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Abstract
This research aims to describe and to analyze Article 2 (2) point g of the Indonesian Terrorism Financing Law and to identify its formal requirements. The approaches used in this paper are statutory and conceptual. As a normative study, this paper exhibits that there is the possibility of Stateless Persons residing in Indonesia as perpetrators of Terrorist Funding in accordance with Article 2 (2) point g of Law No. 9 of 2013. However stateless persons can also be refugees. Thus it is crucial to bear in mind that Article 2 (2) point g of Law No. 9 of 2013 does not regulate the financing of terrorism carried out by refugees. Therefore, proper legal construction is needed to develop adequate provisions to fight terrorism financing. Indonesia must be responsible for providing permanent mechanisms to limit the movement of funds for terrorists involving refugees or asylum seekers.
Keywords: Legal Construction, Stateless People, Asylum Seekers, Terrorist Financing, Fefugees.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan dan menganalisis Pasal 2 (2) huruf g Undang-Undang Pendanaan Terorisme Indonesia dan memberikan persyaratan formalnya. Jenis pendekatan yang digunakan dalam makalah ini adalah perundang-undangan dan konseptual. Sebagai kajian normatif, makalah ini menunjukkan bahwa adanya kemungkinan Orang Tanpa Kewarganegaraan yang bertempat tinggal di Indonesia sebagai pelaku Pendanaan Teroris sesuai dengan Pasal 2 (2) huruf g Undang-undang No.9 tahun 2013. Orang tanpa kewarganegaraan dapat juga merupakan pengungsi. Mengingat Pasal 2 (2) huruf g Undang-undang No.9 tahun 2013 tidak mengatur terkait dengan pendanaan terorisme yang dilakukan oleh pengungsi. Maka diperlukan konstruksi hukum yang tepat untuk menyusun ketentuan yang memadai untuk melawan pendanaan terorisme. Indonesia harus bertanggung jawab untuk menyediakan mekanisme yang tetap untuk membatasi pergerakan dana bagi teroris yang melibatkan pengungsi atau pencari suaka.
Kata kunci: Kontruksi Hukum, Orang Tanpa Kewarganegaraan, Pencari Suaka, Pendanaan Teroris, Pengungsi.
Keywords
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References
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Owen, David. "Differentiating Refugees: Asylum, Sanctuary, Refuge."In The Political Philosophy of Refuge, edited by Christine Straehle and David Miller, 19–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Turk, Volker. Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons. Geneva: UNHCR, 2014.
Bacaj, Ervin “Main Principles and Importance in Combating Terrorism at Nowdays Worldwide Focus Today”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.6, No.4, (2015):54-61
Bianchini, Katia. "Identifying the Stateless in Statelessness Determination Procedures and Immigration Detention in the United Kingdom."International Journal of Refugee Law 32, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 440–71. doi:10.1093/ijrl/eeaa036.
Cheong, Amanda R. and Mary Anne K. Baltazar, “Too precarious to walk: an integrated “three delays” framework for modelling barriers to maternal health care and birth registration among stateless persons and irregular migrants in Malaysia”, Genus, Vol.77, No.18, (2021):1-26.
Fadjri Siddiq, Khald, and Budi Ardianto. “Stateless Person dalam Tinjauan Hukum Nasional dan Hukum Internaisonal di Indonesia.” Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 1, no. 3 (2020): 277–309.
Faizal, Aldyan. “Perlindungan dan Pemenuhan Hak Stateless Person Eks dan Keturunan Warga Negara Indonesia atas Status Kewarganegaraan.” Jurist-Diction 3, no. 4 (June 28, 2020): 1215. doi:10.20473/jd.v3i4.20203.
Fisher, Betsy L. “The Operation of Law’ in Statelessness Determinations under the 1954 Statelessness Convention”, Wisconsin International Law Journal 33, no.2 (2015): 254-289.
