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Abstract
The following article examines Islamic thought and changes in state structure in Indonesia since the reform era from 1998 to the present. The fundamental change of state order in Indonesia is marked by the amendment of the 1945 Constitution and the wide space open for the people to participate in the life of the country. In this situation, progressive Islam, mainstream Islam, and political Islamist thought emerged. The main problem in this article is how Islamic thought is transformed by three variants of Indonesian Muslims in changing state order in the reformation era of Indonesia. The basic theoretical framework that is used to explain Islamic thought and changes of state order above, in addition to using the people's approach as full citizens before the state, also uses a socio-historical approach, political economy. Then the analysis used in this article is political philosophy. The main sources used are the official publications and decisions of each figure and organization related to changes in state order during the reformation era in Indonesia from 1998 to the present. The results of the study can be concluded that three variants of Islamic thought in Indonesia that are very prominent in responding to and directing the changes in state order in Indonesia become
a just and welfare state.
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References
Anwar, S. (1987). Al-Mawardi dan teorinya tentang khilafah [Al-Mawardi and his theory of the caliphate]. Al-Jami’ah, 35, 16–34.
Bayah, A. bin S. M. bin. (2007). Al-Irhab: At-Tasykhis wa al-hulul [Terorrism: Diagnosis and solution]. Maktabah al-Ibyikan.
Berger, P. L., Parera, F. M., & Luckman, T. (1990). Tafsir sosial atas kenyataan: Risalah tentang sosiologi pengetahuan [Social interpretation of reality: A treatise on the sociology of knowledge]. LP3ES.
Budiarjo, M. (1987). Dasar-dasar ilmu politik [Fundamentals of political science]. Gramedia Pustaka Media.
Budiman, A. (1990). State and civil society in Indonesia. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.
Effendy, B. (1998). Islam dan Negara: Transformasi pemikiran dan praktik politik Islam di Indonesia [Islam and the State: the transformation of Islamic political thought and practice in Indonesia]. Paramadina.
Fanani, M. (2008). Metode studi Islam: Aplikasi sosiologi pengetahuan sebagai cara pandang. Pustaka Pelajar.
Ġazzālī, A.-Ḥāmid M. I.-M. al-. (1988). At-Tibr al-masbūk fī nasīḥat al-mulūk [Molten pure gold on advices for the kings]. Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīya.
Giddens, A. (1982). Power, the dialectic of control and class structuration. In A. Giddens (Ed.), Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory (pp. 197–214). Macmillan Education UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-86056-2_14
Hadiz, V. R. (2011a). Menuju suatu pemahaman sosiologis terhadap radikalisme Islam di Indonesia [Towards a sociological understanding of Islamic radicalism in Indonesia]. Resist Book.
Hadiz, V. R. (2011b). Indonesian political Islam: Capitalist development and the legacies of the Cold War. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 30(1), 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341103000101
Hasan, N. (2008). Laskar Jihad: Islam, militansi, dan pencarian identitas di Indonesia pasca-Orde Baru [Laskar Jihad: Islam, militancy, and the search for identity in post-New Order Indonesia] (H. Salim H. S., Trans.). LP3ES : KITLV-Jakarta.
Hasan, N. (2010). Ideologi, identitas dan ekonomi-politik kekerasan: Mencari model solusi mengatasi ancaman radikalisme dan terorisme di Indonesia [Ideology, identity and the political economy of violence: Looking for a model solution to overcome the threat of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia]. Prisma, 29.
Hasan, N. (2012). Islam politik di dunia kontemporer: Konsep, genealogi, dan teori [Political Islam in the contemporary world: concept, genealogy, and theory]. Suka-Press.
Hiariej, E. (1998). Hubungan pembangunan ekonomi kapitalis dan demokrasi: Studi kasus Korea Selatan [The relationship between capitalist economic development and democracy: A case study of South Korea] [Laporan Penelitian]. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Jurdi, S. (2008). Pemikiran politik Islam di Indonesia: Pertautan negara, khilafah, masyarakat madani dan demokrasi [Islamic political thought in Indonesia: Linkages between state, khilafah, civil society and democracy]. Pustaka Pelajar.
Khallaf, A. W. (1977). As-Siyasah asy-syar’iyah [Sharia politics]. Matbaah at-Taqadum.
Kuntowijoyo. (1997). Identitas politik umat Islam [Muslim political identity]. Mizan & Ummat.
