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Abstract
Under the Indonesian Competition Law, interlocking directorate in companies is not absolutely prohibited. This is in contrast to the US Competition Law which prohibits it per se. Nevertheless, the enforcement of competition law for cases relating to interlocking directorate held in the two countries have similarities, namely that it is necessary to prove should there be any impacts on competition. For this reason, this research was conducted by proposing two questions, namely, first, how is the regulation of interlocking directorate in Indonesian and the US Competition Law? Second, how is the enforcement of competition law in regards to interlocking directorate in Indonesia and the US? This normative legal research uses statutory, conceptual, case, and comparative law approaches to answer the question. This study concludes that the US applies the per se illegal approach, whereas Indonesian Competition Law applies the rule of reason approach. However, in the application of the rule of reason approach in Indonesia, it was identified that there was a non-uniformity in the considerations of the Commission Council and KPPU's Decisions for cases of interlocking directorate. The non-uniformity referred to is related to whether or not there has been a violation of the prohibition of interlocking directorate and its impact on unfair competition. Even though the US uses the per se illegal approach, its application still causes controversy because there is a court opinion stating that proof of impact or contrary to all provisions of competition law is required for a violation of interlocking directorate.
Key Words: Business competition law; dual positions; Indonesia; United States of America
Abstrak
Jabatan rangkap di perusahaan tidak dilarang mutlak dalam konteks hukum persaingan usaha Indonesia. Hal ini berbeda dengan hukum persaingan usaha Amerika Serikat yang melarangnya secara per se. Meskipun demikian dalam penegakan hukum persaingan usaha untuk kasus-kasus jabatan rangkap di kedua negara tersebut memiliki persamaan, yaitu perlu dibuktikan adanya dampak terhadap persaingan. Untuk itu, penelitian ini dilakukan dengan dua pertanyaan yaitu, pertama, bagaimana pengaturan jabatan rangkap dalam hukum persaingan usaha Indonesia dan Amerika? Kedua, bagaimana penegakan hukum persaingan usaha terkait jabatan rangkap di Indonesia dan Amerika? Penelitian normatif ini menggunakan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, kasus, dan perbandingan hukum untuk menjawab pertanyaan ini. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan Amerika Serikat memilih pendekatan per se illegal, sebaliknya hukum persiangan usaha Indonesia memilih pendekatan rule of reason. Namun dalam penerapan pendekatan rule of reason di Indonesia, teridentifikasi ada ketidakseragaman pertimbangan Majelis Komisi dan Putusan KPPU untuk kasus-kasus jabatan rangkap. Ketidakseragaman dimaksud sehubungan dengan terbukti atau ada tidaknya pelanggaran terhadap larangan jabatan rangkap dan dampaknya pada persaingan usaha tidak sehat. Meski di Amerika Serikat menggunakan pendekatan per se illegal, namun penerapannya masih menimbulkan kontroversi, karena terdapat pendapat pengadilan yang menyatakan pembuktian adanya dampak atau bertentangan dengan segala ketentuan dari hukum persaingan usaha diperlukan untuk pelanggaran jabatan rangkap.
Kata-kata Kunci: Hukum persaingan usaha; jabatan rangkap; Indonesia; Amerika Serikat
Keywords
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References
- Fahmi, Andi, et. al., Buku Teks Hukum Persaingan Usaha, KPPU, Jakarta, 2019.
- Hansen, Knud et. al., Undang-Undang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, Katalis, Jakarta, 1999.
- Hylton, Keith N., Antitrust Law: Economic Theory and Common Law Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.
- Kalinowski, Julian O. Von, et al., Antitrust Laws and Trade Regulation, Edisi Kedua, Matthew Bender Elite Products, New York, 2013.
- Arthur H. Jr Travers, “Interlocks in Corporate Management and the Antitrust Laws”, Texas Law Review, 1968, Vol. 46, No. 819.
