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Abstract
The Decisions of the Honorary Council for Election Administration (DKPP) serves as a crucial instrument for the DKPP in determining violations of the Code of Ethics on Election Administration. However, in its development, DKPP Decisions were found to exceed their authority (ultra vires). Constitutional Court Decision No. 115/PHPU.D-XI/2013 stated that the DKPP Decision should be limited to violations of the Code of Ethics on Election Administration and if the content of the decision is beyond the a quo realm, thus the DKPP Decision should be declared non-binding and must not be adhered to. Subsequently, it leads to the cancellation of the DKPP Decision as it is considered legally flawed. This study attempts to identify the existence and characteristics of the ultra vires Decisions of DKPP, considering the significant impact of the nature of the a quo decision through two problem formulations. First, how is the existence of the Honorary Council for Election Administration's ultra vires Decision? Second, what are the characteristics of theHonorary Council for Election Administration's ultra vires Decision? This is a normative legal research with a descriptive-qualitative analysis method. As the results, an ultra vires decision occurs when the DKPP issues a decision beyond the violation of the Code of Ethics on Election Administration according to the existing statutory regulations and falls within the authority of the KPU and Bawaslu. The author identifies 7 ultra vires decisions of the DKPP. There are three characteristics of the DKPP ultra vires decisions, namely (1) the substance of the ultra vires decisions lies in the ruling; (2) the DKPP ultra vires decision poses a restorative justice paradigm; (3) the ultra vires decision encourages the Administrative Court to assess the binding force of the DKPP Decision and its follow-up decisions. The ruling of ultra vires decision is also expressed differently, namely (1) in the form of a stand-alone ruling; and (2) becomes one with the imposition of sanctions. When it becomes one with the imposition of sanctions, two different relationships are found, namely (1) efforts to encourage accountability for violators; and (2) efforts to distance violators from the process of restoring conditions due to violations that occur.
Keywords: General Election, Honorary Council for Election Administration, Ultra Vires.
Abstrak
Putusan DKPP menjadi instrumen krusial DKPP dalam memutus pelanggaran Kode Etik Penyelenggara Pemilu. Namun, pada perkembangannya ditemukan Putusan DKPP yang melampaui kewenangan (ultra vires). Putusan MK No. 115/PHPU.D-XI/2013 menyatakan Putusan DKPP terbatas pada pelanggaran Kode Etik Penyelenggara Pemilu dan apabila substansi putusan berada di luar ranah a quo, maka Putusan DKPP dinyatakan tidak mengikat dan tidak wajib ditindaklanjuti, serta pembatalan Keputusan Penyelenggara Pemilu karena dianggap cacat hukum. Penelitian ini mencoba untuk melihat eksistensi dan karakteristik Putusan ultra vires DKPP mengingat dampak dari sifat putusan a quo yang cukup signifikan melalui dua rumusan masalah. Pertama, bagaimana eksistensi Putusan ultra vires Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu? Kedua, bagaimana karakteristik Putusan ultra vires Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu? Artikel ini merupakan jenis penelitian normatif dengan metode analisis deskriptif-kualitatif. Hasilnya, putusan ultra vires terjadi ketika DKPP memberikan putusan di luar pelanggaran Kode Etik Penyelenggara Pemilu sesuai peraturan perundang-undangan dan masuk pada ranah kewenangan KPU dan Bawaslu. Penulis menemukan 7 Putusan ultra vires DKPP. Terdapat tiga karakteristik dari Putusan ultra vires DKPP, yakni (1) substansi putusan ultra vires terletak pada amar putusan; (2) Putusan ultra vires DKPP memiliki paradigma keadilan restoratif; (3) putusan ultra vires mendorong PTUN untuk menilai kekuatan mengikat Putusan DKPP dan Keputusan tindak lanjutnya. Amar putusan ultra vires pun dituangkan berbeda, yakni (1) berbentuk perintah yang berdiri sendiri; dan (2) menjadi satu dengan penjatuhan sanksi. Ketika menjadi satu dengan penjatuhan sanksi, ditemukan dua relasi berbeda, yakni (1) upaya mendorong pertanggungjawaban pelanggar; dan (2) upaya menjauhkan pelanggar dari proses pemulihan kondisi akibat pelanggaran yang terjadi.