Kuntowijoyo. (2001). Muslim tanpa masjid: Esai-esai agama, budaya, dan politik dalam bingkai strukturalisme transendental [Muslims without mosques: Essays on religion, culture, and politics within the framework of transcendental structuralism]. Mizan.
Kuntowijoyo. (2004). Islam sebagai ilmu: Epistemologi, metodologi, dan etika [Islam as a science: Epistemology, methodology, and ethics]. Teraju & Mizan Media Utama.
Kuntowijoyo, & Priyono, A. E. (2008). Paradigma Islam: Interpretasi untuk aksi [The Islamic paradigm: Interpretation for action] (New edition). Mizan & Mizan Media Utama.
Lailatul, U. (2012, November 11). “Boikot pajak untungkan pengemplang pajak” [’Tax boycott benefits tax evaders’] [Review of “Boikot pajak untungkan pengemplang pajak” [’Tax boycott benefits tax evaders’], by F. Rahadi]. Republika Online. https://republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/12/11/11/mdaa2m-boikot-pajak-untungkan-pengemplang-pajak
Madaniy, A. M., & Halim, A. (2010). Politik berpayung fiqh: Membedah perpolitikan nusantara dengan pisau syari’at melalui penggalian khasanah Islam klasik maupun kontemporer [Politics under the umbrella of fiqh: Dissecting nusantara politics with a shari’ah analysis through exploring classical and contemporary Islamic treasures]. Pustaka Pesantren.
Majid, N. (2004). Indonesia kita. Gramedia.
Manan, M. (2005). Pentas politik Indonesia pasca Orde Baru [Indonesian political scene after the New Order]. IRE Press.
Mawardi, A. bin M. (2003). Adab al-dunya wa-al-din [Ethics of world and religion]. Daarul Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah.
Mulkhan, A. M. (2009). Politik santri: Cara menang merebut hati rakyat [Santri politics: How to win to win people’s hearts]. Penerbit Kanisius.
Najjar, A. M. U. an-. (1995). Fiqh at-tadayyun: Fahman wa tanzilan [Fiqh of debt: Understanding and revelation]. Az-Zaitunah.
Nashir, H. (2007). Gerakan Islam syariat: Reproduksi Salafiyah ideologis di Indonesia [The Islamic Shari’a movement: Reproduction of ideological Salafism in Indonesia]. Pusat Studi Agama dan Peradaban Muhammadiyah.
Noer, D. (1980). Gerakan modern Islam di Indonesia, 1900-1942 [Modern Islamic movements in Indonesia, 1900-1942] (Cetaka pertama). Lembaga Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial.
Redaksi Suara Muhammadiyah. (2012, January). Tajuk rencana: Menuntut kehadiran negara [Editorial: Demanding the presence of the state]. Suara Muhammadiyah, 92(2).
Riddell, P. (2019). Schools of Islamic thought in Southeast Asia [Preprint]. Advance. https://doi.org/10.31124/advance.8868515.v1
Santoso, P. (2011, September 14). Penguatan jati diri dan karakter bangsa melalui pendidikan ilmu sosial transformatif [Strengthening national identity and character through transformative social science education]. In Pidato ilmiah Dies Natalis ke-46 Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Pidato Ilmiah Dies Natalis ke-46 Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. https://eprints.uny.ac.id/28342/
Shihab, A. (1998). Islam inklusif: Menuju sikap terbuka dalam beragama [Inclusive Islam: Towards an open attitude in religion]. Penerbit Mizan.
Singh, B., & Qodir, Z. (2015). Gerakan Islam non mainstream dan kebangkitan Islam politik di Indonesia [Non-mainstream Islamic movements and the rise of political Islam in Indonesia]. Pustaka Pelajar.
Siregar, M. I. (2021). Politik santri dalam pembaruan pendidikan Islam di Indonesia: Tantangan dan prospeknya pasca-Orde Baru [Santri politics in the renewal of Islamic education in Indonesia: Challenges and prospects after the New Order]. Penerbit Kencana.
Stepan, A. C. (2000). Religion, democracy, and the “twin tolerations.” Journal of Democracy, 11(4), 37–57. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2000.0088
Sullivan, J. E. (1970). Prophets of the West: An introduction to the philosophy of history. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Suyuti, J. as-. (1983). Al-Asybah wa an-nazair fi al-furu’ [Similarities and theories in branches]. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah.