______ “Discretion in Immigration Law: A Partial Remedy for Stateless People in the United States,” Northeastern University Law Review 15, no.2 (2023): 1-59.
Hasan, Zulkifli and Abd Hamid Abd Murad, “Explanatory Note on Anti Money Laundering (Amendment) Act 2003”, Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, Vol.2 (2010):161-171.
Hatton, Timothy J. “Asylum Migration to Developed World: Persecution, Incentives, and Policy”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.34, No.1, (2020): 75-93.
McAdam, Jane “Rethinking the Origins of ‘Persecution’ in Refugee Law”, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 25, No.4 (2014): 667-692.
Nurmawati, Made. “Stateless Person In Indonesia: Consequences and Legal Protection.” Udayana Master Law Journal 11, no. 1 (May 2022): 76–88. doi:10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i01.p06.
Rabie, Ziad M. “Combating the Crime of Money Laundering to Finance Terrorism Study in International Law”, International Journal of Asian Social Science, Vol. 8, No.6, (2018: 265-283.
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Savun, Burcu and Christian Gineste, “From Protection to Persecution: Threat Environment and Refugee Scapegoating”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 56, Issue.1, (2018): 88-102.
Setiyono, Joko. "Regulatory Strategies and Legal Issues for Countering Terrorism in Indonesia."Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 24, no. 1 (2021): 1–9.
Spieß Lavinia and Louise Pyne-Jones, “Children at Risk of Statelessness in the Fight against Terrorism,” Statelessness & Citizenship Review 4, no.2 (2022): 33-65.
Suhayati, Monika “Undang-Undang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme dari Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia”, Negara Hukum, Vol.4, No. 2, (2013): 231-249
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Undang-undang (UU) Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana LN.2023/No.1, TLN No.6842 , jdih.setneg.go.id: 229
UNHCR. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee, UNHCR § (1951).
UN General Assembly, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 30 August 1961, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 989, p. 175, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b39620.html [accessed 10 November 2022]
Terrorist Bombings Convention Implementation Act of 2002 Pub. L. 107-197, title I, June 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 721 ( 18 U.S.C. 2332f)
“Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism – Topics”, https://www.imf.org/external/np/leg/amlcft/eng/aml1.htm, accessed on 15 February 2023.
“Orang-orang Tanpa Kewarganegaraan”, https://www.unhcr.org/id/orang-orang-tanpa-kewarganegaraan, accessed on 15 February 2023.
“Refugee Status Determination”, https://www.unhcr.org/id/en/refugee-status-determination#:~:text=The%20UNHCR%20carries%20out%20a,country%20to%20seek%20international%20protection, accessed on 15 February 2023.
“UNHCR-Indonesia”, https://www.unhcr.org/id/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2020/08/Indonesia-Fact-Sheet-July-2020-FINAL.pdf, accessed on 15 February 2023.
Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights. Ahmed v. Austria (December 1996).
Ermolaeva, Uliana, Elisabeth Faltinat, and Darta Tentere. “The Concept of ‘Stateless Persons’ in European Union Law.” Amsterdam, August 2017.
Lormel, Dennis M. “Terrorist Financing: Visualizing Funding Flows.” ACAMS TODAY, September 2018.
Phillips, Janet. “Asylum Seekers and Refugees: What Are the Facts?,” 2011.
Sperfeldt, Christoph. “Legal Identity and Statelessness in Southeast Asia.” Asia Pacific, January 2021.
Institute for Economic & Peace, “Global Terrorism Index 2022” (Sydney, March 2022).
Massey, Hugh Legal and Protection Policy Research Series UNHCR and De Facto Statelessness, Organization Research Series, UNHCR, Geneva, 2010.
NRA, Tim TPPT Indonesia 2019. The Updated 2015 Indonesia’s Risk Assessment on Terrorist Financing Crime Final Report. (Jakarta, 2019)
UNHCR, “An Introduction to the International Protection of Refugees,” in UNHCR (Geneva: UNHCR, June 1992).
