Main Article Content
Abstract
The legal norm contained within Article 42 of the Marriage Law rigidly stipulates that the legal validity of a child depends on the legality of the marriage of their biological parents. The provisions of this norm have raised legal problems for children from illegitimate marriages, especially concerning their civil rights. Departing from the Constitutional Court Decision Number 46/PUU-VIII/2010 which gave rise to a controversial discourse by giving illegitimate children the right to a civil relationship with their father, the Religious Court formulated a new norm for the status of children as biological children to accommodate the protection of children's rights, but there remain legal issues in determining such status and in practice, it remains unable to accommodate children's civil rights. This study aims to explore the considerations of the Religious Court's decision in determining biological children and its legal consequences for the enforcement of children's civil rights, and then offer a legal reconstruction of the determination of biological children. This is a normative legal research with a statutory approach, a case approach, and a conceptual approach. Data analysis is qualitative with seven thematic steps. The results of this study indicate that in considering the decision of the Religious Court, the judge considered the marriage carried out by the parties invalid because the marriage witnesses and marriage guardians were invalid. In the judge's view, an illegitimate marriage is adultery, so that the child born from it is a child of adultery, so he cannot be related to his father, but they can still obtain other limited civil rights. This study concludes that there is a fatal misconception in placing children from illegitimate marriages as children of adultery or biological children. Determination of the child's status as a biological child in the decision of the Religious Court is a legal formulation that is contrary to the norms of the Marriage Law, Islamic Law, and fiqh. The legal construction in determining the status of a biological child is not oriented towards substantial justice for children, contrary to the principle of liability based on fault, retributive justice, and the principle of nemo commodum capere potest de injuria sua propria. However, this legal construction is based on the norm of Article 42 of the Marriage Law, for that it must be reconstructed. The substantial justice approach requires that children born in or as a result of an illegitimate marriage must continue to be treated as legitimate children with all the legal consequences.
Keywords: Biological Children, Illegal Marriage, Religious Court Decisions, Legal Reconstruction
Abstrak
Norma Pasal 42 Undang-Undang Perkawinan menetapkan secara rigid hukum keabsahan anak bergantung pada keabsahan pernikahan orang tua biologisnya. Ketentuan norma ini telah menimbulkan problematika hukum terhadap anak hasil perkawinan yang tidak sah, terutama menyangkut hak-hak perdatanya. Berangkat dari Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUU-VIII/2010 yang melahirkan wacana kontroversial dengan memberikan anak luar kawin hak berupa hubungan perdata dengan ayahnya, Peradilan Agama memformulasi norma baru status anak berupa anak biologis untuk mengakomodasi perlindungan hak anak, tetapi terdapat problem hukum dalam penetapan status ini dan dalam praktiknya tidak benar-benar dapat mengakomodasi hak perdata anak. Penelitian ini hendak menggali pertimbangan putusan Pengadilan Agama dalam penetapan anak biologis dan akibat hukumnya terhadap penegakan hak-hak perdata anak, dan selanjutnya menawarkan rekonstruksi hukum terhadap penetapan anak biologis. Penelitian ini bersifat hukum normatif dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, pendekatan kasus, dan pendekatan konseptual. Analisis data bersifat kualitatif dengan tujuh langkah tematik. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa dalam pertimbangan putusan Pengadilan Agama, hakim menilai pernikahan yang dilakukan oleh para pihak tidak sah karena tidak sahnya saksi nikah dan wali nikah. Dalam pandangan hakim, pernikahan yang tidak sah itu adalah zina, sehingga anak yang dilahirkan darinya adalah anak zina, maka ia tidak dapat dinasabkan kepada ayahnya, tetapi ia tetap dapat memperoleh hak-hak perdata lainnya secara terbatas. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa terdapat salah kaprah yang fatal dengan mendudukkan anak hasil perkawinan tidak sah sebagai anak zina atau anak biologis. Penetapan status anak sebagai anak biologis dalam putusan Pengadilan Agama merupakan formulasi hukum yang bertentangan dengan norma Undang-Undang Perkawinan, KHI, dan fikih. Konstruksi hukum dalam penetapan status anak biologis tersebut tidak berorientasi pada keadilan substansial bagi anak, bertentangan dengan prinsip liability based on fault, keadilan retributif, dan asas nemo commodum capere potest de injuria sua propria. Namun, kontruksi hukum ini berpangkal dari norma Pasal 42 Undang-Undang Perkawinan, untuk itu harus dilakukan rekonstruksi terhadapnya. Pendekatan keadilan substansial menghendaki anak yang dilahirkan dalam atau sebagai akibat perkawinan yang tidak sah harus tetap didudukkan sebagai anak yang sah dengan segala akibat hukumnya
Kata Kunci: Anak Biologis, Perkawinan Tidak Sah, Putusan Pengadilan Agama, Rekonstruksi Hukum
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Muhammad Idris Nasution, Mhd. Syahnan, Fauziah Lubis

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References
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Amruzi, F Al. “Hak Dan Status Anak Syubhat Dalam Penikahan.” Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran, 2017. https://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/syariah/article/view/1539.