Kata Kunci: Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu, Pemilihan Umum, Ultra Vires.
Keywords
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References
Abd Rahim, H. Jangi. “Kedudukan Putusan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (DKPP) Dalam Negara Demokrasi Berdasarkan Hukum.” PhD Thesis, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2017. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/9129.
Alfarizi, Muchlisin. “Pembaruan Hukum Perluasan Kewenangan DKPP dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemilu di Indonesia.” As-Shahifah: Journal of Constitutional Law and Governance 3, no. 1 (2023): 1–13.
Andri dan Muhi’ah Maizaroh. “Rasionalisasi Putusan DKPP Sebagai Objek Pengujian Di PTUN.” Jurnal Nomokrasi 1, no. 1 (t.t.): 56–67.
Arifin, Wein, Sukamto Satoto, dan A. Zarkasi. “Reconstruction of the Position and Authority of the Honorary Council of General Election Organizers (DKPP) as a QuasiEthical Court of Election Organizers.” Journal of Law and Regulation Governance 2, no. 9 (2024): 316–31.
Bilevičiūtė, Eglė, dan Birutė Pranevičienė. “The role of quasi-courts in controlling the legality of public administration: prerequisites for systematisation of pre-trial tax dispute resolution in Lithuania.” International Comparative Jurisprudence 6, no. 2 (2020): 178–89.
Bima, Muhammad Rinaldy, dan Imran Eka Saputra. “Implication of the Constitutional Court Ruling on the Binding Character of the Election Organizer Ethics Council Decision.” Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 2, no. 6 (9 Desember 2022). https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku1363.
Bria, Herfein, Erikson Sihotang, dan Kadek Merry Herawati. “Kewenangan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (DKPP) dalam Penegakan Etika Penyelenggara Pemilu.” Nusantara Hasana Journal 4, no. 4 (2024): 109–33.
Butt, Simon, dan Fritz Siregar. “Multilayered oversight: Electoral Administration in Indonesia.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 16, no. S1 (2021): S121–35.
Chakim, M. Lutfi. “Desain Institusional Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (DKPP) Sebagai Peradilan Etik.” Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 2 (20 Mei 2014): 393. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk11210.
Darwis, Muh Salman. “Implementasi Kewenangan DKPP Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 115/PHPU. D-XI/2013.” Jurnal Konstitusi 12, no. 1 (2015): 75–93.
Dewa, Muhammad Jufri, Muhammad Sabaruddin Sinapoy, La Sensu, Oheo Kaimuddin Haris, Sahrina Saifuddin, dan Miftahul Jannah. “Implikasi Kewenangan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (DKPP) Berdasarkan Putusan Nomor 185-PKE-DKPP/XII/2020 tentang Pemberhentian Staf Sekretariat Bawaslu di Kabupaten Buton.” Halu Oleo Legal Research 6, no. 2 (2024): 358–70.
Didik Suhariyanto, Ade Sathya Sanathana Ishwara, dan Sinta Dyah Kirana. “Enforcement of the Code of Ethics for 2024 Election Organizers in Indonesia: A Substantive Justice Perspective.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan 12, no. 2 (29 Agustus 2024): 357–71. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v12i2.1441.
Fallon Jr, Richard H. “Political Questions and the Ultra Vires Conundrum.” U. Chi. L. Rev. 87 (2020): 1481.
Groves, Matthew, dan Greg Weeks. “The creation of Australian administrative law: the constitution and its judicial gate-keepers.” Judicial Review of Administrative Action: Origins and Adaptations Across the Common Law World (Cambridge University Press, 2020)(Forthcoming), ANU College of Law Research Paper, no. 19.22 (2019). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3456447.
