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Abstract
Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan maksud dan tujuan untuk menjawab dua rumusan permasalahan, pertama, bagaimana kebijakan Presiden Trump terkait pelarangan imigran Muslim untuk tinggal di Amerika Serikat dari perspektif hukum dan HAM Internasional, dankedua, bagaimana respon dan upaya masyarakat AS terhadap nasib imigran Muslim di AS. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif dengan studi pustaka. Adapun penelitian menyimpulkan sebagai berikut: pertama, kebijakan Presiden Trump terkait pembatasan imigran Muslim sebagian telah melanggar peraturan hukum dan HAM internasional, utamanya Konvensi UNHCR 1951, Kovenan ICCPR, dan Kovenan ICESCR 1966; kedua, respon masyarakat AS tidak saja ditujukan oleh sikap menentang kebijakan Presiden Trump, melainkan juga para pengacara telah memperjuangkan hak-hak dasar dan kebebasan para imigran Muslim baik dengan menyediakan konsultasi dan pembelaan di pengadilan secara cuma-cuma, maupun dengan melakukan lobi dan negosiasi terhadap lembaga legislatif di tingkat negara bagian dan pemerintahan federal.Â
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References
- Daftar Pustaka
- Buku
- Evans, Malcolm (ed), International Law, Oxford University Press, 2003.
- Foster, Michelle, International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2007.
- Fuller, Graham E., A World Without Islam, Little, Brown and Company, New York Boston London, 2010.
- Griffin, David Ray, The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions And Distortions, Olive Branch Publishers, 2004.
- Hathaway, James C., The Rights of Refugees Under International Law, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2005.
- Lindauer, Susan, Extreme Prejudice: The Terrifying Story of the Patriot Act and the Cover Ups of 9/11 and Iraq, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2010.
- Selm, Joanne Van, et.al, The Refugee Convention At Fifty. A View From Forced Migration Studies, Lexington Books, United States of America, 2003.
- Simeon, James C., Critical Issues in International Refugee Law. Strategies Toward Interpretative Harmony, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2010.
- Steiner, Henry J., Phillip Alston, and Ryan Goodman, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals: Text and Materials, Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Thontowi, Jawahir, Terorisme Negara. Kerjasama Konspiratif Menjinakkan Islam Fundamentalis, UII Press, Yogyakarta, 2013.
- Triggs, Gillian D., International Law Contemporery Principles and Practices, Lexis Nex Butterworths, 2006.
- Wagiman, Hukum Pengungsi Internasional, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta, 2012.
- William, Emerson, Encyclopedia Of United States Army In Sign An Uniforms, University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
- Jurnal dan Karya Ilmiah
- Al Wekhian, Jamil, “Acculturation Process of Arab-Muslim Immigrant in the United Statesâ€, Canadian Center of Science and Education, Asian Culture and History, Vol. 8, No 1, 2016.
- Hwang, Brandon and Kyle Pang, “An Era of Islamophobia: The Muslim Immigrant Experience in Americaâ€, Pepperdine Journal of Communication Research, Vol. 5, Article 11, 2017.
- Kajian Tim Mahasiswa Harvard Law School, “The Impact of President Trump’s Executive Order on Asylum Seekerâ€, Harvard Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program, 2016.
- Laporan Homeland Security Committee, “Syrian Refugee Flows. Security Risk and Counterterrorism Challenges†Preliminary Findings of a House Homeland Security Committee Review, November, 2015.
- Sinnar, Shirin, “Human Rights, National Security, and the Role of Lawyers in the Resistanceâ€, Standford J. Of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties, Vol. XIII, No. SE37, 2017.
- Thontowi, Jawahir, “The Islamic Perspective of the War on Terrorism and Current Indonesian Responsesâ€, Makalah Seminar Internasional the Human Rights 2003: The Year in Review, diselenggarakan oleh the Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, Monash Law School, 2003.
- Instrumen Hukum
- Executive Order, The White House Washington. Protecting the Nation From Terrorist Attacks by Foreign Nationals, 2017.
- Konvensi Pengungsi 1951
- Memorandum for The President dalam Dokumen resmi, The White House, Washington, 23 Januari 2017.
- Website
- http://www.allied.media.com diakses pada tanggal 23 Maret 2017
- http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/06/a-new-estimate-of-the-u-s-muslim-population/ diakses pada 23 Maret 2017
- http://www.tmn.today/2016/10/pope-benedict-xvi-forbid-catholics-voting-hillary/ diakses pada 23 Maret 2017.