- Barry Baysinger & Butler, Henry, “Corporate Governance and the Board of Directors: Performance Effects of Changes in Board Composition”, Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1985
- Benjamin M. Geber, “Enabling Interlock Benefits while Preventing Anticompetitive Harm: Toward an Optimal Definition of Competitors Under Section 8 of the Clayton Act”, Yale Journal on Regulation, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2007.
- D. Maman, “Research Note: Interlocking Ties within Business Groups in Israel - A Longitudinal Analysis, 1974-1987,” Organization Studies, 20(2), 1999, hlm. 323-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840699202006
- Douglas and Shanks, “Insulation from Liability through Subsidiary Corporations,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 39, 1929.
- James T. Halverson, “Interlocking Directorates - Present Anti-Trust Enforcement Interest Placed in Proper Analytical Perspective”, Villanova Law Review, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1976.
- M.L. Gerlach, “The Japanese Corporate Network: a Blockmodel Analysis,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 1, 1992.
- Mark S. Mizruchi, “What Do Interlocks Do? An Analysis, Critique, and Assessment of Research on Interlocking Directorates”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 22, 1996.
- Meeusen, W. Cuyvers L., “The Structure of Personal Influence of the Belgian Holding Companies, European Economic Review 8, 1976.
- Michael E. Jacobs, “Combating Anticompetitive Interlocks: Section 8 of the Clayton Act as a Template for Small and Emerging Economies”, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2014.
- Richard P. Murphy, “Keys to Unlock the Interlocks: Dealing with Interlocking Directorates”, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1978.
- Robert Jay Preminger, “Deputization and Parent-Subsidiary Interlocks Under Section 8 of the Clayton Act”, Washington University Law Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 3, 1981.
- S.-O. Collin, “Why are These Islands of Conscious Power Found in the Ocean of Ownership? Institutional, Governance Hypotheses Explaining the Existence of Business Groups in Sweden,” Journal of Management Studies 35, 1998.
- Victor H. Kramer, “Interlocking Directorship and the Clayton Act after 35 Years”, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 59, No. 7, 1950.
- Yaron Nili, “Horizontal Directors”, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 114, No. 5, 2020.
- Antitrust Litigation, “Interlocking Directories,” Thomson Reuters, February/March 2017.
- B. De, The Incidence, Performance Effects of Interlocking Directorates in Emerging Market Business Groups: Evidence from India,” Working Paper, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. 2003.
- J. Thomas Rosch, Terra Incognita: Vertical and Conglomerate Merger and Interlocking Directorate Law Enforcement in the United States, disampaikan di University of Hong Kong pada 17-18 September 2009, dalam https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/public_statements/terra-incognita-vertical-and-conglomerate-merger-and-interlocking-directorate-law-enforcement-united/090911roschspeechunivhongkong.pdf, akses 5 Februari 2020.
- Kirby H. Lewis, “Board Interlocks on Antitrust Enforcement Hot Seat: A Must-Read Guide for Board Members and Officers”, Artikel, Goodwin Alert, Agustus 2016, dalam https://www.goodwinlaw.com/publications/2016/08/08_17_16-board-interlocks-on-antitrust-enforcement, akses 10 Juni 2021.
- Laura A. Wilkinson, “Interlocking Directorates, Artikel, Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, 2017.
- N. Attig and Morck, R., “Boards, Corporate Governance in a Typical Country,” Working Paper, University of Alberta, 2005.
- OECD, “Antitrust Issues Involving Minority Shareholding and Interlocking Directorates,” Policy Roundtables 2008, DAF/COMP(2008)30, 23 Juni 2009.
- R. S. Khemani, et.al., “Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law,” OECD, 1993.
- Putusan KPPU No. 05/KPPU-L/2002.
- Putusan KPPU No. 01/KPPU-L/2003.
- Putusan KPPU No. 04/KPPU-I/2003.
- United States v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 111 F. Supp. 614, Southern District of New York, 1953.
