Main Article Content
Abstract
Architectural spaces are one of the most important aspects that aim to establish dialogue between humans and their surroundings. The objectives of the current study were to describe the concept of architectural space, its constituent sections, the environmental elements that influence them (such as lighting, ventilation, air conditioning, privacy, and view), and the connections between their internal and external elements. The significance of this study comes from the fact that space size is a fundamental problem. This is because a large space requires larger services, which, while satisfying many needs, are not cost-effective when it comes to controlling factors, such as temperature, light levels, and the quality of the space and walls. One must understand how to distinguish it from other spaces and how to grade the spaces appropriately, bearing in mind the traits and way of life of the society being examined, to produce a location that is suitable for all purposes. Using effective indicators for each architectural space, each interior design component, and each design, the study utilized a descriptive methodology as well as proof of their effect on the psychological and behavioral health of the individual tenants in a selected sample of 25 residential units in one of the (388 dwelling units) residential complexes in the Al-Qadisiyah area of Tikrit. According to the findings, 60% of respondents were satisfied with the interior design of the housing units, 80% were satisfied with how the housing units looked from outside, and 12% were satisfied with every aspect of the housing units. 90% of people are content with their housing 90% of individuals are satisfied with the interior of their home, 90% are satisfied with the colors and materials utilized, 85% are satisfied with the lighting, 80 percent of individuals are satisfied with their view, 80 percent are glad with their privacy, 70 percent are happy with their home& orientation, the results show the importance of interior design in enhancing the architectural environment, which benefits the user on both a physical and psychological level. It has been successful in providing location authenticity and a sense of urban belonging.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Maysoon Muhi Hilal, Kaled H. Mudhee
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References
Abdullahi, Y., & Embi, M. R. B. (2013). Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 2(2), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002
Aghabayli, A. (2016). Geometric patterns in Islamic decoration- A parametric envision of Portuguese and Azerbaijan [Master’s thesis, University of Lisbon]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29491.35364
Alinaghizadeh, M., & Hematalikeikha, M. A. (2012). Study the functional aspects of architecture through the analytical survey of native architecture - Case study: Functional study of sedentary of Qashqai tribes housing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 51, 380–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.176
Al-Mohannadi, A., Furlan, R., & Grosvald, M. (2022). Women’s spaces in the vernacular Qatari courtyard house: How privacy and gendered spatial segregation shape architectural identity. Open House International, 48(1), 100–118. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2022-0011
Al-Mohannadi, A., Furlan, R., & Major, M. D. (2020). A cultural heritage framework for preserving Qatari vernacular domestic architecture. Sustainability, 12(18), 7295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187295
Alsanjari, H. A. A., Taha, S. I., & Aldauji, M. H. (2010). Place identity of residential environment in Iraqi contemporary architectural trends and its impact on academic architectural product. Iraqi Journal of Architecture and Planning, 9(19), 101–119. https://iqjap.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_159591.html
Al-Thahab, A. A., & Abdelmonem, M. G. (2019). Changing socio-spatial systems of urban living in twentieth century Iraq. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 13(3), 595–611. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-01-2019-0011
Al-Thahab, A. A., Mushatat, S., & Abdelmonem, M. G. (2016). Between tradition and modernity: Determining spatial systems of privacy in the domestic architecture of contemporary Iraq. Open House International, 41(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2016-B0010
Archer, J. (2005). Social theory of space: Architecture and the production of self, culture, and society. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 64(4), 430–433. https://doi.org/10.2307/25068197
Attiah, D., & Alawad, A. A. (2022). Saudi Arabia’s colourful culture: Exploring colour in Saudi heritage homes’ al-majlis rooms. Scientific Journal of King Faisal University / Humanities and Management Sciences, 23(1), 59–66. https://services.kfu.edu.sa/ScientificJournal/en/Home/ContentsDetails/19693
Awaliyah, D. N. (2023). Islamic architecture: Shaping cultural identity, fostering community cohesion, and promoting inclusivity. Journal of Islamic Art and Architecture (JIAA), 1(1), 11–19. https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/JIAA/article/view/18900
Bellia, L., & Fragliasso, F. (2021). Good places to live and sleep well: A literature review about the role of architecture in determining non-visual effects of light. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031002
Bhatt, M., Hois, J., Kutz, O., & Dylla, F. (2010). Modelling functional requirements in spatial design. Conceptual Modeling – ER 2010, 6412, 464–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16373-9_36
Brookshaw, D. P. (2003). Palaces, Pavilions and Pleasure-gardens: The context and setting of the medieval majlis. Middle Eastern Literatures, 6(2), 199–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/14752620306890
Cardenas, M. G. (2016). The Diplomatic Quarters in Riyadh. A Western-shaped neighborhood in an Islamic city. International Planning History Society Proceedings, 17(1), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.7480/iphs.2016.1.1213
Cetin, M. (2011). Review article: Contrasting perspectives on the Arab city. Urban Morphology, 15(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.51347/jum.v15i1.4038
Chida-Razvi, M. (2019). Resituating Mughal architecture in the Persianate world: New investigations and analyses. South Asian Studies, 35(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2019.1628690
Eben Saleh, M. A. (2002). The transformation of residential neighborhood: The emergence of new urbanism in Saudi Arabian culture. Building and Environment, 37(5), 515–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00041-5
Fathy, H. (2000). Architecture for the poor: An experiment in rural Egypt. University of Chicago Press.