———. “Nasab Anak Dari Perkawinan Siri.” Al-Adl: Jurnal Hukum, 2022. https://ojs.uniska-bjm.ac.id/index.php/aldli/article/view/5834.
Arifuddin, Q. “Registration of Marriage as Fulfillment of Marriage Requirements According to Islamic Principles.” Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah Dan Masyarakat, 2024. https://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/Nurani/article/view/24529.
Az-Zuhaili, W. “Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmī Wa Adillatuhu.” Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr, 1985.
Bahri, A S. “Comparative Study: The Concept of Legitimate Children in The Perspective of Positive Law and Islamic Law.” Al-Bayyinah, 2021. https://scholar.archive.org/work/gimbnpmeh5d7fkx2jlv2qpn63q/access/wayback/https://mail.jurnal.iain-bone.ac.id/index.php/albayyinah/article/download/813/pdf.
Duindam, Guus. "How Can Punishment Be Justified? On Kant's Retributivism." Dalam Heather Wilburn, Philosophical Thought Across Cultures and Throughout the Ages. Tulsa Community College, 2022.
Fadli, F, and A M T BN. “Pengakuan Anak Biologis Di Luar Nikah.” Madani: Jurnal Ilmiah …, 2023. https://jurnal.penerbitdaarulhuda.my.id/index.php/MAJIM/article/view/991.
Faizal, L. “Akibat Hukum Pencatatan Perkawinan.” Asas: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 2016. https://ejournal.radenintan.ac.id/index.php/asas/article/view/1247.
Fajarwati, H, I Nur, and F Hidayat. “Legal Consequences of Establishing the Civil Rights of Illegitimate Children from the Progressive Fiqh Perspective.” KARSA Journal of Social …, 2024. https://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/karsa/article/view/13646.
Fantasia, Francesca. "Kant on Punishment: Between Retribution, Deterrence and Human Dignity." Italian Law Journal 7 (2021): 463.
Hak, N. Kedudukan Dan Hak Anak Luar Nikah Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/Puu-Viii/2010 Tentang Status Anak Luar Nikah (Studi Persepsi Hakim …. repository.radenintan.ac.id, 2018. http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/3430/.
Hanapi, A, S Aini, and C E P Sari. “Bridging Fiqh and Positive Law: A New Paradigm for Child Legality and the Best Interest of the Child in Indonesia.” JURIS (Jurnal …, 2024. http://ejournal.uinmybatusangkar.ac.id/ojs/index.php/Juris/article/view/10712.
Harisudin, M. Noor, and Muhammad Choriri. "On the Legal Sanction against Marriage Registration Violation in Southeast Asia Countries: A Jasser Auda’s Maqasid Al-Shariah Perspective." Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 1 (2021): 471–495. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i1.9159
Hartini, S, and A Arifin. “KONSEP PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEREMPUAN SEBAGAI ANAK DALAM PENETAPAN DISPENSASI AKIBAT KEHAMILAN DI LUAR NIKAH.” National Conference on Law Studies …. conference.upnvj.ac.id, 2020. https://conference.upnvj.ac.id/index.php/ncols/article/download/1538/996.
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Huda, Syamsul. “Zina Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Dan Kitab Undang Undang Hukum Pidana.” HUNAFA: Jurnal Studia Islamika 12, no. 2 (2015): 377. https://doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v12i2.401.377-397.
