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This paper studies the development of the movement and the meaning of hijrah in social media. Hijrah was originally understood as a process of leaving the past misguidance (jahiliyyah) and towards conditions that are in accordance with syariat. In its development, hijrah refers to a transformation of individuals who are less religious to more religious (Islamī). The form of this transformation can be seen from the choice of clothes, work preferences, and social relations models. The ideological process of the meaning of hijrah was carried out massively through social media. This is based on the search results on the internet about “hijrah” is more than other religious topics. This article answers how and why hijrah is interpreted and articulated by several digital activists. This research is qualitative research with a critical discourse analysis method combined with a digital hermeneutic approach. Based on research, digital activists who carry out the ideologization of the meaning of hijrah are preachers who have many followers on social media. Followers on social media are capital and modal in mainstreaming a discourse and idea. This article reveals that religious studies regarding hijrah on social media are not only related to understanding religious texts but are also part of religious commodification. In addition, the dominance of conservative groups is a fact that cannot be separated from the ideological flow of hijrah on social media.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Muhammad Iqbal Juliansyah Zen
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References
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Kirana, D., & Garadian, E. A. (2020). Religious trend in contemporary Indonesia: Conservatism domination on social media. Studia Islamika, 27(3), 615–622. https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v27i3.18823
Lengauer, D. (2018). Sharing Semangat Taqwa: Social media and digital Islamic socialities in Bandung. Indonesia and the Malay World, 46(134), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1415276
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References
Ahyar, M. (2017). Islamic clicktivism: Internet, democracy and contemporary Islamist activism in Surakarta. Studia Islamika, 24(3), 435–468. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v24i3.4859
Ahyar, M. & Alfitri. (2019). Aksi Bela Islam: Islamic clicktivism and the new authority of religious propaganda in the Millennial Age in Indonesia. Indonesian Journal of Islam and Muslim Societies, 9(1), 1–29. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijims.v9i1.1-29
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Auda, J. (2007). Maqasid al-shariah as philosophy of Islamic law: A systems approach. The International Institute of Islamic Thought.
Dewi, O. S. (2020). Pengajian selebriti hijrah kelas menengah muslim (2000-2019): Respons atas dakwah Salafi dan Jamaah Tabglih [Muslim middle-class migrating celebrity recitations (2000-2019): Responses to Salafi da’wah and Tabglih congregation] [Doctoral dissertation, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah]. https://repository.uinjkt.ac.id/dspace/handle/123456789/54401
Fadl, K. A. E. (2001). Speaking in God’s name: Islamic law, authority and women. Oneworld Publications.
Faiz, F. (2011). Hermeneutika Al-Quran: Tema-tema kontroversial [Al-Quran Hermeneutics: Controversial themes]. elSAQ Press.
Felix Siauw (Director). (2019, January 25). Teruntuk Muslimah [For Muslim women]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eXEJQOCnORI
Happer, C., & Philo, G. (2013). The role of the media in the construction of public belief and social change. Journal of Social and Political Psychology, 1(1), 321–336. https://doi.org/10.5964/jspp.v1i1.96
Hew, W. W. (2012). Expressing Chineseness, marketing Islam: The hybrid performance of Chinese Muslim preachers. In S.-M. Sai & C.-Y. Hoon (Eds.), Chinese Indonesians reassessed: History, religion and belonging (pp. 178–199). Routledge.
Hew, W. W. (2014a). Beyond “Chinese diaspora” and “Islamic ummah”: Various transnational connections and local negotiations of Chinese Muslim identities in Indonesia. Sojourn: Journal of Social Issues in Southeast Asia, 29(3), 627–656. https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/70/article/562681
Hew, W. W. (2014b). Chinese muslim cultural identities: Possibilities and limitations of cosmopolitan Islam in Indonesia. In B. Platzdasch & J. Saravanamuttu (Eds.), Religious diversity in Muslim-majority states in Southeast Asia: Areas of toleration and conflict (pp. 173–195). Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Hew, W. W. (2018). The art of dakwah: Social media, visual persuasion and the Islamist propagation of Felix Siauw. Indonesia and the Malay World, 46(134), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1416757
Hew, W. W. (2019). Conservative inclusivity and hierarchical diversity: Chinese dakwah and the paradoxes of Indonesian religious pluralism. Asian Journal of Social Science, 47(3), 387–407. https://doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04703006
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Hosseini, S. H. (2008). Religion and media, religious media, or media religion: Theoretical studies. Journal of Media and Religion, 7(1–2), 56–69. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348420701838350
Husna, A. (2018). Komodifikasi agama: Pergeseran praktik bisnis dan kemunculan kelas menengah muslim [The commodification of religion: Shifting business practices and the emergence of a Muslim middle class]. Jurnal Komunikasi Global, 7(2), 227–239. https://doi.org/10.24815/jkg.v7i2.12050
Jabiri, M. A. al-. (1991). Takwīn al-’aql al-’Arabiy. Al-Markaz Ats Tsaqafiy Al-’Arabiy.
Jabiri, M. A. al-. (2009). Bunyah al-‘aql al-‘Arabī: Dirāsah tahlīliyah naqdiyyah li nuzhum al-ma’rifah fī tsaqāfah al-‘Arabiyyah. Markaz Dirāsāt al-Wahidah al-‘Arabiyyah.