UNHCR, Statelessness Determination in the UK (Geneva: UNHCR, 2020).
References
Deflem, Matheu. Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism: Criminological Perspectives (Sociology of Crime Law and Deviance). Vol. 5. Bingley: Emerald, 2004.
Owen, David. "Differentiating Refugees: Asylum, Sanctuary, Refuge."In The Political Philosophy of Refuge, edited by Christine Straehle and David Miller, 19–38. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2019.
Turk, Volker. Handbook on Protection of Stateless Persons. Geneva: UNHCR, 2014.
Bacaj, Ervin “Main Principles and Importance in Combating Terrorism at Nowdays Worldwide Focus Today”, Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, Vol.6, No.4, (2015):54-61
Bianchini, Katia. "Identifying the Stateless in Statelessness Determination Procedures and Immigration Detention in the United Kingdom."International Journal of Refugee Law 32, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 440–71. doi:10.1093/ijrl/eeaa036.
Cheong, Amanda R. and Mary Anne K. Baltazar, “Too precarious to walk: an integrated “three delays” framework for modelling barriers to maternal health care and birth registration among stateless persons and irregular migrants in Malaysia”, Genus, Vol.77, No.18, (2021):1-26.
Fadjri Siddiq, Khald, and Budi Ardianto. “Stateless Person dalam Tinjauan Hukum Nasional dan Hukum Internaisonal di Indonesia.” Uti Possidetis: Journal of International Law 1, no. 3 (2020): 277–309.
Faizal, Aldyan. “Perlindungan dan Pemenuhan Hak Stateless Person Eks dan Keturunan Warga Negara Indonesia atas Status Kewarganegaraan.” Jurist-Diction 3, no. 4 (June 28, 2020): 1215. doi:10.20473/jd.v3i4.20203.
Fisher, Betsy L. “The Operation of Law’ in Statelessness Determinations under the 1954 Statelessness Convention”, Wisconsin International Law Journal 33, no.2 (2015): 254-289.
______ “Discretion in Immigration Law: A Partial Remedy for Stateless People in the United States,” Northeastern University Law Review 15, no.2 (2023): 1-59.
Hasan, Zulkifli and Abd Hamid Abd Murad, “Explanatory Note on Anti Money Laundering (Amendment) Act 2003”, Malaysian Journal of Syariah and Law, Vol.2 (2010):161-171.
Hatton, Timothy J. “Asylum Migration to Developed World: Persecution, Incentives, and Policy”, Journal of Economic Perspectives, Vol.34, No.1, (2020): 75-93.
McAdam, Jane “Rethinking the Origins of ‘Persecution’ in Refugee Law”, International Journal of Refugee Law, Vol. 25, No.4 (2014): 667-692.
Nurmawati, Made. “Stateless Person In Indonesia: Consequences and Legal Protection.” Udayana Master Law Journal 11, no. 1 (May 2022): 76–88. doi:10.24843/JMHU.2022.v11.i01.p06.
Rabie, Ziad M. “Combating the Crime of Money Laundering to Finance Terrorism Study in International Law”, International Journal of Asian Social Science, Vol. 8, No.6, (2018: 265-283.
Ryanindityo, M and A S Purnomo, “Pandangan Hak Asasi Manusia terhadap Pembiaran Orang dengan Status ‘Stateless’ di Indonesia (Studi Kasus: Danko Nizar Zlavic),” Jurnal Ilmiah Kajian Keimigrasian 2, no. 1 (2019): 93–100.
Savun, Burcu and Christian Gineste, “From Protection to Persecution: Threat Environment and Refugee Scapegoating”, Journal of Peace Research, Vol. 56, Issue.1, (2018): 88-102.
Setiyono, Joko. "Regulatory Strategies and Legal Issues for Countering Terrorism in Indonesia."Journal of Legal, Ethical and Regulatory Issues 24, no. 1 (2021): 1–9.