Husni, Z M, E Rosa, L Handayani, and ... “Analisis Status Anak Luar Kawin Terhadap Orang Tuanya: Studi Komparatif Antara Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam.” HAKAM: Jurnal Kajian …, 2021. https://ejournal.unuja.ac.id/index.php/hakam/article/view/2261.
Kurniawan, M B. “Politik Hukum Mahkamah Konstitusi Tentang Status Anak Di Luar Nikah: Penerapan Hukum Progresif Sebagai Perlindungan Hak Asasi Anak.” Jurnal Ham, 2017. https://www.academia.edu/download/68589536/143.pdf.
Lelah, A. “Memahami Kedudukan Nikahul Fasid Dalam Hukum Islam.” Al-Tafaqquh: Journal of Islamic Law, 2021. http://jurnal.fai.umi.ac.id/index.php/tafaqquh/article/view/76.
Lester, J N, Y Cho, and ... “Learning to Do Qualitative Data Analysis: A Starting Point.” Human Resource …, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484320903890.
Mardi Candra, Fahadil Amil Al Hasan, and Ghifar Afghany. Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak-Hak Anak Dalam Putusan Pengadilan. Jakarta: Kencana, 2023.
Mawar, S. “Metode Penemuan Hukum (Interpretasi Dan Konstruksi) Dalam Rangka Harmonisasi Hukum.” Jurnal Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Perundang …, 2020. https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/Justisia/article/viewFile/2558/1819.
Muhammad Al-Mawardi, A bin. “Al-Hawi Al-Kabir.” Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-’Ilmiyyah, 1994.
Muzakir, K. “Zina Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Dan Kitab Undang Undang Hukum Pidana.” Formosa Journal of Science and …, 2022. https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjst/article/view/664.
Nasution, Khoiruddin, and Syamruddin Nasution. "Implementation of Indonesian Islamic Family Law to Guarantee Children’s Rights." Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 59, no. 2 (2021): 347–374.
Nasution, Muhammad Idris, and Mustapa Khamal Rokan. "Problems of Marriage Guardians in Supreme Court Decisions: Gender Perspective Analysis." Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama dan Jender 22, no. 1 (2023): 37–52.
Nurhadi, N. “The Dualism of the Supreme Court’s Decisions on the Position of Non-Marital Child.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan, 2019. https://jurnalhukumdanperadilan.org/index.php/jurnalhukumperadilan/article/view/245.
Qudamah, Ibnu. “Al-Mughniy, Cet. III.” Riyadh: Dar Alam Al-Kutub, 1997.
Rohmawati, Rohmawati, and Ahmad Rofiq. "Legal Reasonings of Religious Court Judges in Deciding the Origin of Children: A Study on the Protection of Biological Children’s Civil Rights." Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 21, no. 1 (2021): 1–20.
Roslan, A N, NSAA Aziz, and F I M Shaharudin. “Discrimination Against an Illegitimate Child According to Law and Society.” Current Legal, 2021.
Ruhaeni, Neni. "Perkembangan Prinsip Tanggung Jawab (Bases of Liability) dalam Hukum Internasional dan Implikasinya terhadap Kegiatan Keruangangkasaan." Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 21, no. 3 (2014): 335–355. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol21.iss3.art1
Sarifudin, S, and K Abdillah. “Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 Dalam Bingkai Hukum Progresif.” Jurnal Yuridis, 2019. https://www.neliti.com/publications/497797/putusan-mahkamah-konstitusi-no-46puu-viii2010-dalam-bingkai-hukum-progresif.
Sarumi, I A R, A B Mohd, and N B Ibrahim. “A Polemical Discourse over the Legitimation of Illegitimate Children under Islamic Law.” IIUMLJ, 2019. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/iiumlj27§ion=8.
Satria, Z. “ANALISIS HADIS AL-WALAD LI AL-FIRĀSY DENGAN METODE ASBĀB AL-WURŪD, DAN PENALARAN LUGHAWIYAH.” SYARIAH: Journal of Islamic Law, 2023. http://ejournal.stisnu-aceh.ac.id/index.php/JIIS/article/view/95.