Harmoko. “Kedudukan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu Sebagai Lembaga Quasi Peradilan Etik.” Fundamental: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 10, no. 2 (20 November 2021): 142–66. https://doi.org/10.34304/jf.v10i2.54.
Hippy, Janwar, Sudarsono Sudarsono, dan Istislam Istislam. “Menyelami Asas Ultra Petita Dalam Putusan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu.” Jambura Law Review 2, no. 1 (2020): 48–64.
HR, Ridwan, Despan Heryansyah, SHI., MH., dan Dian Kus Pratiwi, SH., MH. “Perluasan Kompetensi Absolut Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam Undang-Undang Administrasi Pemerintahan.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 25, no. 2 (Mei 2018): 339–58. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol25.iss2.art7.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Electoral Justice: an Overview of The International IDEA Handbook. Stockholm: International IDEA, 2010.
Madda, Syafrijal Mughni, Firdaus Firdaus, dan Mirdedi Mirdedi. “Problematika Pengawasan Tindak Lanjut Putusan Bawaslu dan DKPP dalam Penegakan Hukum Pemilu.” Jurnal Konstitusi 19, no. 4 (1 Desember 2022): 909–32. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1948.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. 17 ed. Jakarta: Kencana, 2022.
Michael, Tomy. “Kedudukan Lembaga Serta Tindak Lanjut Mengenai Putusan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu.” Bureaucracy Journal: Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance 3, no. 2 (2023): 1746–64.
Muhaimin. Metode Penelitian Hukum. 1 ed. Nusa Tenggara Barat: Mataram University Press, 2020.
Nasef, M. Imam. “Studi Kritis Mengenai Kewenangan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu Dalam Mengawal Electoral Integrity Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 21, no. 3 (2014): 378–401.
Niazari, Novi, Mohd Din, dan Iskandar A. Gani. “Implementation of Restorative Justice in the Enforcement of Election Crimes in Pidie Jaya Regency and Bireuen Regency.” Diakses 16 Oktober 2024. https://www.multiresearchjournal.com/admin/uploads/archives/archive-1723284224.pdf.
Nickerson, Alexandra. “Ultra-Apa Ultra Vires Review.” Columbia Law Review 121, no. 8 (2021): 2521–62.
Norris, Pippa. Why Electoral Integrity Matters. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Nurdyana, Deni, dan Tatang Sudrajat. “Ethics and Organizational Dimensions in Public Administration: DKPP and The Quality of Election Management.” dalam International Conference on Government Education Management and Tourism, Vol. 1, 2022. http://conference.loupiasconference.org/index.php/icogemt2/article/view/274.
Nurhasim, Moch. “The Potential Ethical Violation in The Parallel Election in 2024.” Jurnal Etika dan Pemilu 7, no. 1 (2021): 25–45.
Odeku, Kola O. “Administering the Environment: Compliance Enforcement and Challenges.” Mediterranean Journal os Social Sciences 5 (2014). https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=3468ce0c01e82fd75fb7a6c4a43bd84d7188fbc0.
Puspitasari, Dyan. “Peran Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu dalam Menjaga Kemandirian dan Integritas Penyelenggara Pemilihan Umum di Indonesia.” Lentera Hukum 5 (2018): 403.
Risnain, Muh. “Eksistensi Lembaga Quasi Judisial dalam Sistem Kekuasaan Kehakiman di Indonesia : Kajian terhadap Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha.” Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 3, no. 1 (23 April 2018): 49. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.3.1.2014.49-58.
Rokiyah; Satriawan, Shohib. “Make an Honorary Board of Election Organizers (DKPP) as a Special Election Justice.” JL Pol’y & Globalization 83 (2019): 69.
Said, Harmoko M. “Menggagas Peradilan Etik Penyelenggara Negara di Indonesia.” SASI 27, no. 1 (25 Maret 2021): 24. https://doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v27i1.266.