- United States v. Cleveland Trust Co., 392 F. Supp. 699, N.D. Ohio 1974.
- United States v. Crocker Nat’l Corp., 656 F.2d 428, 9th Cir. 1981.
- United States v. Bank America Corp., 462 U.S. 122, 1983.
- Borg-warner Corporation, et.al., v. Federal Trade Commission, Respondent, 746 F.2d 108, 2d Cir. 1984.
- Square D Co. v. Schneider S.A., 760 F. Supp. 362, S.D.N.Y. 1991.
- Protectoseal Co. v. Barancik, 23 F.3d 1184, 7th Cir. 1994.
- Reading Intern., Inc. v. Oaktree Capital Management LLC, 317 F. Supp. 2d 301, S.D.N.Y. 2003.
- Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas.
- Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.
- Peraturan Menteri BUMN Nomor 3 Tahun 2005 tentang Persyaratan, Tata Cara Pengangkatan dan Pemberhentian Anggota Direksi Badan Usaha Milik Negara.
- Peraturan KPPU Nomor 7 Tahun 2009 tentang Pedoman Jabatan Rangkap sesuai Ketentuan Pasal 26
- Peraturan Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha Nomor 5 Tahun 2011 tentang Pedoman Pasal 15 (Perjanjian Tertutup) Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.
- Section 8 of Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 19.
References
Fahmi, Andi, et. al., Buku Teks Hukum Persaingan Usaha, KPPU, Jakarta, 2019.
Hansen, Knud et. al., Undang-Undang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat, Katalis, Jakarta, 1999.
Hylton, Keith N., Antitrust Law: Economic Theory and Common Law Evolution, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2003.
Kalinowski, Julian O. Von, et al., Antitrust Laws and Trade Regulation, Edisi Kedua, Matthew Bender Elite Products, New York, 2013.
Arthur H. Jr Travers, “Interlocks in Corporate Management and the Antitrust Laws”, Texas Law Review, 1968, Vol. 46, No. 819.
Barry Baysinger & Butler, Henry, “Corporate Governance and the Board of Directors: Performance Effects of Changes in Board Composition”, Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1985
Benjamin M. Geber, “Enabling Interlock Benefits while Preventing Anticompetitive Harm: Toward an Optimal Definition of Competitors Under Section 8 of the Clayton Act”, Yale Journal on Regulation, Vol. 24, No. 1, 2007.
D. Maman, “Research Note: Interlocking Ties within Business Groups in Israel - A Longitudinal Analysis, 1974-1987,” Organization Studies, 20(2), 1999, hlm. 323-339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0170840699202006
Douglas and Shanks, “Insulation from Liability through Subsidiary Corporations,” Yale Law Journal, Vol. 39, 1929.
James T. Halverson, “Interlocking Directorates - Present Anti-Trust Enforcement Interest Placed in Proper Analytical Perspective”, Villanova Law Review, Vol. 21, No. 3, 1976.
M.L. Gerlach, “The Japanese Corporate Network: a Blockmodel Analysis,” Administrative Science Quarterly, 37, 1, 1992.
Mark S. Mizruchi, “What Do Interlocks Do? An Analysis, Critique, and Assessment of Research on Interlocking Directorates”, Annual Review of Sociology, Vol. 22, 1996.
Meeusen, W. Cuyvers L., “The Structure of Personal Influence of the Belgian Holding Companies, European Economic Review 8, 1976.
Michael E. Jacobs, “Combating Anticompetitive Interlocks: Section 8 of the Clayton Act as a Template for Small and Emerging Economies”, Fordham International Law Journal, Vol. 37, No. 3, 2014.
Richard P. Murphy, “Keys to Unlock the Interlocks: Dealing with Interlocking Directorates”, University of Michigan Journal of Law Reform, Vol. 11, No. 3, 1978.
Robert Jay Preminger, “Deputization and Parent-Subsidiary Interlocks Under Section 8 of the Clayton Act”, Washington University Law Quarterly, Vol. 59, No. 3, 1981.