- https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_illegal_political_parties_in_Turkey diakses pada tanggal 23 Maret 2017
- https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-statement-on-preventing-muslim-immigration diakses pada tanggal 23 Maret 2018
- https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/27/executive-order-protecting-nation-foreign-terrorist-entry-united-states diakses pada tanggal 27 Maret 2017
- Justin O Smith, The Muslim U.S. Military Experience, dalam www.danielpipes.org/comments/197390 diakses pada tanggal 27 Maret 2017
References
Daftar Pustaka
Buku
Evans, Malcolm (ed), International Law, Oxford University Press, 2003.
Foster, Michelle, International Refugee Law and Socio-Economic Rights, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2007.
Fuller, Graham E., A World Without Islam, Little, Brown and Company, New York Boston London, 2010.
Griffin, David Ray, The 9/11 Commission Report: Omissions And Distortions, Olive Branch Publishers, 2004.
Hathaway, James C., The Rights of Refugees Under International Law, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2005.
Lindauer, Susan, Extreme Prejudice: The Terrifying Story of the Patriot Act and the Cover Ups of 9/11 and Iraq, Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2010.
Selm, Joanne Van, et.al, The Refugee Convention At Fifty. A View From Forced Migration Studies, Lexington Books, United States of America, 2003.
Simeon, James C., Critical Issues in International Refugee Law. Strategies Toward Interpretative Harmony, Cambridge University Press, United Kingdom, 2010.
Steiner, Henry J., Phillip Alston, and Ryan Goodman, International Human Rights in Context: Law, Politics, Morals: Text and Materials, Oxford University Press, 2008.
Thontowi, Jawahir, Terorisme Negara. Kerjasama Konspiratif Menjinakkan Islam Fundamentalis, UII Press, Yogyakarta, 2013.
Triggs, Gillian D., International Law Contemporery Principles and Practices, Lexis Nex Butterworths, 2006.
Wagiman, Hukum Pengungsi Internasional, Sinar Grafika, Jakarta, 2012.
William, Emerson, Encyclopedia Of United States Army In Sign An Uniforms, University of Oklahoma Press, 1996.
Jurnal dan Karya Ilmiah
Al Wekhian, Jamil, “Acculturation Process of Arab-Muslim Immigrant in the United Statesâ€, Canadian Center of Science and Education, Asian Culture and History, Vol. 8, No 1, 2016.
Hwang, Brandon and Kyle Pang, “An Era of Islamophobia: The Muslim Immigrant Experience in Americaâ€, Pepperdine Journal of Communication Research, Vol. 5, Article 11, 2017.
Kajian Tim Mahasiswa Harvard Law School, “The Impact of President Trump’s Executive Order on Asylum Seekerâ€, Harvard Immigration and Refugee Clinical Program, 2016.
Laporan Homeland Security Committee, “Syrian Refugee Flows. Security Risk and Counterterrorism Challenges†Preliminary Findings of a House Homeland Security Committee Review, November, 2015.
Sinnar, Shirin, “Human Rights, National Security, and the Role of Lawyers in the Resistanceâ€, Standford J. Of Civil Rights & Civil Liberties, Vol. XIII, No. SE37, 2017.
Thontowi, Jawahir, “The Islamic Perspective of the War on Terrorism and Current Indonesian Responsesâ€, Makalah Seminar Internasional the Human Rights 2003: The Year in Review, diselenggarakan oleh the Castan Centre for Human Rights Law, Monash Law School, 2003.
Instrumen Hukum
Executive Order, The White House Washington. Protecting the Nation From Terrorist Attacks by Foreign Nationals, 2017.
Konvensi Pengungsi 1951
Memorandum for The President dalam Dokumen resmi, The White House, Washington, 23 Januari 2017.
Website
http://www.allied.media.com diakses pada tanggal 23 Maret 2017
http://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2016/01/06/a-new-estimate-of-the-u-s-muslim-population/ diakses pada 23 Maret 2017
http://www.tmn.today/2016/10/pope-benedict-xvi-forbid-catholics-voting-hillary/ diakses pada 23 Maret 2017.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_illegal_political_parties_in_Turkey diakses pada tanggal 23 Maret 2017
https://www.donaldjtrump.com/press-releases/donald-j.-trump-statement-on-preventing-muslim-immigration diakses pada tanggal 23 Maret 2018
https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2017/01/27/executive-order-protecting-nation-foreign-terrorist-entry-united-states diakses pada tanggal 27 Maret 2017
Justin O Smith, The Muslim U.S. Military Experience, dalam www.danielpipes.org/comments/197390 diakses pada tanggal 27 Maret 2017