Ferguson, B. K., & Ferguson, D. E. (2016). Architectural and personal influences on neighboring behaviors. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(2), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.03.001
Forlini, F. R. (2024). The house I’d like to have: Women’s spatial cultures, design, and aesthetic in 20th century Italy. Interiority, 7(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.7454/in.v7i1.359
Friedmann, A. A., & Savage, G. (2024, February 23). Interior design [HTML]. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/interior-design
Galster, M., Eberlein, A., & Moussavi, M. (2006). Transition from requirements to architecture: A review and future perspective. Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing, 2006, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/SNPD-SAWN.2006.73
Gong, P., Cai, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhang, C., Chen, B., & Sharples, S. (2022). Investigating spatial impact on indoor personal thermal comfort. Journal of Building Engineering, 45, 103536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103536
Helmy, M. (2008). Urban branding strategies and the emerging Arab cityscape: The image of the Gulf city. Städtebau-Institut, University of Stuttgart.
Hendrix, J. (2015). The dialectics of form and functionin architectural aesthetics. Rivista Di Estetica, 58, 31–45. https://doi.org/10.4000/estetica.378
Hillier, B. (2015). Space is the machine: A configurational theory of architecture. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Jaidah, I. M. (2023). Discovering Arabian deco: Early modern architecture in Qatar. Rizzoli.
Keleg, M. M., & Abdellatif, M. (2019). Understanding people’s needs for a vivid public realm as a key towards enhancing modern neighbourhoods’ liveability: Nasr City in Cairo as a case study. The Journal of Public Space, 4(1), 65–92. https://doi.org/10.32891/jps.v4i1.531
Khanfar, Y. Y. (1983). Foundations of interior design and decoration coordination. Majdi House for Publishing and Distribution.
Kristin, J., & Wiyoso, A. (2022). Functional and aesthetic considerations in designing compact space as a mixed zone. 3rd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2021), 1044–1051. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220404.165
Lipman, A. (1969). The architectural belief system and social behaviour. The British Journal of Sociology, 20(2), 190–204. https://doi.org/10.2307/588529
Loiseau, B., Safin, S., & Tufano, A. (2022). Promoting social interaction through participatory architecture. Experimentation, experience, evaluation in a social housing complex (Grand’Goule, Poitiers, 1974–2021). Architecture, 2(2), 383–405. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture2020021
López Reus, E., El Amrousi, M., & Paleologos, E. K. (2020). Modern heritage and the living city: Arab identity and modernization in the architecture of Abu Dhabi. Journal of Arabian Studies, 10(1), 90–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2020.1791362
Losonczi, A., Halász, B., Keszei, B., & Dúll, A. (2019). The role of surface qualities in the architectural design of creative workplaces. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 36(3), 198–214. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27098673
Michels, M., Storgaard, E., & Somers, I. (2018). Back to basics in interiors education: The morphology of interior space. Interiors, 9(3), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/20419112.2019.1589691
Nakano, J., & Tanabe, S. (2004). Thermal comfort and adaptation in semi-outdoor environments. ASHRAE 2004 Annual Meeting, 1–11. https://www.aivc.org/resource/thermal-comfort-and-adaptation-semi-outdoor-environments
Osim, S. E. (2021). Islamic art and architecture: A reflection of the culture and tradition of Islam. SOCIETIES: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.26858/societies.v1i2.22920
Othman, Z., Aird, R., & Buys, L. (2015). Privacy, modesty, hospitality, and the design of Muslim homes: A literature review. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 4(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2014.12.001
Othman, Z., Buys, L., & Aird, R. (2014). Observing privacy, modesty and hospitality in the home domain: Three case studies of Muslim homes in Brisbane, Australia. Archnet-IJAR, 8(3), 266–283. http://archnet-ijar.net/index.php/IJAR/article/view/374/pdf_20
Pellegrino, P., & Jeanneret, E. P. (2009). Meaning of space and architecture of place. 2009(175), 269–296. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2009.049