Soerjono, S, and S Mamudji. “Penelitian Hukum Normatif Suatu Tinjauan Singkat.” PT Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 1995.
Suhaimi, S. “Problem Hukum Dan Pendekatan Dalam Penelitian Hukum Normatif.” Jurnal Yustitia, 2018. http://36.88.105.228/index.php/yustitia/article/view/477.
Susanto, M H, Y Puspitasari, and M H M Marwa. “Kedudukan Hak Keperdataan Anak Luar Kawin Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Justisi, 2021. http://ejournal.um-sorong.ac.id/index.php/js/article/view/1349.
Syauqy, M. “Kedudukan Anak Dalam Perkawinan Batal Karena Wali Tidak Sah Di Pangkalan Susu.” Journal Smart Law, 2023. https://jurnal.perima.or.id/index.php/JSL/article/view/207.
Taimiyah, I. “Majmu’Fatawa Shaikh Al Islam Ahmad Ibn Taimiyah.” Riyadh: Al Riyadh Press, 1973.
TOHA, M A A. KEDUDUKAN ANAK DI LUAR NIKAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM PROGRESIF YANG RELEVANSINYA DENGAN PEMBARUAN HUKUM KELUARGA DI …. repository.radenintan.ac.id, 2023. http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/23886/.
Windiani, A. “No Matter The Religion Is, The Marriage Should Be Valid And Officially Registered.” Proceedings of The 2th International Multidisciplinary …, 2017. https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/IMC/article/view/1294.
Zaidan, A K. Al-Mufashshal Fi Ahkam Al-Mar’ah Wa Al-Bait Al-Muslim. Beirut: Muassasah ar-Risalah, 1993.
References
Al-Asqalani, I H. “Fath Al-Bari: Sahih Al-Bukhari.” Mesir: Maktabah Misr, J, 2001.
Amruzi, F Al. “Hak Dan Status Anak Syubhat Dalam Penikahan.” Syariah: Jurnal Hukum Dan Pemikiran, 2017. https://jurnal.uin-antasari.ac.id/index.php/syariah/article/view/1539.
———. “Nasab Anak Dari Perkawinan Siri.” Al-Adl: Jurnal Hukum, 2022. https://ojs.uniska-bjm.ac.id/index.php/aldli/article/view/5834.
Arifuddin, Q. “Registration of Marriage as Fulfillment of Marriage Requirements According to Islamic Principles.” Nurani: Jurnal Kajian Syari’ah Dan Masyarakat, 2024. https://jurnal.radenfatah.ac.id/index.php/Nurani/article/view/24529.
Az-Zuhaili, W. “Al-Fiqh Al-Islāmī Wa Adillatuhu.” Beirut: Dar Al-Fikr, 1985.
Bahri, A S. “Comparative Study: The Concept of Legitimate Children in The Perspective of Positive Law and Islamic Law.” Al-Bayyinah, 2021. https://scholar.archive.org/work/gimbnpmeh5d7fkx2jlv2qpn63q/access/wayback/https://mail.jurnal.iain-bone.ac.id/index.php/albayyinah/article/download/813/pdf.
Duindam, Guus. "How Can Punishment Be Justified? On Kant's Retributivism." Dalam Heather Wilburn, Philosophical Thought Across Cultures and Throughout the Ages. Tulsa Community College, 2022.
Fadli, F, and A M T BN. “Pengakuan Anak Biologis Di Luar Nikah.” Madani: Jurnal Ilmiah …, 2023. https://jurnal.penerbitdaarulhuda.my.id/index.php/MAJIM/article/view/991.
Faizal, L. “Akibat Hukum Pencatatan Perkawinan.” Asas: Jurnal Hukum Ekonomi Syariah, 2016. https://ejournal.radenintan.ac.id/index.php/asas/article/view/1247.
Fajarwati, H, I Nur, and F Hidayat. “Legal Consequences of Establishing the Civil Rights of Illegitimate Children from the Progressive Fiqh Perspective.” KARSA Journal of Social …, 2024. https://ejournal.iainmadura.ac.id/index.php/karsa/article/view/13646.
Fantasia, Francesca. "Kant on Punishment: Between Retribution, Deterrence and Human Dignity." Italian Law Journal 7 (2021): 463.