Syihab, A.-H. M. R. bin H. (2011). Hancurkan liberalisme, tegakkan syariat Islam [Destroy liberalism, uphold Islamic law]. Suara Islam Press.
Tim Penulis Paramadina. (2004). Fiqih lintas agama: Membangun masyarakat inklusif-pluralis [Interfaith Fiqh: Building an inclusive-pluralist society]. Yayasan Wakaf Paramadina & The Asia Foundation.
Toynbee, A. J. (1955). A study of history (2nd imprint, Vol. 10). Oxford University Press.
Voll, J. O. (1982). Islam, continuity and change in the modern world. Westview Press.
Wahid, A. (1984). Massa Islam dalam kehidupan bernegara dan berbangsa [The mass of Islam in the life of the state and nation]. Prisma.
Watt, W. M. (1964). Muhammad: Prophet and statesman. Oxford University Press.
Wibowo, I. (2010). Negara centeng: Negara dan saudagar di era globalisasi [Home guard state: The state and merchants in the era of globalization]. Penerbit Kanisius.
Wijaya, A. (2015). Menusantarakan Islam: Menelusuri jejak pergumulan Islam yang tak kunjung usai di Nusantara [Nusantara-ization Islam: Tracing the traces of the unending struggle of Islam in the archipelago] (Third edition). Nadi Pustaka.
Woodward, M. R. (2001). Indonesia, Islam, and the prospect for democracy. SAIS Review, 21(2), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2001.0053
Yusdani. (2020). Islam and the rearrangement of society–state relation in the reformation era of Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 17(1), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.17.2020.174
Yusdani. (2021). Rakyat berdaulat negara kuat: Studi kontenstasi dan fragmentasi pemikiran Islam di Indonesia era reformasi [Sovereign people, strong state: Study of contention and fragmentation of Islamic thought in Indonesia in the reform era]. Relasi Inti Media.
Yusdani, Arfaizar, J., & Rizki, M. (2021). An alternative path to prosperity: A critical discourse on Islamic thought in reformation era. INSLA E-Proceedings, 4(1), 57–66. https://insla.usim.edu.my/index.php/eproceeding/article/view/88
Zarqa, A. ibn M. az-. (1989). Syarh al-qawaid al-fiqhiyah [Explanation of the principles of fiqh]. Dar al-Qalam.
References
Anwar, S. (1987). Al-Mawardi dan teorinya tentang khilafah [Al-Mawardi and his theory of the caliphate]. Al-Jami’ah, 35, 16–34.
Bayah, A. bin S. M. bin. (2007). Al-Irhab: At-Tasykhis wa al-hulul [Terorrism: Diagnosis and solution]. Maktabah al-Ibyikan.
Berger, P. L., Parera, F. M., & Luckman, T. (1990). Tafsir sosial atas kenyataan: Risalah tentang sosiologi pengetahuan [Social interpretation of reality: A treatise on the sociology of knowledge]. LP3ES.
Budiarjo, M. (1987). Dasar-dasar ilmu politik [Fundamentals of political science]. Gramedia Pustaka Media.
Budiman, A. (1990). State and civil society in Indonesia. Centre of Southeast Asian Studies, Monash University.
Effendy, B. (1998). Islam dan Negara: Transformasi pemikiran dan praktik politik Islam di Indonesia [Islam and the State: the transformation of Islamic political thought and practice in Indonesia]. Paramadina.
Fanani, M. (2008). Metode studi Islam: Aplikasi sosiologi pengetahuan sebagai cara pandang. Pustaka Pelajar.
Ġazzālī, A.-Ḥāmid M. I.-M. al-. (1988). At-Tibr al-masbūk fī nasīḥat al-mulūk [Molten pure gold on advices for the kings]. Dār al-Kutub al-ʿilmīya.
Giddens, A. (1982). Power, the dialectic of control and class structuration. In A. Giddens (Ed.), Profiles and Critiques in Social Theory (pp. 197–214). Macmillan Education UK. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-86056-2_14
Hadiz, V. R. (2011a). Menuju suatu pemahaman sosiologis terhadap radikalisme Islam di Indonesia [Towards a sociological understanding of Islamic radicalism in Indonesia]. Resist Book.
