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Abstract
Background: Begonia medicinalis, often referred to as benalu batu, is a plant belonging to the Begoniaceae family. It is renowned for its wide range of pharmacological activities and its extensive application in the treatment of many diseases. Saponins, tannins, flavonoids, phenolics, steroids, alkaloids, and triterpenoids are some of the chemical compounds in this plant responsible for its pharmacological activity.
Objective: The aim of this review is to provide information about the phytochemical and pharmacological properties of B. medicinalis.
Method: This narrative review was performed by conducting literature searches on various relevant reputable online databases, and there were 17 articles that discussed the phytochemistry and pharmacology activity of B. medicinalis.
Results: People have long used B. medicinalis as a test treatment for a variety of diseases. Flavanols, 2-O-β-glucopyranosyl cucurbitan D, β-sitosterol-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and 9(11)α,16(17)α-dioxirane-20,25-dihydroxy-β-sitosterol-3-O-β-glucopyranoside are among the compounds found in the plant. Studies have demonstrated the immunomodulatory, anticancer, antiviral, and antioxidant activity of this plant. In vitro toxicity tests revealed that this plant is toxic and has anticancer potential. The in vivo toxicity test revealed that this plant has mild toxicity.
Conclusion: This study suggests that B. medicinalis has strong potential for future development into herbal medicine.
Keywords: Begonia medicinalis; Begonia sp.; pharmacological; phytochemical
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References
- Affandi, O., & Batubara, R. (2019). Study of Medicinal Plant Used By The Ethnic Community of Karo Around Lau Debuk-Debuk Tourism Park, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 374(2019), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/374/1/012055
- Alaydrus, S. (2020). Uji Efek Etanol Daun Benalu Batu Terhadap Kreatinin Ureum Tikus Putih Jantan Diinduksi Streptozotocin. SCIENTIA : Jurnal Farmasi Dan Kesehatan, 10(1), 33-39.
- Anam, S., Yuliet, Ritna, A., Dwimurti, F., Rismayanti, D., & Zubair, M. S. (2014). Cytotoxic Activity of Benalu Batu (Begonia sp.) Methanolic Extract: An Ethnomedicine of Wana Tribe Central Sulawesi. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 12(1), 10–16. http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/176
- Ardi, W. H., Zubair, M. S., Ramadanil, & Thomas, D. C. (2019). Begonia Medicinalis (Begoniaceae), A New Species From Sulawesi, Indonesia. Phytotaxa, 423(1), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.423.1.5
- Bhardwaj, J., Chaudhary, N., Seo, H. J., Kim, M. Y., Shin, T. S., & Kim, J. D. (2014). Immunomodulatory Effect of Tea Saponin In Immune T-cells and T-lymphoma Cells Via Regulation of Th1, Th2 Immune Response and MAPK/ERK2 Signaling Pathway. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 36(3), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2014.909849
- Francis, G., Kerem, Z., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2002). The Biological Action Of Saponins In Animal Systems: A Review. British Journal of Nutrition, 88(6), 587–605. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002725
- Herik, N. (2009). Sistem Pengetahuan dan Pemanfaatan Benalu Batu (Polohi wasu) Pada Masyarakat Desa Wawopada Kecamatan Lembo Kabupaten Morowali. Skripsi. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Tadulako.
- Khumaidi, A., Widodo, A., Nugrahani, A. W., Sasmito, E., & Fakhrudin, N. (2020). Profil Proliferasi Sel Limfosit Benalu Batu (Begonia medicinalis) Asal Kabupaten Morowali Utara Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 18(1), 61–67.
- Kilani-Jaziri, S., Mokdad-Bzeouich, I., Krifa, M., Nasr, N., Ghedira, K., & Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2017). Immunomodulatory and Cellular Anti-Oxidant Activities of Caffeic, Ferulic, and P-Coumaric Phenolic Acids: A Structure–Activity Relationship Study. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 40(4), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2016.1252919
- Kopustinskiene, D. M., Jakstas, V., Savickas, A., & Bernatoniene, J. (2020). Flavonoids As Anticancer Agents. Nutrients, 12(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020457
- Martínez, G., Mijares, M. R., & De Sanctis, J. B. (2019). Effects of Flavonoids and Its Derivatives on Immune Cell Responses. Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery, 13(2), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213x13666190426164124
- Moonlight, P.W., Ardi, W.H., Padilla, L.A., Chung, K., Fuller, D., Girmansyah, D., Hollands, R., Jara-Muñoz, A., Kiew, R., Leong, W., Liu, Y., Mahardika, A., Marasinghe, L.D.K., O’Connor, M., Peng, C., Pérez, Á.J., Phutthai, T., Pullan, M., Rajbhandary, S., Reynel, C., Rubite, R.R., Sang, J., Scherberich, D., Shui, Y., Tebbitt, M.C., Thomas, D.C., Wilson, H.P., Zaini, N.H. and Hughes, M. (2018). Dividing and Conquering The Fastest-Growing Genus: Towards A Natural Sectional Classification of The Mega-Diverse Genus Begonia (Begoniaceae). Taxon, 67(2), 267–323. https://doi.org/10.12705/672.3
- Nurlansi, Nasruddin, & Sari, F. (2015). Uji Toksisitas Senyawa Bioaktif Tumbuhan Polohi Wasu (Begonia sp.) Terhadap Larva Udang (Artemia salina Leach). Jurnal Sains Dan Kesehatan, 1(3), 138–145.