Hak, N. Kedudukan Dan Hak Anak Luar Nikah Pasca Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/Puu-Viii/2010 Tentang Status Anak Luar Nikah (Studi Persepsi Hakim …. repository.radenintan.ac.id, 2018. http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/3430/.
Hanapi, A, S Aini, and C E P Sari. “Bridging Fiqh and Positive Law: A New Paradigm for Child Legality and the Best Interest of the Child in Indonesia.” JURIS (Jurnal …, 2024. http://ejournal.uinmybatusangkar.ac.id/ojs/index.php/Juris/article/view/10712.
Harisudin, M. Noor, and Muhammad Choriri. "On the Legal Sanction against Marriage Registration Violation in Southeast Asia Countries: A Jasser Auda’s Maqasid Al-Shariah Perspective." Samarah: Jurnal Hukum Keluarga dan Hukum Islam 5, no. 1 (2021): 471–495. http://dx.doi.org/10.22373/sjhk.v5i1.9159
Hartini, S, and A Arifin. “KONSEP PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PEREMPUAN SEBAGAI ANAK DALAM PENETAPAN DISPENSASI AKIBAT KEHAMILAN DI LUAR NIKAH.” National Conference on Law Studies …. conference.upnvj.ac.id, 2020. https://conference.upnvj.ac.id/index.php/ncols/article/download/1538/996.
Hirawan, Y. Status Anak Diluar Perkawinan Yang Sah Menurut Ibn Al-Qayyim Dan Relevansinya Dengan Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 46/PUUVIII/2010. repository.uin-suska.ac.id, 2017. http://repository.uin-suska.ac.id/21412.
Huda, Syamsul. “Zina Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Dan Kitab Undang Undang Hukum Pidana.” HUNAFA: Jurnal Studia Islamika 12, no. 2 (2015): 377. https://doi.org/10.24239/jsi.v12i2.401.377-397.
Husni, Z M, E Rosa, L Handayani, and ... “Analisis Status Anak Luar Kawin Terhadap Orang Tuanya: Studi Komparatif Antara Hukum Positif Dan Hukum Islam.” HAKAM: Jurnal Kajian …, 2021. https://ejournal.unuja.ac.id/index.php/hakam/article/view/2261.
Kurniawan, M B. “Politik Hukum Mahkamah Konstitusi Tentang Status Anak Di Luar Nikah: Penerapan Hukum Progresif Sebagai Perlindungan Hak Asasi Anak.” Jurnal Ham, 2017. https://www.academia.edu/download/68589536/143.pdf.
Lelah, A. “Memahami Kedudukan Nikahul Fasid Dalam Hukum Islam.” Al-Tafaqquh: Journal of Islamic Law, 2021. http://jurnal.fai.umi.ac.id/index.php/tafaqquh/article/view/76.
Lester, J N, Y Cho, and ... “Learning to Do Qualitative Data Analysis: A Starting Point.” Human Resource …, 2020. https://doi.org/10.1177/1534484320903890.
Mardi Candra, Fahadil Amil Al Hasan, and Ghifar Afghany. Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Hak-Hak Anak Dalam Putusan Pengadilan. Jakarta: Kencana, 2023.
Mawar, S. “Metode Penemuan Hukum (Interpretasi Dan Konstruksi) Dalam Rangka Harmonisasi Hukum.” Jurnal Justisia: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum, Perundang …, 2020. https://jurnal.ar-raniry.ac.id/index.php/Justisia/article/viewFile/2558/1819.
Muhammad Al-Mawardi, A bin. “Al-Hawi Al-Kabir.” Beirut: Dar Al-Kutub Al-’Ilmiyyah, 1994.
Muzakir, K. “Zina Dalam Perspektif Hukum Islam Dan Kitab Undang Undang Hukum Pidana.” Formosa Journal of Science and …, 2022. https://journal.formosapublisher.org/index.php/fjst/article/view/664.
Nasution, Khoiruddin, and Syamruddin Nasution. "Implementation of Indonesian Islamic Family Law to Guarantee Children’s Rights." Al-Jami'ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 59, no. 2 (2021): 347–374.