Hadiz, V. R. (2011b). Indonesian political Islam: Capitalist development and the legacies of the Cold War. Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 30(1), 3–38. https://doi.org/10.1177/186810341103000101
Hasan, N. (2008). Laskar Jihad: Islam, militansi, dan pencarian identitas di Indonesia pasca-Orde Baru [Laskar Jihad: Islam, militancy, and the search for identity in post-New Order Indonesia] (H. Salim H. S., Trans.). LP3ES : KITLV-Jakarta.
Hasan, N. (2010). Ideologi, identitas dan ekonomi-politik kekerasan: Mencari model solusi mengatasi ancaman radikalisme dan terorisme di Indonesia [Ideology, identity and the political economy of violence: Looking for a model solution to overcome the threat of radicalism and terrorism in Indonesia]. Prisma, 29.
Hasan, N. (2012). Islam politik di dunia kontemporer: Konsep, genealogi, dan teori [Political Islam in the contemporary world: concept, genealogy, and theory]. Suka-Press.
Hiariej, E. (1998). Hubungan pembangunan ekonomi kapitalis dan demokrasi: Studi kasus Korea Selatan [The relationship between capitalist economic development and democracy: A case study of South Korea] [Laporan Penelitian]. Universitas Gadjah Mada.
Jurdi, S. (2008). Pemikiran politik Islam di Indonesia: Pertautan negara, khilafah, masyarakat madani dan demokrasi [Islamic political thought in Indonesia: Linkages between state, khilafah, civil society and democracy]. Pustaka Pelajar.
Khallaf, A. W. (1977). As-Siyasah asy-syar’iyah [Sharia politics]. Matbaah at-Taqadum.
Kuntowijoyo. (1997). Identitas politik umat Islam [Muslim political identity]. Mizan & Ummat.
Kuntowijoyo. (2001). Muslim tanpa masjid: Esai-esai agama, budaya, dan politik dalam bingkai strukturalisme transendental [Muslims without mosques: Essays on religion, culture, and politics within the framework of transcendental structuralism]. Mizan.
Kuntowijoyo. (2004). Islam sebagai ilmu: Epistemologi, metodologi, dan etika [Islam as a science: Epistemology, methodology, and ethics]. Teraju & Mizan Media Utama.
Kuntowijoyo, & Priyono, A. E. (2008). Paradigma Islam: Interpretasi untuk aksi [The Islamic paradigm: Interpretation for action] (New edition). Mizan & Mizan Media Utama.
Lailatul, U. (2012, November 11). “Boikot pajak untungkan pengemplang pajak” [’Tax boycott benefits tax evaders’] [Review of “Boikot pajak untungkan pengemplang pajak” [’Tax boycott benefits tax evaders’], by F. Rahadi]. Republika Online. https://republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/12/11/11/mdaa2m-boikot-pajak-untungkan-pengemplang-pajak
Madaniy, A. M., & Halim, A. (2010). Politik berpayung fiqh: Membedah perpolitikan nusantara dengan pisau syari’at melalui penggalian khasanah Islam klasik maupun kontemporer [Politics under the umbrella of fiqh: Dissecting nusantara politics with a shari’ah analysis through exploring classical and contemporary Islamic treasures]. Pustaka Pesantren.
Majid, N. (2004). Indonesia kita. Gramedia.
Manan, M. (2005). Pentas politik Indonesia pasca Orde Baru [Indonesian political scene after the New Order]. IRE Press.
Mawardi, A. bin M. (2003). Adab al-dunya wa-al-din [Ethics of world and religion]. Daarul Al-Kutub Al-Ilmiyah.
Mulkhan, A. M. (2009). Politik santri: Cara menang merebut hati rakyat [Santri politics: How to win to win people’s hearts]. Penerbit Kanisius.
Najjar, A. M. U. an-. (1995). Fiqh at-tadayyun: Fahman wa tanzilan [Fiqh of debt: Understanding and revelation]. Az-Zaitunah.
Nashir, H. (2007). Gerakan Islam syariat: Reproduksi Salafiyah ideologis di Indonesia [The Islamic Shari’a movement: Reproduction of ideological Salafism in Indonesia]. Pusat Studi Agama dan Peradaban Muhammadiyah.
Noer, D. (1980). Gerakan modern Islam di Indonesia, 1900-1942 [Modern Islamic movements in Indonesia, 1900-1942] (Cetaka pertama). Lembaga Penelitian, Pendidikan dan Penerangan Ekonomi dan Sosial.