Rahman, V., & Wibowo, L. H. (2021). Study of thermal comfort in traditional house buildings (Case study: Simalungun traditional house). International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 5(1), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v5i1.6035
Ramdan, A. S., Hamza, S. M., & Ismael, N. T. (2020). Role of architectural schools’ trends in enhancing identity of architecture between local and international: The Department of Architecture at Baghdad University and Universities of Technology as case studies. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 870(1), 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012001
Safwat, A. S., & Hamdan, H. Z. (2022). Interior design of administrative buildings and their role in achieving the effective performance of the user. Journal of Techniques, 4(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.51173/jt.v4i1.411
Saleh, M. A. E. (1998). Place identity: The visual image of Saudi Arabian cities. Habitat International, 22(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(97)00033-7
Salih, R. A. (2022). The role of color interior design systems and their relationship to visual reception For scenes of theatrical performances [دور أنظمة التصميم الداخلي اللونية وعلاقتها بالتلقي البصري لمناظر العروض المسرحية]. Journal of the College of Basic Education, 28(115), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.35950/cbej.v28i115.5797
Shah, S. J., & Muro, C. (2023). Manifestations of urban interiority in Delhi Gate Bazaar of Lahore. Interiority, 6(2), 177–200. https://doi.org/10.7454/in.v6i2.318
Shcheviova, U. (2020). The main (grand) staircase in the architecture of the entrance spaces of residential buildings in Eastern Galicia in the late nineteenth century and first third of the twentieth century: Typology, artistic solution of railings, manufacturers. Technical Transactions, 117(1), e2020039. https://doi.org/10.37705/TechTrans/e2020039
Sobh, R., & Belk, R. (2011). Domains of privacy and hospitality in Arab Gulf homes. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831111139848
Spence, C. (2020). Senses of place: Architectural design for the multisensory mind. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00243-4
Torresin, S., Albatici, R., Aletta, F., Babich, F., Oberman, T., Siboni, S., & Kang, J. (2020). Indoor soundscape assessment: A principal components model of acoustic perception in residential buildings. Building and Environment, 182, 107152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107152
Van den Berg, J.-A. (2010). In search of space: Entrance. Acta Theologica, 2010(sup-3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.10520/EJC111086
Yücel, G. F. (2013). Street furniture and amenities: Designing the user-oriented urban landscape. In M. Özyavuz (Ed.), Advances in landscape architecture. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/55770
References
Abdullahi, Y., & Embi, M. R. B. (2013). Evolution of Islamic geometric patterns. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 2(2), 243–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2013.03.002
Aghabayli, A. (2016). Geometric patterns in Islamic decoration- A parametric envision of Portuguese and Azerbaijan [Master’s thesis, University of Lisbon]. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.29491.35364
Alinaghizadeh, M., & Hematalikeikha, M. A. (2012). Study the functional aspects of architecture through the analytical survey of native architecture - Case study: Functional study of sedentary of Qashqai tribes housing. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 51, 380–385. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2012.08.176
Al-Mohannadi, A., Furlan, R., & Grosvald, M. (2022). Women’s spaces in the vernacular Qatari courtyard house: How privacy and gendered spatial segregation shape architectural identity. Open House International, 48(1), 100–118. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2022-0011
Al-Mohannadi, A., Furlan, R., & Major, M. D. (2020). A cultural heritage framework for preserving Qatari vernacular domestic architecture. Sustainability, 12(18), 7295. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187295
Alsanjari, H. A. A., Taha, S. I., & Aldauji, M. H. (2010). Place identity of residential environment in Iraqi contemporary architectural trends and its impact on academic architectural product. Iraqi Journal of Architecture and Planning, 9(19), 101–119. https://iqjap.uotechnology.edu.iq/article_159591.html
Al-Thahab, A. A., & Abdelmonem, M. G. (2019). Changing socio-spatial systems of urban living in twentieth century Iraq. Archnet-IJAR: International Journal of Architectural Research, 13(3), 595–611. https://doi.org/10.1108/ARCH-01-2019-0011