- Pancawari Ariami, Addien Faqih Pajenengan, & Maruni Wiwin Diarti, W. (2021). Imunostimulator Ekstrak Etanol Anredera Cordifolia Terhadap Titer Widal Salmonella typhi O Pada Rattus Norvergicus Galur Wistar. Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 15(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.33860/jik.v15i1.413
- Prihardina, B., & Fatmawati, S. (2021). Cytotoxicity of Begonia medicinalis Aqueous Extract In Three Cancer Cell Line. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 913(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/913/1/012084
- Putra, D. R. (2020). Uji Toksisitas Akut (LD50) Ekstrak Etanol Daun Benalu Batu (Begonia medicinalis) Terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus L.). Skripsi. Universitas Tadulako.
- Ritna, A., Anam, S., & Khumaidi, A. (2016). Identifikasi Senyawa Flavonoid Pada Fraksi Etil Asetat Benalu Batu (Begonia sp.) Asal Kabupaten Morowali Utara. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 2(2), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2016.v2.i2.5957
- Setiawan, H., & Nugraha, J. (2016). Analisis Kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 pada PBMC Penderita Tuberkulosis Aktif, Laten dan Orang Sehat, Setelah di Stimulasi dengan Antigen ESAT-6. Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana, 18(1), 50–66.
- Sholikhah, A. R., & Rahayuningsih, H. M. (2015). Pengaruh Ekstrak Lompong (Colocasia esculenta L. Schoot) 30 Menit Pengukusan Terhadap Aktivitas Fago Sitosis Dan Kadar No (Nitrit Oksida) Mencit Balb/C Sebelum Dan Sesudah Terinfeksi Listeria Monocytogenes. Journal of Nutrition College, 4(4), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v4i4.10148
- Slika, H., Mansour, H., Wehbe, N., Nasser, S. A., Iratni, R., Nasrallah, G., Shaito, A., Ghaddar, T., Kobeissy, F., & Eid, A. H. (2022). Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids In Cancer: ROS-Mediated Mechanisms. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 146(2022), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112442
- Syamsidi, A., Rosa, R.A., Sulastri, E., Rahmah, N., Kamri, R.A., Rumata, N.R., Emran, T. Bin, Sharma, R., Rabaan, A.A., Nainu, F., Zubair, M.S. (2023). Immunomodulatory Effect of Begonia Medicinalis Ethanolic Extract in Drosophila. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 13, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC136.558
- Tandi, J., Paerunan, D. E., Kenta, Y. S., Mulyani, S., Studi, P., Kimia, P., & Tadulako, U. (2020). Uji Potensi Ekstrak Daun Benalu Batu (Begonia sp) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Dalam Darah Dan Gambaran Histopatologi Pankreas Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus). Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 6(2), 286–298.
- Zubair, M. S., Alarif, W. M., Ghandourah, M. A., & Anam, S. (2019). A New Steroid Glycoside From Begonia sp.: Cytotoxic Activity and Docking Studies. Natural Product Research, 35(13), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1669026
- Zubair, M. S., Alarif, W. M., Ghandourah, M. A., Anam, S., & Jantan, I. (2020). Cytotoxic Activity of 2-o-β-Glucopyranosil Cucurbitacin D From Benalu Batu (Begonia sp.) Growing in Morowali, Central Sulawesi. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 20(4), 766–772. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.43626
- Zubair, M. S., Anam, S., Khumaidi, A., Susanto, Y., Hidayat, M., & Ridhay, A. (2016). Molecular Docking Approach To Identify Potential Anticancer Compounds From Begonia (Begonia sp). AIP Conference Proceedings, 1755(July 2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4958513
- Zubair, M. S., Khairunisa, S. Q., Sulastri, E., Ihwan, Widodo, A., Nasronudin, & Pitopang, R. (2021). Antioxidant and Antiviral Potency of Begonia medicinalis Fractions. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 32(4), 845–851.
