegram Nomor STR/364/VI/OPS.2./2020 tentang Perintah Kepada Jajaran Mengenai pencabutan Maklumat Kapolri dan Upaya Mendukung Kebijakan Adaptasi Baru.
- Website
- Law Insider, https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/notification.
- Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR), Venice Commission Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly (2007). http://www.osce.org/item/23835.html.
References
Buku
Abdali, Riza I M. Ananto Setiawan, Miftah Fadhli, Nuresti T Astarina dan Mirza Satria Buana, Laporan Monitoring dan Evaluasi Implementasi Hak atas Kebebasan Berkumpul dan Berorganisasi di Indonesia Tahun 2018-2019, Koalisi Kebebasan Berserikat, 2019.
Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly, ODIHR, 2010.
Henkin, Louis, ‘International Human Rights in the United States’ dalam Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
Higgins, Rosalyn, The European Convention on Human Rights, dalam Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
Humphrey, John P, ‘Political and Related Rights’, dalam Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
McBride, Jeremy, ‘Freedom of Association’, dalam Hodder Arnold, The Essentials of Human Rights, London, 2005.
McDougal, Myres, Harold Lasswell dan Lung-chu Chen, Human Rights and World Public Order: The Basic Policies of an International Law of Human Dignity, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1980.
Morrison, Clovis, The Developing European Law of Human Rights, Sijthoff, Leiden, 1967.
Shestack, Jerome J, ‘The Jurisprudence of Human Rights’ dalam Theodor Meron (ed), Human Rights in International Law: Legal and Policy Issues, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
Zweigert, Konrad dan H Kotz, An Introduction to Comparative Law, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1998.
Jurnal dan Artikel
Fortman, Bas de Gaay, ‘Minority Rights: A Major Misconception?’, Human Rights Quarterly, Volume 33 No 2, 2011, 265-303.
Golder, Ben dan George Williams, ‘Balancing National Security and Human Rights: Assessing Legal Response of Common Law Nations to the Threat of Terrorism.’ Journal of Comparative Policy Analysis: Research and Practice, Volume 8, Issue 1, 2006, 43-62.
Hoecke, Mark van, ‘Methodology of Comparative Legal Research’, Law and Method (2015).
Jarman, Neil dan Michael Hamilton, ‘Protecting Peaceful Protest: The OSCE/ODIHR and Freedom of Peaceful Assembly’ Journal of Human Rights Practice 1 (2) 2009, 208-235, 209.
Mietzner, Marcus, ‘Populist Anti-Scientism, Religious Polarisation and Institutionalised Corruption: How Indonesia’s Democratic Decline Shape It COVID-19, Journal of Current Asian Affairs (2020), 1-23.
Mohan, Dinesh, ‘Safety as Human Rights’, Harvard, The President and Fellows of Harvard College, 2003.
Petersen, Niels, ‘The German Constitutional Court and Legislative Capture’, International Journal of Constitutional Law, Volume 12 Issue 3, 2014, 650-669.
Wiratraman, Herlambang, ‘Does Indonesian COVID-19 Emergency Law secure Rule of Law and Human Rights,’ Journal of Southeast Asian Human Rights, Volume 4 (1), (2020), 306-334.
Putusan Peradilan Nasional dan Internasional
Arzte fur das Leben v. Austria, 21 June 1988, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
Christians against Racism dan Fascism v. United Kingdom, European Commission on Human Rights.
Ciloglu and others v. Turkey, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
Cisse v. France, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
Dennis v. United States, 341 US 494 (1951)
Emin Huseynov v. Azerbaijan, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
Human Rights Committee on Gelina Youbko v. Belarus, Communication No 1903/2009, CCPR/C/110/D/1903/2009.
Human Rights Committee on Nikolai Alekseev v. Russia Federation, Communication No. 1873/2009, CCPR/C/ 109/D/1873/2009.
Kudrevicius and others v. Lithuania, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
Oya Ataman v. Turkey, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 065/PUU-II/2004 tentang Pengujian Undang-undang Nomor 26 Tahun 2000 tentang Pengadilan Hak Asasi Manusia.
Shmushkovych v. Ukraine, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
UN Human Rights Council, Joint report of the Special Rapporteur on the rights to freedom of peaceful assembly and of association and the Special Rapporteur on extrajudicial, summary or arbitrary executions on the proper management of assemblies, UN Doc. A/HRC/31/66, 4 February 2016, para. 9.
United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v. Turkey, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights, Decision No. 133/1996/752/951, para. 47.
Ziliberberg v. Moldova, 4 May 2004, Judgment Strasbourg, The European Court of Human Rights.
Peraturan Perundang-undangan
Armenia’s Law on Conducting Meetings, Assemblies, Rallies and Demonstrations, 2008.
Deklarasi Universal Hak Asasi Manusia (DUHAM).
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945
Undang-Undang Nomor 8 Tahun 1981 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Acara Pidana, Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 1981 No. 76, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 3209.
Undang-Undang Nomor 9 Tahun 1998 tentang Kemerdekaan Menyampaikan Pendapat di Muka Umum, Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 1998 No. 181, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 3789.
Undang-Undang Nomor 39 Tahun 1999 tentang Hak Asasi Manusia (UU HAM), Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 1999 No. 165, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 3886.
Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2005 tentang Ratifikasi Kovenan Hak Sipil dan Politik, Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2005 No. 119, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 4558.
Undang-Undang Nomor 30 Tahun 2014 tentang Administrasi Pemerintahan, Lembaran Negara RI Tahun 2014 No. 292, Tambahan Lembaran Negara RI No. 5601.
Maklumat Kepolisian Republik Indonesia Nomor: MAK/2/III/2020 pada tanggal 19 Maret 2020 tentang Kepatuhan Terhadap Kebijakan Pemerintah Dalam Penanganan Penyebaran Virus Corona (Covid-19).
Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 7 Tahun 2012 tentang Tata Cara Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan, Pengamanan dan Penanganan Perkara Penyampaian Pendapat di Muka Umum.
Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 9 Tahun 2008 tentang Tata Cara Penyelenggaraan Pelayanan, Pengamanan dan Penanganan Perkara Penyampaian Pendapat di Muka Umum.
Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Nomor 1 Tahun 2009 tentang Penggunaan Kekuatan dalam Tindakan Kepolisian.
Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Nomor 16 Tahun 2006 tentang Pedoman Pengendalian Massa.
Peraturan Kepala Kepolisian Nomor 8 Tahun 2009 tentang Implementasi Prinsip HAM.
Prinsip-Prinsip Siracusa terhadap Pembatasan Hak dan Kebebasan.
Surat Telegram Nomor STR/364/VI/OPS.2./2020 tentang Perintah Kepada Jajaran Mengenai pencabutan Maklumat Kapolri dan Upaya Mendukung Kebijakan Adaptasi Baru.
Website
Law Insider, https://www.lawinsider.com/dictionary/notification.
Office for Democratic Institutions and Human Rights (OSCE/ODIHR), Venice Commission Guidelines on Freedom of Peaceful Assembly (2007). http://www.osce.org/item/23835.html.