Al-Thahab, A. A., Mushatat, S., & Abdelmonem, M. G. (2016). Between tradition and modernity: Determining spatial systems of privacy in the domestic architecture of contemporary Iraq. Open House International, 41(1), 74–81. https://doi.org/10.1108/OHI-01-2016-B0010
Archer, J. (2005). Social theory of space: Architecture and the production of self, culture, and society. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians, 64(4), 430–433. https://doi.org/10.2307/25068197
Attiah, D., & Alawad, A. A. (2022). Saudi Arabia’s colourful culture: Exploring colour in Saudi heritage homes’ al-majlis rooms. Scientific Journal of King Faisal University / Humanities and Management Sciences, 23(1), 59–66. https://services.kfu.edu.sa/ScientificJournal/en/Home/ContentsDetails/19693
Awaliyah, D. N. (2023). Islamic architecture: Shaping cultural identity, fostering community cohesion, and promoting inclusivity. Journal of Islamic Art and Architecture (JIAA), 1(1), 11–19. https://journal.walisongo.ac.id/index.php/JIAA/article/view/18900
Bellia, L., & Fragliasso, F. (2021). Good places to live and sleep well: A literature review about the role of architecture in determining non-visual effects of light. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(3), 1002. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18031002
Bhatt, M., Hois, J., Kutz, O., & Dylla, F. (2010). Modelling functional requirements in spatial design. Conceptual Modeling – ER 2010, 6412, 464–470. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-16373-9_36
Brookshaw, D. P. (2003). Palaces, Pavilions and Pleasure-gardens: The context and setting of the medieval majlis. Middle Eastern Literatures, 6(2), 199–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/14752620306890
Cardenas, M. G. (2016). The Diplomatic Quarters in Riyadh. A Western-shaped neighborhood in an Islamic city. International Planning History Society Proceedings, 17(1), 393–404. https://doi.org/10.7480/iphs.2016.1.1213
Cetin, M. (2011). Review article: Contrasting perspectives on the Arab city. Urban Morphology, 15(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.51347/jum.v15i1.4038
Chida-Razvi, M. (2019). Resituating Mughal architecture in the Persianate world: New investigations and analyses. South Asian Studies, 35(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.1080/02666030.2019.1628690
Eben Saleh, M. A. (2002). The transformation of residential neighborhood: The emergence of new urbanism in Saudi Arabian culture. Building and Environment, 37(5), 515–529. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1323(01)00041-5
Fathy, H. (2000). Architecture for the poor: An experiment in rural Egypt. University of Chicago Press.
Ferguson, B. K., & Ferguson, D. E. (2016). Architectural and personal influences on neighboring behaviors. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 5(2), 194–201. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2016.03.001
Forlini, F. R. (2024). The house I’d like to have: Women’s spatial cultures, design, and aesthetic in 20th century Italy. Interiority, 7(1), 41–60. https://doi.org/10.7454/in.v7i1.359
Friedmann, A. A., & Savage, G. (2024, February 23). Interior design [HTML]. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/art/interior-design
Galster, M., Eberlein, A., & Moussavi, M. (2006). Transition from requirements to architecture: A review and future perspective. Software Engineering, Artificial Intelligence, Networking, and Parallel/Distributed Computing, 2006, 9–16. https://doi.org/10.1109/SNPD-SAWN.2006.73
Gong, P., Cai, Y., Zhou, Z., Zhang, C., Chen, B., & Sharples, S. (2022). Investigating spatial impact on indoor personal thermal comfort. Journal of Building Engineering, 45, 103536. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jobe.2021.103536
Helmy, M. (2008). Urban branding strategies and the emerging Arab cityscape: The image of the Gulf city. Städtebau-Institut, University of Stuttgart.
Hendrix, J. (2015). The dialectics of form and functionin architectural aesthetics. Rivista Di Estetica, 58, 31–45. https://doi.org/10.4000/estetica.378
Hillier, B. (2015). Space is the machine: A configurational theory of architecture. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform.
Jaidah, I. M. (2023). Discovering Arabian deco: Early modern architecture in Qatar. Rizzoli.
Keleg, M. M., & Abdellatif, M. (2019). Understanding people’s needs for a vivid public realm as a key towards enhancing modern neighbourhoods’ liveability: Nasr City in Cairo as a case study. The Journal of Public Space, 4(1), 65–92. https://doi.org/10.32891/jps.v4i1.531
Khanfar, Y. Y. (1983). Foundations of interior design and decoration coordination. Majdi House for Publishing and Distribution.