Samosir, Osbin. “Bad Organizers Make Difficulty of Indonesia’s Democracy in 2024 National Simultaneous Election.” International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 05, no. 09 (2022): 48–59. https://doi.org/10.37502/IJSMR.2022.5904.
Siboy, Ahmad, dan Dewi Cahyandari. “The Relationship between DKPP and PTUN Decisions regarding Ethical Violation by General Election Administrators.” Jurnal Konstitusi 19, no. 3 (30 Agustus 2022): 623–42. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1936.
Sihombing, Edi Epron, M. A. P. S Sos, Zulham Effendy Harahap, dan MH SH. “Implementasi Tugas Dan Wewenang Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) Kota Padangsidimpuan Pada Pemilukada Tahun 2018.” Jurnal LPPM 11, no. 4 (2021): 10–18.
Ulya, Zaki, Fuadi Fuadi, dan Aldi Syah Putra. “Independence of The Honorary Board of Election Organizers After The Constitutional Court Decision No. 32/PUU-XIX/2021.” JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW 7, no. 2 (2024). https://journals.usm.ac.id/index.php/julr/article/view/8353.
Wadi, Raines, Muhammad Aljabbar Putra, Tarmizi Kabalmay, dan Muh Aunur Rafiq Mukhlis. “Tindakan Faktual Hasil Putusan Etik DKPP Sebagai Objek Pengujian Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara.” Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 23, no. 1 (Maret 2023): 71–86.
Wasti, Ryan Muthiara, Fitra Arsil, dan Satya Arinanto. “The Influence of Ethical Decisions on the Democratic Process of Indonesia’s Elections.” Dalam International Conference for Democracy and National Resilience (ICDNR 2023), 287–96. Atlantis Press, 2023. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icdnr-23/125995091.
References
Abd Rahim, H. Jangi. “Kedudukan Putusan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (DKPP) Dalam Negara Demokrasi Berdasarkan Hukum.” PhD Thesis, Universitas Islam Indonesia, 2017. https://dspace.uii.ac.id/handle/123456789/9129.
Alfarizi, Muchlisin. “Pembaruan Hukum Perluasan Kewenangan DKPP dalam Penyelenggaraan Pemilu di Indonesia.” As-Shahifah: Journal of Constitutional Law and Governance 3, no. 1 (2023): 1–13.
Andri dan Muhi’ah Maizaroh. “Rasionalisasi Putusan DKPP Sebagai Objek Pengujian Di PTUN.” Jurnal Nomokrasi 1, no. 1 (t.t.): 56–67.
Arifin, Wein, Sukamto Satoto, dan A. Zarkasi. “Reconstruction of the Position and Authority of the Honorary Council of General Election Organizers (DKPP) as a QuasiEthical Court of Election Organizers.” Journal of Law and Regulation Governance 2, no. 9 (2024): 316–31.
Bilevičiūtė, Eglė, dan Birutė Pranevičienė. “The role of quasi-courts in controlling the legality of public administration: prerequisites for systematisation of pre-trial tax dispute resolution in Lithuania.” International Comparative Jurisprudence 6, no. 2 (2020): 178–89.
Bima, Muhammad Rinaldy, dan Imran Eka Saputra. “Implication of the Constitutional Court Ruling on the Binding Character of the Election Organizer Ethics Council Decision.” Daengku: Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences Innovation 2, no. 6 (9 Desember 2022). https://doi.org/10.35877/454RI.daengku1363.
Bria, Herfein, Erikson Sihotang, dan Kadek Merry Herawati. “Kewenangan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (DKPP) dalam Penegakan Etika Penyelenggara Pemilu.” Nusantara Hasana Journal 4, no. 4 (2024): 109–33.
Butt, Simon, dan Fritz Siregar. “Multilayered oversight: Electoral Administration in Indonesia.” Asian Journal of Comparative Law 16, no. S1 (2021): S121–35.
Chakim, M. Lutfi. “Desain Institusional Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (DKPP) Sebagai Peradilan Etik.” Jurnal Konstitusi 11, no. 2 (20 Mei 2014): 393. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk11210.