Jacobson, T. (2017). Trending theory of the public sphere. Annals of the International Communication Association, 41(1), 70–82. https://doi.org/10.1080/23808985.2017.1288070
Jinan, M. (2012). New media dan pergeseran otoritas keagamaan Islam di Indonesia [New media and shifts in Islamic religious authority in Indonesia]. Jurnal Lektur Keagamaan, 10(1), 181–208. https://doi.org/10.31291/jlk.v10i1.178
Jinan, M. (2013). Intervensi new media dan impersonalisasi otoritas keagamaan di Indonesia [New media intervention and impersonalization of religious authority in Indonesia]. Jurnal Komunikasi Islam, 3(2), 321–348. https://doi.org/10.15642/jki.2013.3.2.%p
Jubba, H., Awang, J., Qodir, Z., Hannani, & Pabbajah, M. (2022). The contestation between conservative and moderate Muslims in promoting Islamic moderatism in Indonesia. Cogent Social Sciences, 8(1), 2116162. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2022.2116162
Juliansyahzen, M. I. (2019a). Khaled M. Abou El-Fadl’s authoritative hermeneutics: Against authoritarianism in Islamic law. Indonesian Journal of Interdisciplinary Islamic Studies, 2(2), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.20885/ijiis.vol2.iss2.art1
Juliansyahzen, M. I. (2019b). Rekonstruksi nalar Arab kontemporer Muhammad ‘Abed al-Jabiri [Reconstruction of contemporary Arabic reasoning by Muhammad ’Abed al-Jabiri]. IJIL: Indonesian Journal of Islamic Law, 1(2), 16–38. https://jurnalpasca.iain-jember.ac.id/ejournal/index.php/IJIL/article/view/365
Kasdi, A. (2016). Analisis bunga bank dalam pandangan fiqih [Analysis of bank interest in view of fiqh]. Iqtishadia, 6(2), 319–342. https://doi.org/10.21043/iqtishadia.v6i2.1111
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Khalid Basalamah Official (Director). (2021, November 7). Wanita muslimah inilah surgamu—Hukum memakai cadar, burqu’, & litsam [Muslim woman, this is your paradise—The law on wearing the veil, burqa’ and litsam]. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=10NW-L1xBoU
Kirana, D., & Garadian, E. A. (2020). Religious trend in contemporary Indonesia: Conservatism domination on social media. Studia Islamika, 27(3), 615–622. https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v27i3.18823
Lengauer, D. (2018). Sharing Semangat Taqwa: Social media and digital Islamic socialities in Bandung. Indonesia and the Malay World, 46(134), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2018.1415276
Lengauer, D. (2021). A genealogy of komunitas: Varieties of social formation and their signification in Bandung, Indonesia. The Australian Journal of Anthropology, 32(3), 309–323. https://doi.org/10.1111/taja.12411
Lengauer, D. (2022). #peacemaker: Cultivating pluralist dispositions among Bandung’s peace communities online and offline. Asiascape: Digital Asia, 9(1–2), 175–200. https://doi.org/10.1163/22142312-bja10024
Lukman, F. (2018). Digital hermeneutics and a new face of the Qur`an commentary: The Qur`an in Indonesian`s Facebook. Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, 56(1), 95–120. https://doi.org/10.14421/ajis.2018.561.95-120
Lyansari, K. N. (2018). Hijrah celebrity creating new religiosities, branding economics of lifestyle in the age of Muslim mass consumption. Analisis: Jurnal Studi Keislaman, 18(2), 211–232. https://doi.org/10.24042/ajsk.v18i2.3066
Makin, A. (2017). Tuhan di antara desakan dan kerumunan: Komodifikasi spiritualitas Makkah di era kapitalisasi [God amidst the push and the crowd: The commodification of Mecca’s spirituality in the era of capitalization]. Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman, 12(1), 1–28. https://doi.org/10.21274/epis.2017.12.1.1-28
Mallery, J. C., Hurwitz, R., & Duffy, G. (1986). Hermeneutics: From textual explication to computer understanding? (AIM-871). Massachusets Institute of Tecnology Artificial Intelligence Laboratory. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6438
Mallery, J. C., Hurwitz, R., & Duffy, G. (1987). Hermeneutics. In S. C. Shapiro (Ed.), The encyclopedia of artificial intelligence. John Wiley & Sons. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/6438
Merriam-Webster Dictionary. (2022). Definition of ideologize [HTML]. Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/ideologize
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Muhammad, M. (2012). Hukum riba dan bunga bank dalam perspektif ethico-legal [The law of usury and bank interest in an ethico-legal perspective]. Al-Manahij: Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam, 6(2), 319–331. https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v6i2.607
Muttaqin, A. (2020). Women’s identity in the digital Islam age: Social media, new religious authority, and gender bias. QIJIS (Qudus International Journal of Islamic Studies), 8(2), 253–388. https://doi.org/10.21043/qijis.v8i2.7095
Nisa, E. F. (2021). Online halal dating, ta’aruf, and the shariatisation of matchmaking among Malaysian and Indonesian Muslims. CyberOrient, 15(1), 231–258. https://doi.org/10.1002/cyo2.13
Nonaka, Y. (2021). Practising sunnah for reward of heaven in the afterlife. Indonesia and the Malay World, 49(145), 429–447. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2021.1952018
Prakasita, A. W., & Marijan, K. (2021). Reviving Islam through online preaching: A study of collective piety formation by Surabaya Hijrah in urban middle-class millennial community. Islamic Quarterly, 64(3), 359–384. http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85114302670&partnerID=8YFLogxK
Qomaruzzaman, B., & Busro, B. (2021). Doing hijrah through music: A religious phenomenon among Indonesian musician community. Studia Islamika, 28(2), 385–412. https://doi.org/10.36712/sdi.v28i2.13277
Rahman, L. (2020). Virtual piety and muslim traditionalism mainstreaming: The digital activism of bangkitmedia.com and kyaiku.com. Fikrah, 8(2), 209–244. https://doi.org/10.21043/fikrah.v8i2.7914
Richards, P. S. (1991). The relation between conservative religious ideology and principled moral reasoning: A review. Review of Religious Research, 32(4), 359–368. https://doi.org/10.2307/3511682
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