Kristin, J., & Wiyoso, A. (2022). Functional and aesthetic considerations in designing compact space as a mixed zone. 3rd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2021), 1044–1051. https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.220404.165
Lipman, A. (1969). The architectural belief system and social behaviour. The British Journal of Sociology, 20(2), 190–204. https://doi.org/10.2307/588529
Loiseau, B., Safin, S., & Tufano, A. (2022). Promoting social interaction through participatory architecture. Experimentation, experience, evaluation in a social housing complex (Grand’Goule, Poitiers, 1974–2021). Architecture, 2(2), 383–405. https://doi.org/10.3390/architecture2020021
López Reus, E., El Amrousi, M., & Paleologos, E. K. (2020). Modern heritage and the living city: Arab identity and modernization in the architecture of Abu Dhabi. Journal of Arabian Studies, 10(1), 90–115. https://doi.org/10.1080/21534764.2020.1791362
Losonczi, A., Halász, B., Keszei, B., & Dúll, A. (2019). The role of surface qualities in the architectural design of creative workplaces. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 36(3), 198–214. https://www.jstor.org/stable/27098673
Michels, M., Storgaard, E., & Somers, I. (2018). Back to basics in interiors education: The morphology of interior space. Interiors, 9(3), 261–281. https://doi.org/10.1080/20419112.2019.1589691
Nakano, J., & Tanabe, S. (2004). Thermal comfort and adaptation in semi-outdoor environments. ASHRAE 2004 Annual Meeting, 1–11. https://www.aivc.org/resource/thermal-comfort-and-adaptation-semi-outdoor-environments
Osim, S. E. (2021). Islamic art and architecture: A reflection of the culture and tradition of Islam. SOCIETIES: Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(2), 174–185. https://doi.org/10.26858/societies.v1i2.22920
Othman, Z., Aird, R., & Buys, L. (2015). Privacy, modesty, hospitality, and the design of Muslim homes: A literature review. Frontiers of Architectural Research, 4(1), 12–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foar.2014.12.001
Othman, Z., Buys, L., & Aird, R. (2014). Observing privacy, modesty and hospitality in the home domain: Three case studies of Muslim homes in Brisbane, Australia. Archnet-IJAR, 8(3), 266–283. http://archnet-ijar.net/index.php/IJAR/article/view/374/pdf_20
Pellegrino, P., & Jeanneret, E. P. (2009). Meaning of space and architecture of place. 2009(175), 269–296. https://doi.org/10.1515/semi.2009.049
Rahman, V., & Wibowo, L. H. (2021). Study of thermal comfort in traditional house buildings (Case study: Simalungun traditional house). International Journal of Architecture and Urbanism, 5(1), 90–99. https://doi.org/10.32734/ijau.v5i1.6035
Ramdan, A. S., Hamza, S. M., & Ismael, N. T. (2020). Role of architectural schools’ trends in enhancing identity of architecture between local and international: The Department of Architecture at Baghdad University and Universities of Technology as case studies. IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, 870(1), 012001. https://doi.org/10.1088/1757-899X/870/1/012001
Safwat, A. S., & Hamdan, H. Z. (2022). Interior design of administrative buildings and their role in achieving the effective performance of the user. Journal of Techniques, 4(1), 76–92. https://doi.org/10.51173/jt.v4i1.411
Saleh, M. A. E. (1998). Place identity: The visual image of Saudi Arabian cities. Habitat International, 22(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0197-3975(97)00033-7
Salih, R. A. (2022). The role of color interior design systems and their relationship to visual reception For scenes of theatrical performances [دور أنظمة التصميم الداخلي اللونية وعلاقتها بالتلقي البصري لمناظر العروض المسرحية]. Journal of the College of Basic Education, 28(115), 37–56. https://doi.org/10.35950/cbej.v28i115.5797
Shah, S. J., & Muro, C. (2023). Manifestations of urban interiority in Delhi Gate Bazaar of Lahore. Interiority, 6(2), 177–200. https://doi.org/10.7454/in.v6i2.318
Shcheviova, U. (2020). The main (grand) staircase in the architecture of the entrance spaces of residential buildings in Eastern Galicia in the late nineteenth century and first third of the twentieth century: Typology, artistic solution of railings, manufacturers. Technical Transactions, 117(1), e2020039. https://doi.org/10.37705/TechTrans/e2020039
Sobh, R., & Belk, R. (2011). Domains of privacy and hospitality in Arab Gulf homes. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 2(2), 125–137. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590831111139848
Spence, C. (2020). Senses of place: Architectural design for the multisensory mind. Cognitive Research: Principles and Implications, 5(1), 46. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41235-020-00243-4
Torresin, S., Albatici, R., Aletta, F., Babich, F., Oberman, T., Siboni, S., & Kang, J. (2020). Indoor soundscape assessment: A principal components model of acoustic perception in residential buildings. Building and Environment, 182, 107152. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2020.107152
Van den Berg, J.-A. (2010). In search of space: Entrance. Acta Theologica, 2010(sup-3), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.10520/EJC111086
Yücel, G. F. (2013). Street furniture and amenities: Designing the user-oriented urban landscape. In M. Özyavuz (Ed.), Advances in landscape architecture. IntechOpen. https://doi.org/10.5772/55770