Darwis, Muh Salman. “Implementasi Kewenangan DKPP Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 115/PHPU. D-XI/2013.” Jurnal Konstitusi 12, no. 1 (2015): 75–93.
Dewa, Muhammad Jufri, Muhammad Sabaruddin Sinapoy, La Sensu, Oheo Kaimuddin Haris, Sahrina Saifuddin, dan Miftahul Jannah. “Implikasi Kewenangan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu (DKPP) Berdasarkan Putusan Nomor 185-PKE-DKPP/XII/2020 tentang Pemberhentian Staf Sekretariat Bawaslu di Kabupaten Buton.” Halu Oleo Legal Research 6, no. 2 (2024): 358–70.
Didik Suhariyanto, Ade Sathya Sanathana Ishwara, dan Sinta Dyah Kirana. “Enforcement of the Code of Ethics for 2024 Election Organizers in Indonesia: A Substantive Justice Perspective.” Jurnal IUS Kajian Hukum dan Keadilan 12, no. 2 (29 Agustus 2024): 357–71. https://doi.org/10.29303/ius.v12i2.1441.
Fallon Jr, Richard H. “Political Questions and the Ultra Vires Conundrum.” U. Chi. L. Rev. 87 (2020): 1481.
Groves, Matthew, dan Greg Weeks. “The creation of Australian administrative law: the constitution and its judicial gate-keepers.” Judicial Review of Administrative Action: Origins and Adaptations Across the Common Law World (Cambridge University Press, 2020)(Forthcoming), ANU College of Law Research Paper, no. 19.22 (2019). https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3456447.
Harmoko. “Kedudukan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu Sebagai Lembaga Quasi Peradilan Etik.” Fundamental: Jurnal Ilmiah Hukum 10, no. 2 (20 November 2021): 142–66. https://doi.org/10.34304/jf.v10i2.54.
Hippy, Janwar, Sudarsono Sudarsono, dan Istislam Istislam. “Menyelami Asas Ultra Petita Dalam Putusan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu.” Jambura Law Review 2, no. 1 (2020): 48–64.
HR, Ridwan, Despan Heryansyah, SHI., MH., dan Dian Kus Pratiwi, SH., MH. “Perluasan Kompetensi Absolut Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara dalam Undang-Undang Administrasi Pemerintahan.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 25, no. 2 (Mei 2018): 339–58. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol25.iss2.art7.
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance. Electoral Justice: an Overview of The International IDEA Handbook. Stockholm: International IDEA, 2010.
Madda, Syafrijal Mughni, Firdaus Firdaus, dan Mirdedi Mirdedi. “Problematika Pengawasan Tindak Lanjut Putusan Bawaslu dan DKPP dalam Penegakan Hukum Pemilu.” Jurnal Konstitusi 19, no. 4 (1 Desember 2022): 909–32. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1948.
Marzuki, Peter Mahmud. Penelitian Hukum. 17 ed. Jakarta: Kencana, 2022.
Michael, Tomy. “Kedudukan Lembaga Serta Tindak Lanjut Mengenai Putusan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu.” Bureaucracy Journal: Indonesia Journal of Law and Social-Political Governance 3, no. 2 (2023): 1746–64.
Muhaimin. Metode Penelitian Hukum. 1 ed. Nusa Tenggara Barat: Mataram University Press, 2020.
Nasef, M. Imam. “Studi Kritis Mengenai Kewenangan Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu Dalam Mengawal Electoral Integrity Di Indonesia.” Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 21, no. 3 (2014): 378–401.
Niazari, Novi, Mohd Din, dan Iskandar A. Gani. “Implementation of Restorative Justice in the Enforcement of Election Crimes in Pidie Jaya Regency and Bireuen Regency.” Diakses 16 Oktober 2024. https://www.multiresearchjournal.com/admin/uploads/archives/archive-1723284224.pdf.