References
Affandi, O., & Batubara, R. (2019). Study of Medicinal Plant Used By The Ethnic Community of Karo Around Lau Debuk-Debuk Tourism Park, Indonesia. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 374(2019), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/374/1/012055
Alaydrus, S. (2020). Uji Efek Etanol Daun Benalu Batu Terhadap Kreatinin Ureum Tikus Putih Jantan Diinduksi Streptozotocin. SCIENTIA : Jurnal Farmasi Dan Kesehatan, 10(1), 33-39.
Anam, S., Yuliet, Ritna, A., Dwimurti, F., Rismayanti, D., & Zubair, M. S. (2014). Cytotoxic Activity of Benalu Batu (Begonia sp.) Methanolic Extract: An Ethnomedicine of Wana Tribe Central Sulawesi. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 12(1), 10–16. http://jifi.farmasi.univpancasila.ac.id/index.php/jifi/article/view/176
Ardi, W. H., Zubair, M. S., Ramadanil, & Thomas, D. C. (2019). Begonia Medicinalis (Begoniaceae), A New Species From Sulawesi, Indonesia. Phytotaxa, 423(1), 41–45. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.423.1.5
Bhardwaj, J., Chaudhary, N., Seo, H. J., Kim, M. Y., Shin, T. S., & Kim, J. D. (2014). Immunomodulatory Effect of Tea Saponin In Immune T-cells and T-lymphoma Cells Via Regulation of Th1, Th2 Immune Response and MAPK/ERK2 Signaling Pathway. Immunopharmacology and Immunotoxicology, 36(3), 202–210. https://doi.org/10.3109/08923973.2014.909849
Francis, G., Kerem, Z., Makkar, H. P. S., & Becker, K. (2002). The Biological Action Of Saponins In Animal Systems: A Review. British Journal of Nutrition, 88(6), 587–605. https://doi.org/10.1079/bjn2002725
Herik, N. (2009). Sistem Pengetahuan dan Pemanfaatan Benalu Batu (Polohi wasu) Pada Masyarakat Desa Wawopada Kecamatan Lembo Kabupaten Morowali. Skripsi. Fakultas Ilmu Sosial Dan Ilmu Politik, Universitas Tadulako.
Khumaidi, A., Widodo, A., Nugrahani, A. W., Sasmito, E., & Fakhrudin, N. (2020). Profil Proliferasi Sel Limfosit Benalu Batu (Begonia medicinalis) Asal Kabupaten Morowali Utara Provinsi Sulawesi Tengah. Jurnal Ilmu Kefarmasian Indonesia, 18(1), 61–67.
Kilani-Jaziri, S., Mokdad-Bzeouich, I., Krifa, M., Nasr, N., Ghedira, K., & Chekir-Ghedira, L. (2017). Immunomodulatory and Cellular Anti-Oxidant Activities of Caffeic, Ferulic, and P-Coumaric Phenolic Acids: A Structure–Activity Relationship Study. Drug and Chemical Toxicology, 40(4), 416–424. https://doi.org/10.1080/01480545.2016.1252919
Kopustinskiene, D. M., Jakstas, V., Savickas, A., & Bernatoniene, J. (2020). Flavonoids As Anticancer Agents. Nutrients, 12(2), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12020457
Martínez, G., Mijares, M. R., & De Sanctis, J. B. (2019). Effects of Flavonoids and Its Derivatives on Immune Cell Responses. Recent Patents on Inflammation & Allergy Drug Discovery, 13(2), 84–104. https://doi.org/10.2174/1872213x13666190426164124
Moonlight, P.W., Ardi, W.H., Padilla, L.A., Chung, K., Fuller, D., Girmansyah, D., Hollands, R., Jara-Muñoz, A., Kiew, R., Leong, W., Liu, Y., Mahardika, A., Marasinghe, L.D.K., O’Connor, M., Peng, C., Pérez, Á.J., Phutthai, T., Pullan, M., Rajbhandary, S., Reynel, C., Rubite, R.R., Sang, J., Scherberich, D., Shui, Y., Tebbitt, M.C., Thomas, D.C., Wilson, H.P., Zaini, N.H. and Hughes, M. (2018). Dividing and Conquering The Fastest-Growing Genus: Towards A Natural Sectional Classification of The Mega-Diverse Genus Begonia (Begoniaceae). Taxon, 67(2), 267–323. https://doi.org/10.12705/672.3
Nurlansi, Nasruddin, & Sari, F. (2015). Uji Toksisitas Senyawa Bioaktif Tumbuhan Polohi Wasu (Begonia sp.) Terhadap Larva Udang (Artemia salina Leach). Jurnal Sains Dan Kesehatan, 1(3), 138–145.
