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Abstract
This article is the result of an online-based literature review. This study formulates the following question: what are the responses of religions outside Islam in Indonesia regarding the ecological crisis? The primary data of this study are articles from scientific journals that focus on theo-ecology from the perspectives of Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism. The data were obtained through the Google Scholar and DOAJ pages. This study finds that first, Christianity responds to the ecological crisis by presenting the theo-ecological concept as part of the affirmation of faith in God. The teaching of environmental conservation is a way of glorifying all of God’s creations. Second, Hinduism responds to the ecological crisis through its five teachings, namely Rta, Yadnya, Danu Ktih, Rwa Bhineda, and Tri Hita Karana, including Parhyangan Pawongan and Weakening. Third, Buddhism responds to environmental conservation with its teachings that emphasize the importance of beauty (aesthetics), as found in the Dhammapada-Khuddhaka Nikāya. Fourth, Confucianism responds to the ecological crisis through moral teachings such as protecting the environment.
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Copyright (c) 2021 Lalu Pattimura Farhan & Prosmala Hadisaputra
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References
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References
Adnyana, I Made Dwi Susila. Tato Radjah Dalam Perspektif Hindu Menjawab Pertanyaan Negatif Masyarakat Tentang Tato [Radjah Tattoos in Hindu Perspective Answering Society’s Negative Questions About Tattoos]. Bali, Indonesia: Nilacakra Publishing House, 2018.
Barnosky, Anthony D., Nicholas Matzke, Susumu Tomiya, Guinevere O. U. Wogan, Brian Swartz, Tiago B. Quental, Charles Marshall, et al. “Has the Earth’s Sixth Mass Extinction Already Arrived?” Nature 471, no. 7336 (2011): 51–57. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09678.
Cowie, Robert H., Philippe Bouchet, and Benoît Fontaine. “The Sixth Mass Extinction: Fact, Fiction or Speculation?” Biological Reviews 97, no. 2 (2022): 640–63. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12816.
Dandirwalu, Resa, J. B. Banawiratma, and Daniel K. Listijabudy. “Berteologi Kontekstual Dari Sasi Humah Koin Di Fena Waekose – Pulau Buru [Contextual Theology from Sasi Humah Coin in Fena Waekose – Pulau Buru].” DUNAMIS: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pendidikan Kristiani 5, no. 2 (2021): 408–25. https://doi.org/10.30648/dun.v5i2.502.
Fink, Arlene. Conducting Research Literature Reviews: From the Internet to Paper. 5th ed. Los Angeles, CA: Sage, 2019.
Gaduh, Acyutananda Wayan. “Tumpek Bubuh Dalam Perspektif Teo-Ekologi Hindu [Tumpek Bubuh in Hindu Theo-Ecological Perspective].” Sphatika: Jurnal Teologi 11, no. 12 (2010): 154–67. https://ejournal.ihdn.ac.id/index.php/Sphatika/article/download/1777/1389.
Harsananda, Hari, and Anak Agung Ayu Alit Widyawati. “Karang Paumahan Perspektif Ekologi Hindu [Paumahan Reef in Hindu Ecological Perspective].” Jurnal Spathika 2, no. 2 (2019): 22–29. https://doi.org/10.25078/sp.v10i2.1549.
Katu, Jefri Hina Remi. “Teologi Ekologi : Suatu Isu Etika Menuju Eskatologi Kristen [Ecological Theology: An Ethical Issue Towards Christian Eschatology].” Caraka: Jurnal Teologi Biblika Dan Praktika 1, no. 1 (2020): 65–85. https://doi.org/10.46348/car.v1i1.12.
Lalu, Yosef. Makna Hidup Dalam Terang Iman Katolik: Manusia Menggumuli Makna Hidupnya [The Meaning of Life in the Light of the Catholic Faith: Man Struggles for the Meaning of His Life]. Yogyakarta, Indonesia: Kanisius, 2010.
Mamahit, Ferry Yefta. “Apa Hubungan Porong Dengan Yerusalem? : Menggagas Suatu Ekoteologi Kristen [What Is Porong’s Relationship with Jerusalem? : Initiating a Christian Ecotheology].” Veritas: Jurnal Teologi Dan Pelayanan 8, no. 1 (2007): 1–24. https://doi.org/10.36421/veritas.v8i1.174.
Mugiyo. “Nyadran Kali Dalam Perspektif Buddhisme (Studi Kasus Pada Masyarakat Umat Buddha Di Desa Kalimanggis, Kaloran, Kabupaten Temanggung) [Nyadran Kali in a Buddhist Perspective (Case Study on Buddhist Community in Kalimanggis Village, Kaloran, Temanggung Regency)].” Sabbhata Yatra : Jurnal Pariwisata Dan Budaya 1, no. 1 (2020): 45–59. https://doi.org/10.53565/sabbhatayatra.v1i1.146.