Nasution, Muhammad Idris, and Mustapa Khamal Rokan. "Problems of Marriage Guardians in Supreme Court Decisions: Gender Perspective Analysis." Marwah: Jurnal Perempuan, Agama dan Jender 22, no. 1 (2023): 37–52.
Nurhadi, N. “The Dualism of the Supreme Court’s Decisions on the Position of Non-Marital Child.” Jurnal Hukum Dan Peradilan, 2019. https://jurnalhukumdanperadilan.org/index.php/jurnalhukumperadilan/article/view/245.
Qudamah, Ibnu. “Al-Mughniy, Cet. III.” Riyadh: Dar Alam Al-Kutub, 1997.
Rohmawati, Rohmawati, and Ahmad Rofiq. "Legal Reasonings of Religious Court Judges in Deciding the Origin of Children: A Study on the Protection of Biological Children’s Civil Rights." Ijtihad: Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam dan Kemanusiaan 21, no. 1 (2021): 1–20.
Roslan, A N, NSAA Aziz, and F I M Shaharudin. “Discrimination Against an Illegitimate Child According to Law and Society.” Current Legal, 2021.
Ruhaeni, Neni. "Perkembangan Prinsip Tanggung Jawab (Bases of Liability) dalam Hukum Internasional dan Implikasinya terhadap Kegiatan Keruangangkasaan." Jurnal Hukum Ius Quia Iustum 21, no. 3 (2014): 335–355. https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol21.iss3.art1
Sarifudin, S, and K Abdillah. “Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi No. 46/PUU-VIII/2010 Dalam Bingkai Hukum Progresif.” Jurnal Yuridis, 2019. https://www.neliti.com/publications/497797/putusan-mahkamah-konstitusi-no-46puu-viii2010-dalam-bingkai-hukum-progresif.
Sarumi, I A R, A B Mohd, and N B Ibrahim. “A Polemical Discourse over the Legitimation of Illegitimate Children under Islamic Law.” IIUMLJ, 2019. https://heinonline.org/hol-cgi-bin/get_pdf.cgi?handle=hein.journals/iiumlj27§ion=8.
Satria, Z. “ANALISIS HADIS AL-WALAD LI AL-FIRĀSY DENGAN METODE ASBĀB AL-WURŪD, DAN PENALARAN LUGHAWIYAH.” SYARIAH: Journal of Islamic Law, 2023. http://ejournal.stisnu-aceh.ac.id/index.php/JIIS/article/view/95.
Soerjono, S, and S Mamudji. “Penelitian Hukum Normatif Suatu Tinjauan Singkat.” PT Raja Grafindo Persada, Jakarta, 1995.
Suhaimi, S. “Problem Hukum Dan Pendekatan Dalam Penelitian Hukum Normatif.” Jurnal Yustitia, 2018. http://36.88.105.228/index.php/yustitia/article/view/477.
Susanto, M H, Y Puspitasari, and M H M Marwa. “Kedudukan Hak Keperdataan Anak Luar Kawin Perspektif Hukum Islam.” Justisi, 2021. http://ejournal.um-sorong.ac.id/index.php/js/article/view/1349.
Syauqy, M. “Kedudukan Anak Dalam Perkawinan Batal Karena Wali Tidak Sah Di Pangkalan Susu.” Journal Smart Law, 2023. https://jurnal.perima.or.id/index.php/JSL/article/view/207.
Taimiyah, I. “Majmu’Fatawa Shaikh Al Islam Ahmad Ibn Taimiyah.” Riyadh: Al Riyadh Press, 1973.
TOHA, M A A. KEDUDUKAN ANAK DI LUAR NIKAH DALAM PERSPEKTIF HUKUM ISLAM PROGRESIF YANG RELEVANSINYA DENGAN PEMBARUAN HUKUM KELUARGA DI …. repository.radenintan.ac.id, 2023. http://repository.radenintan.ac.id/23886/.
Windiani, A. “No Matter The Religion Is, The Marriage Should Be Valid And Officially Registered.” Proceedings of The 2th International Multidisciplinary …, 2017. https://jurnal.umj.ac.id/index.php/IMC/article/view/1294.
Zaidan, A K. Al-Mufashshal Fi Ahkam Al-Mar’ah Wa Al-Bait Al-Muslim. Beirut: Muassasah ar-Risalah, 1993.