Redaksi Suara Muhammadiyah. (2012, January). Tajuk rencana: Menuntut kehadiran negara [Editorial: Demanding the presence of the state]. Suara Muhammadiyah, 92(2).
Riddell, P. (2019). Schools of Islamic thought in Southeast Asia [Preprint]. Advance. https://doi.org/10.31124/advance.8868515.v1
Santoso, P. (2011, September 14). Penguatan jati diri dan karakter bangsa melalui pendidikan ilmu sosial transformatif [Strengthening national identity and character through transformative social science education]. In Pidato ilmiah Dies Natalis ke-46 Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. Pidato Ilmiah Dies Natalis ke-46 Fakultas Ilmu Sosial dan Ekonomi Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta, Universitas Negeri Yogyakarta. https://eprints.uny.ac.id/28342/
Shihab, A. (1998). Islam inklusif: Menuju sikap terbuka dalam beragama [Inclusive Islam: Towards an open attitude in religion]. Penerbit Mizan.
Singh, B., & Qodir, Z. (2015). Gerakan Islam non mainstream dan kebangkitan Islam politik di Indonesia [Non-mainstream Islamic movements and the rise of political Islam in Indonesia]. Pustaka Pelajar.
Siregar, M. I. (2021). Politik santri dalam pembaruan pendidikan Islam di Indonesia: Tantangan dan prospeknya pasca-Orde Baru [Santri politics in the renewal of Islamic education in Indonesia: Challenges and prospects after the New Order]. Penerbit Kencana.
Stepan, A. C. (2000). Religion, democracy, and the “twin tolerations.” Journal of Democracy, 11(4), 37–57. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2000.0088
Sullivan, J. E. (1970). Prophets of the West: An introduction to the philosophy of history. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.
Suyuti, J. as-. (1983). Al-Asybah wa an-nazair fi al-furu’ [Similarities and theories in branches]. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyah.
Syihab, A.-H. M. R. bin H. (2011). Hancurkan liberalisme, tegakkan syariat Islam [Destroy liberalism, uphold Islamic law]. Suara Islam Press.
Tim Penulis Paramadina. (2004). Fiqih lintas agama: Membangun masyarakat inklusif-pluralis [Interfaith Fiqh: Building an inclusive-pluralist society]. Yayasan Wakaf Paramadina & The Asia Foundation.
Toynbee, A. J. (1955). A study of history (2nd imprint, Vol. 10). Oxford University Press.
Voll, J. O. (1982). Islam, continuity and change in the modern world. Westview Press.
Wahid, A. (1984). Massa Islam dalam kehidupan bernegara dan berbangsa [The mass of Islam in the life of the state and nation]. Prisma.
Watt, W. M. (1964). Muhammad: Prophet and statesman. Oxford University Press.
Wibowo, I. (2010). Negara centeng: Negara dan saudagar di era globalisasi [Home guard state: The state and merchants in the era of globalization]. Penerbit Kanisius.
Wijaya, A. (2015). Menusantarakan Islam: Menelusuri jejak pergumulan Islam yang tak kunjung usai di Nusantara [Nusantara-ization Islam: Tracing the traces of the unending struggle of Islam in the archipelago] (Third edition). Nadi Pustaka.
Woodward, M. R. (2001). Indonesia, Islam, and the prospect for democracy. SAIS Review, 21(2), 29–37. https://doi.org/10.1353/sais.2001.0053
Yusdani. (2020). Islam and the rearrangement of society–state relation in the reformation era of Indonesia. International Journal of Islamic Thought, 17(1), 111–118. https://doi.org/10.24035/ijit.17.2020.174
Yusdani. (2021). Rakyat berdaulat negara kuat: Studi kontenstasi dan fragmentasi pemikiran Islam di Indonesia era reformasi [Sovereign people, strong state: Study of contention and fragmentation of Islamic thought in Indonesia in the reform era]. Relasi Inti Media.
Yusdani, Arfaizar, J., & Rizki, M. (2021). An alternative path to prosperity: A critical discourse on Islamic thought in reformation era. INSLA E-Proceedings, 4(1), 57–66. https://insla.usim.edu.my/index.php/eproceeding/article/view/88
Zarqa, A. ibn M. az-. (1989). Syarh al-qawaid al-fiqhiyah [Explanation of the principles of fiqh]. Dar al-Qalam.