Mulhern, Owen. “Drawn Up: The Biggest Environmental Problems of 2021.” HTML. Earth.Org, July 23, 2021. https://earth.org/drawn-up-biggest-environmental-problems-of-2021/.
Ngahu, Silva S. Thesalonika. “Mendamaikan Umat Manusia Dengan Alam: Kajian Ekoteologi 28 Kejadian 1: 26-28 [Reconciling Mankind with Nature: An Ecotheological Study 28 Genesis 1:26-28].” Jurnal Teologi Kristen 2, no. 2 (2020): 77–88. https://doi.org/10.36270/pengarah.v2i2.28.
Puglisi, Antonino, and Johan Buitendag. “A Faith-Based Environmental Approach for People and the Planet: Some Inter-Religious Perspectives on Our Earth-Embeddedness.” HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies 78, no. 2 (2022): 7. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i2.7582.
Puspawan, Dewa Ketut Hendra. “Memahami Ekologi Hindu Melalui Ajaran Tri Hitha Karana [Understanding Hindu Ecology Through the Teachings of Tri Hitha Karana].” Jurnal Sanjiwani 9, no. 1 (2018): 62–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.25078/sjf.v9i1.1613.
Ramadhan, Gilang. “Krisis Ekologi Perspektif Islam Dan Kristen Di Indonesia [The Ecological Crisis of Islamic and Christian Perspectives in Indonesia].” Undergraduate thesis, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah, 2019. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/46581.
Saitya, Ida Bagus Subrahmaniam. “Ekologi Hindu Dalam Teks Ādi Parwa [Hindu Ecology in the Adi Parwa Text].” Sphatika: Jurnal Teologi 10, no. 2 (2020): 140–140. https://doi.org/10.25078/sp.v10i2.1550.
Singgih, Emanuel Gerrit. “Agama Dan Kerusakan Ekologi: Mempertimbangkan ‘Tesis White’ Dalam Konteks Indonesia [Religion and Ecological Damage: Considering the ‘White Thesis’ in the Indonesian Context].” GEMA TEOLOGIKA: Jurnal Teologi Kontekstual Dan Filsafat Keilahian 5, no. 2 (2020): 113–36. https://doi.org/10.21460/gema.2020.52.614.
Suweta, I Made. “Rekonstruksi Nilai Teo-Ekologi Hindu Pada Pemujaan Pura Ulun Danu Di Bali [Reconstruction of Hindu Theo-Ecological Values in Worshiping Ulun Danu Temple in Bali].” Genta Hredaya: Media Informasi Ilmiah Jurusan Brahma Widya STAHN Mpu Kuturan Singaraja… 2, no. 1 (2020): 1–16. https://stahnmpukuturan.ac.id/jurnal/index.php/genta/article/viewFile/142/135.
Syamsudin, Muh. “Krisis Ekologi Global Dalam Perspektif Islam [Global Ecological Crisis in Islamic Perspective].” Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif 11, no. 2 (2017): 83–105. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v11i2.1353.
United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction. Global Assessment Report on Disaster Risk Reduction 2019. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations, 2019. https://www.undrr.org/publication/global-assessment-report-disaster-risk-reduction-2019.
Warwickshire Wildlife Trust. “The Ecological Crisis: Global Problems, Local Solutions.” HTML, June 21, 2021. https://www.warwickshirewildlifetrust.org.uk/EcologicalCrisis.
Wiana, I Ketut. “‘Sad Kertih’: Sastra Agama, Filosofi, Dan Aktualisasinya [‘Sad Kertih’: Religious Literature, Philosophy, and Its Actualization].” Bali Membangun: Jurnal Bappeda Litbang, 1, no. 3 (2018): 159–159. https://doi.org/10.51172/jbmb.v1i3.29.
World Wide Fund For Nature. “Environmental Problems in Australia: Issues with No End in Sight.” HTML, May 22, 2018. https://wwf.panda.org/wwf_offices/australia/environmental_problems_in_australia.cfm.
Zainuddin, Muhadi. “Teologi Bencana Dalam Al-Qur’an [Disaster Theology in the Qur’an].” Unisia 35, no. 78 (2013): 45–60. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol35.iss78.art5.
Zumaro, Ahmad. “Ekoteologi Islam (Studi Konsep Pelestarian Lingkungan Dalam Hadis Nabi Saw).” Undergraduate thesis, UIN Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta, 2020. https://digilib.uin-suka.ac.id/id/eprint/40406/.