Pancawari Ariami, Addien Faqih Pajenengan, & Maruni Wiwin Diarti, W. (2021). Imunostimulator Ekstrak Etanol Anredera Cordifolia Terhadap Titer Widal Salmonella typhi O Pada Rattus Norvergicus Galur Wistar. Poltekita : Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan, 15(1), 12–18. https://doi.org/10.33860/jik.v15i1.413
Prihardina, B., & Fatmawati, S. (2021). Cytotoxicity of Begonia medicinalis Aqueous Extract In Three Cancer Cell Line. IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science, 913(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/913/1/012084
Putra, D. R. (2020). Uji Toksisitas Akut (LD50) Ekstrak Etanol Daun Benalu Batu (Begonia medicinalis) Terhadap Tikus Putih (Rattus norvegicus L.). Skripsi. Universitas Tadulako.
Ritna, A., Anam, S., & Khumaidi, A. (2016). Identifikasi Senyawa Flavonoid Pada Fraksi Etil Asetat Benalu Batu (Begonia sp.) Asal Kabupaten Morowali Utara. Jurnal Farmasi Galenika (Galenika Journal of Pharmacy) (e-Journal), 2(2), 83–89. https://doi.org/10.22487/j24428744.2016.v2.i2.5957
Setiawan, H., & Nugraha, J. (2016). Analisis Kadar IFN-γ dan IL-10 pada PBMC Penderita Tuberkulosis Aktif, Laten dan Orang Sehat, Setelah di Stimulasi dengan Antigen ESAT-6. Jurnal Biosains Pascasarjana, 18(1), 50–66.
Sholikhah, A. R., & Rahayuningsih, H. M. (2015). Pengaruh Ekstrak Lompong (Colocasia esculenta L. Schoot) 30 Menit Pengukusan Terhadap Aktivitas Fago Sitosis Dan Kadar No (Nitrit Oksida) Mencit Balb/C Sebelum Dan Sesudah Terinfeksi Listeria Monocytogenes. Journal of Nutrition College, 4(4), 463–468. https://doi.org/10.14710/jnc.v4i4.10148
Slika, H., Mansour, H., Wehbe, N., Nasser, S. A., Iratni, R., Nasrallah, G., Shaito, A., Ghaddar, T., Kobeissy, F., & Eid, A. H. (2022). Therapeutic Potential of Flavonoids In Cancer: ROS-Mediated Mechanisms. Biomedicine and Pharmacotherapy, 146(2022), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112442
Syamsidi, A., Rosa, R.A., Sulastri, E., Rahmah, N., Kamri, R.A., Rumata, N.R., Emran, T. Bin, Sharma, R., Rabaan, A.A., Nainu, F., Zubair, M.S. (2023). Immunomodulatory Effect of Begonia Medicinalis Ethanolic Extract in Drosophila. Biointerface Research in Applied Chemistry, 13, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.33263/BRIAC136.558
Tandi, J., Paerunan, D. E., Kenta, Y. S., Mulyani, S., Studi, P., Kimia, P., & Tadulako, U. (2020). Uji Potensi Ekstrak Daun Benalu Batu (Begonia sp) Terhadap Kadar Glukosa Dalam Darah Dan Gambaran Histopatologi Pankreas Tikus Putih Jantan (Rattus norvegicus). Jurnal Ilmiah Manuntung, 6(2), 286–298.
Zubair, M. S., Alarif, W. M., Ghandourah, M. A., & Anam, S. (2019). A New Steroid Glycoside From Begonia sp.: Cytotoxic Activity and Docking Studies. Natural Product Research, 35(13), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/14786419.2019.1669026
Zubair, M. S., Alarif, W. M., Ghandourah, M. A., Anam, S., & Jantan, I. (2020). Cytotoxic Activity of 2-o-β-Glucopyranosil Cucurbitacin D From Benalu Batu (Begonia sp.) Growing in Morowali, Central Sulawesi. Indonesian Journal of Chemistry, 20(4), 766–772. https://doi.org/10.22146/ijc.43626
Zubair, M. S., Anam, S., Khumaidi, A., Susanto, Y., Hidayat, M., & Ridhay, A. (2016). Molecular Docking Approach To Identify Potential Anticancer Compounds From Begonia (Begonia sp). AIP Conference Proceedings, 1755(July 2016). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4958513
Zubair, M. S., Khairunisa, S. Q., Sulastri, E., Ihwan, Widodo, A., Nasronudin, & Pitopang, R. (2021). Antioxidant and Antiviral Potency of Begonia medicinalis Fractions. Journal of Basic and Clinical Physiology and Pharmacology, 32(4), 845–851.