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April 12, 2022
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September 30, 2022
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December 30, 2022
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Abstract

Background: Phyllanthus niruri (meniran) is a medicinal plant with antimicrobial, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiplasmodial, antiviral, hepatoprotective diuretic, and immunomodulator properties.


Objective: This review examined the activity, mode of action, and active compounds of P. niruri as an immunomodulator in various preclinical and clinical studies, along with the bioactive compounds and their mechanism.


Results: Flavonoids, lignans, terpenoids, and alkaloids, among other phytochemicals found in P. niruri, play an essential part in the pharmacological activity of the plant. The immunomodulation activity of P. niruri has been extensively researched in preclinical (in silico, in vitro, and in vivo) and clinical trials. A study in silico revealed the potential of P. niruri as an immunomodulator in Covid-19 infection by inhibiting the COVID-19 target receptors spike glycoprotein (6LZG) and major protease (5R7Y and Mpro). In addition, P. niruri boosted macrophage phagocytic activity, increased antibody total, and reduced inflammation in vitro and in vivo experiments. P. niruri also showed immunomodulatory effects in both healthy subjects and patients. 


Conclusion: P. niruri exhibits pharmacological potential as an immunomodulator in preclinical and clinical trials, according to the findings of various investigations.


Keywords: Phyllanthus niruri, immunomodulator, immunostimulant


Intisari 


Latar belakang: Phyllanthus niruri merupakan tanaman obat yang memiliki beberapa aktivitas farmakologi seperti antimikroba, antioksidan, antikanker, antiinflamasi, antiplasmodium, antivirus, diuretik, hepatoprotektif, dan sebagai imunomodulator. 


Tujuan: Melakukan tinjauan analisis mengenai aktivitas, mekanisme, dan senyawa aktif P. niruri sebagai imunomodulator pada uji preklinis maupun uji klinis.


Hasil: Kandungan kimia P. niruri seperti flavonoid, lignan, terpenoid, dan alkaloid berperan penting pada aktivitas farmakologi P. niruri sebagai imunomodulator.  Uji in silico menunjukkan potensi P. niruri sebagai imunomodulator pada infeksi Covid-19 dengan berikatan pada protein spike dan protease yang bertanggungjawab pada replikasi dan pematangan virus. Uji in vitro dan in vivo menunjukkan bahwa P. niruri mampu meningkatkan aktivitas fagositosis dari makrofag, meningkatkan antibodi serum total, dan mengurangi inflamasi. Pengujian klinis membuktikan bahwa P. niruri memiliki aktivitas imunomodulator baik pada subjek uji sehat maupun pada pasien. 


Kesimpulan: P. niruri memiliki aktivitas sebagai imunomodulator baik pada pengujian preklinis maupun klinis. 


Kata kunci : P. niruri, imunomodulator, imunostimulan

Keywords

Phyllanthus niruri immunomodulator immunostimulant

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