Nickerson, Alexandra. “Ultra-Apa Ultra Vires Review.” Columbia Law Review 121, no. 8 (2021): 2521–62.
Norris, Pippa. Why Electoral Integrity Matters. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2014.
Nurdyana, Deni, dan Tatang Sudrajat. “Ethics and Organizational Dimensions in Public Administration: DKPP and The Quality of Election Management.” dalam International Conference on Government Education Management and Tourism, Vol. 1, 2022. http://conference.loupiasconference.org/index.php/icogemt2/article/view/274.
Nurhasim, Moch. “The Potential Ethical Violation in The Parallel Election in 2024.” Jurnal Etika dan Pemilu 7, no. 1 (2021): 25–45.
Odeku, Kola O. “Administering the Environment: Compliance Enforcement and Challenges.” Mediterranean Journal os Social Sciences 5 (2014). https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/document?repid=rep1&type=pdf&doi=3468ce0c01e82fd75fb7a6c4a43bd84d7188fbc0.
Puspitasari, Dyan. “Peran Dewan Kehormatan Penyelenggara Pemilu dalam Menjaga Kemandirian dan Integritas Penyelenggara Pemilihan Umum di Indonesia.” Lentera Hukum 5 (2018): 403.
Risnain, Muh. “Eksistensi Lembaga Quasi Judisial dalam Sistem Kekuasaan Kehakiman di Indonesia : Kajian terhadap Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha.” Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 3, no. 1 (23 April 2018): 49. https://doi.org/10.25216/jhp.3.1.2014.49-58.
Rokiyah; Satriawan, Shohib. “Make an Honorary Board of Election Organizers (DKPP) as a Special Election Justice.” JL Pol’y & Globalization 83 (2019): 69.
Said, Harmoko M. “Menggagas Peradilan Etik Penyelenggara Negara di Indonesia.” SASI 27, no. 1 (25 Maret 2021): 24. https://doi.org/10.47268/sasi.v27i1.266.
Samosir, Osbin. “Bad Organizers Make Difficulty of Indonesia’s Democracy in 2024 National Simultaneous Election.” International Journal of Scientific and Management Research 05, no. 09 (2022): 48–59. https://doi.org/10.37502/IJSMR.2022.5904.
Siboy, Ahmad, dan Dewi Cahyandari. “The Relationship between DKPP and PTUN Decisions regarding Ethical Violation by General Election Administrators.” Jurnal Konstitusi 19, no. 3 (30 Agustus 2022): 623–42. https://doi.org/10.31078/jk1936.
Sihombing, Edi Epron, M. A. P. S Sos, Zulham Effendy Harahap, dan MH SH. “Implementasi Tugas Dan Wewenang Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) Kota Padangsidimpuan Pada Pemilukada Tahun 2018.” Jurnal LPPM 11, no. 4 (2021): 10–18.
Ulya, Zaki, Fuadi Fuadi, dan Aldi Syah Putra. “Independence of The Honorary Board of Election Organizers After The Constitutional Court Decision No. 32/PUU-XIX/2021.” JURNAL USM LAW REVIEW 7, no. 2 (2024). https://journals.usm.ac.id/index.php/julr/article/view/8353.
Wadi, Raines, Muhammad Aljabbar Putra, Tarmizi Kabalmay, dan Muh Aunur Rafiq Mukhlis. “Tindakan Faktual Hasil Putusan Etik DKPP Sebagai Objek Pengujian Pengadilan Tata Usaha Negara.” Jurnal Penelitian Hukum De Jure 23, no. 1 (Maret 2023): 71–86.
Wasti, Ryan Muthiara, Fitra Arsil, dan Satya Arinanto. “The Influence of Ethical Decisions on the Democratic Process of Indonesia’s Elections.” Dalam International Conference for Democracy and National Resilience (ICDNR 2023), 287–96. Atlantis Press, 2023. https://www.atlantis-press.com/proceedings/icdnr-23/125995091.