Spieß Lavinia and Louise Pyne-Jones, “Children at Risk of Statelessness in the Fight against Terrorism,” Statelessness & Citizenship Review 4, no.2 (2022): 33-65.
Suhayati, Monika “Undang-Undang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pendanaan Terorisme dari Perspektif Hak Asasi Manusia”, Negara Hukum, Vol.4, No. 2, (2013): 231-249
Syahrin, M A. “Penerapan Hukum Deteni Tanpa Kewarganegaraan (Stateless) yang Ditahan Lebih dari 10 (Sepuluh) Tahun di Rumah Detensi Imigrasi Jakarta.” Fiat Justicia 10, no. January (2017). https://www.researchgate.net/profile/M_Syahrin/publication/330278010_Penerapan_Hukum_Deteni_Tanpa_Kewarganegaraan_Stateless_yang_Ditahan_Lebih_Dari_10_Sepuluh_Tahun_di_Rumah_Detensi_Imigrasi_Jakarta_Studi_Kasus_Danko_Nizar_Zlavic/links/5c36ce35299bf12be3b.
Assembly, General. Declaration on Territorial Asylum, Pub. L. No. 6716 (1967).
Nations, United. Convention Relating to the Status of Stateless Persons, Pub. L. No. 360, United Nations Treaty Series (1954).
Undang-undang (UU) Nomor 1 Tahun 2023 tentang Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Pidana LN.2023/No.1, TLN No.6842 , jdih.setneg.go.id: 229
UNHCR. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugee, UNHCR § (1951).
UN General Assembly, Convention on the Reduction of Statelessness, 30 August 1961, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 989, p. 175, available at: https://www.refworld.org/docid/3ae6b39620.html [accessed 10 November 2022]
Terrorist Bombings Convention Implementation Act of 2002 Pub. L. 107-197, title I, June 25, 2002, 116 Stat. 721 ( 18 U.S.C. 2332f)
“Anti-Money Laundering/Combating the Financing of Terrorism – Topics”, https://www.imf.org/external/np/leg/amlcft/eng/aml1.htm, accessed on 15 February 2023.
“Orang-orang Tanpa Kewarganegaraan”, https://www.unhcr.org/id/orang-orang-tanpa-kewarganegaraan, accessed on 15 February 2023.
“Refugee Status Determination”, https://www.unhcr.org/id/en/refugee-status-determination#:~:text=The%20UNHCR%20carries%20out%20a,country%20to%20seek%20international%20protection, accessed on 15 February 2023.
“UNHCR-Indonesia”, https://www.unhcr.org/id/wp-content/uploads/sites/42/2020/08/Indonesia-Fact-Sheet-July-2020-FINAL.pdf, accessed on 15 February 2023.
Council of Europe: European Court of Human Rights. Ahmed v. Austria (December 1996).
Ermolaeva, Uliana, Elisabeth Faltinat, and Darta Tentere. “The Concept of ‘Stateless Persons’ in European Union Law.” Amsterdam, August 2017.
Lormel, Dennis M. “Terrorist Financing: Visualizing Funding Flows.” ACAMS TODAY, September 2018.
Phillips, Janet. “Asylum Seekers and Refugees: What Are the Facts?,” 2011.
Sperfeldt, Christoph. “Legal Identity and Statelessness in Southeast Asia.” Asia Pacific, January 2021.
Institute for Economic & Peace, “Global Terrorism Index 2022” (Sydney, March 2022).
Massey, Hugh Legal and Protection Policy Research Series UNHCR and De Facto Statelessness, Organization Research Series, UNHCR, Geneva, 2010.
NRA, Tim TPPT Indonesia 2019. The Updated 2015 Indonesia’s Risk Assessment on Terrorist Financing Crime Final Report. (Jakarta, 2019)
UNHCR, “An Introduction to the International Protection of Refugees,” in UNHCR (Geneva: UNHCR, June 1992).
UNHCR, Statelessness Determination in the UK (Geneva: UNHCR, 2020).