S.-O. Collin, “Why are These Islands of Conscious Power Found in the Ocean of Ownership? Institutional, Governance Hypotheses Explaining the Existence of Business Groups in Sweden,” Journal of Management Studies 35, 1998.
Victor H. Kramer, “Interlocking Directorship and the Clayton Act after 35 Years”, Yale Law Journal, Vol. 59, No. 7, 1950.
Yaron Nili, “Horizontal Directors”, Northwestern University Law Review, Vol. 114, No. 5, 2020.
Antitrust Litigation, “Interlocking Directories,” Thomson Reuters, February/March 2017.
B. De, The Incidence, Performance Effects of Interlocking Directorates in Emerging Market Business Groups: Evidence from India,” Working Paper, Indira Gandhi Institute of Development Research. 2003.
J. Thomas Rosch, Terra Incognita: Vertical and Conglomerate Merger and Interlocking Directorate Law Enforcement in the United States, disampaikan di University of Hong Kong pada 17-18 September 2009, dalam https://www.ftc.gov/sites/default/files/documents/public_statements/terra-incognita-vertical-and-conglomerate-merger-and-interlocking-directorate-law-enforcement-united/090911roschspeechunivhongkong.pdf, akses 5 Februari 2020.
Kirby H. Lewis, “Board Interlocks on Antitrust Enforcement Hot Seat: A Must-Read Guide for Board Members and Officers”, Artikel, Goodwin Alert, Agustus 2016, dalam https://www.goodwinlaw.com/publications/2016/08/08_17_16-board-interlocks-on-antitrust-enforcement, akses 10 Juni 2021.
Laura A. Wilkinson, “Interlocking Directorates, Artikel, Weil, Gotshal & Manges LLP, 2017.
N. Attig and Morck, R., “Boards, Corporate Governance in a Typical Country,” Working Paper, University of Alberta, 2005.
OECD, “Antitrust Issues Involving Minority Shareholding and Interlocking Directorates,” Policy Roundtables 2008, DAF/COMP(2008)30, 23 Juni 2009.
R. S. Khemani, et.al., “Glossary of Industrial Organisation Economics and Competition Law,” OECD, 1993.
Putusan KPPU No. 05/KPPU-L/2002.
Putusan KPPU No. 01/KPPU-L/2003.
Putusan KPPU No. 04/KPPU-I/2003.
United States v. Sears, Roebuck & Co., 111 F. Supp. 614, Southern District of New York, 1953.
United States v. Cleveland Trust Co., 392 F. Supp. 699, N.D. Ohio 1974.
United States v. Crocker Nat’l Corp., 656 F.2d 428, 9th Cir. 1981.
United States v. Bank America Corp., 462 U.S. 122, 1983.
Borg-warner Corporation, et.al., v. Federal Trade Commission, Respondent, 746 F.2d 108, 2d Cir. 1984.
Square D Co. v. Schneider S.A., 760 F. Supp. 362, S.D.N.Y. 1991.
Protectoseal Co. v. Barancik, 23 F.3d 1184, 7th Cir. 1994.
Reading Intern., Inc. v. Oaktree Capital Management LLC, 317 F. Supp. 2d 301, S.D.N.Y. 2003.
Undang-Undang Nomor 40 Tahun 2007 tentang Perseroan Terbatas.
Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.
Peraturan Menteri BUMN Nomor 3 Tahun 2005 tentang Persyaratan, Tata Cara Pengangkatan dan Pemberhentian Anggota Direksi Badan Usaha Milik Negara.
Peraturan KPPU Nomor 7 Tahun 2009 tentang Pedoman Jabatan Rangkap sesuai Ketentuan Pasal 26
Peraturan Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha Nomor 5 Tahun 2011 tentang Pedoman Pasal 15 (Perjanjian Tertutup) Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat.
Section 8 of Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C. § 19.