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Abstract
This research aimed to elaborate on the Indonesian Jewish community, represented by The United Indonesian Jewish Community led by Rabbi Benjamin Meijer Verbrugge and Sha'ar Hashamayim Synagogue under the spiritual guidance of Rabbi Yaakov Baruch. This research followed the theoretical framework of multiple religious belonging (MRB), pioneered by Catherine Cornille (1961–). This research combined primary data from in-depth interviews conducted offline and online with congregation members of both communities, as well as an extensive literature review. This research commenced its analysis by considering the conflicting religious identities of Indonesian Jews within their Indonesian identity card (Kartu Tanda Penduduk, abbreviated KTP in Bahasa Indonesia), which eventually investigated the identity of Indonesian Jews. This research concluded that MRB’s scientific schema, consisting of elements of Cultural Belonging, Family Belonging, Situational Belonging, Believing without Belonging, and Asymmetrical Belonging, may not fit entirely to the theological concern of Indonesian Jews, yet some of its elements may fit into a more secular, lower, context of ‘Civil’ Identity. The ambiguity of the existence of Indonesian Jews prevails because they are Jewish, practising Jewish rituals, and firmly committed to Jewish tradition, yet cannot conceal their Jewish identity fully in their KTP. Further investigation concerning their level of religiosity and how their Jewishness is practiced may invite further research.
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References
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Hasanah, F., Widianto, A. A., & Purwasih, J. H. G. (2021). Dinamika konflik identitas Penghayat Sapta Darma di Desa Sukoreno, Jember, Jawa Timur [Dynamics of identity conflict among Sapta Darma adherents in Sukoreno Village, Jember, East Java]. Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif, 16(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v16i1.2250
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References
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Arif, A. (2017). Saksi: Pengosongan kolom agama pada KTP bentuk diskriminatif [Witness: Leaving the religion column on the KTP blank is discriminatory]. Mahkamah Konstitusi Republik Indonesia. https://www.mkri.id/index.php?page=web.Berita&id=13553
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Cohn-Sherbok, D. (2000). Messianic Judaism: A critical anthology. Bloomsbury Publishing.
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Cornille, C. (2003). Double religious belonging: Aspects and questions. Buddhist-Christian Studies, 23(1), 43–49. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1390362
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Epafras, L. C. (2012). Realitas sejarah dan dinamika identitas Yahudi Nusantara. Religio: Jurnal Studi Agama-Agama, 2(2), 193-244. https://doi.org/10.15642/religio
Epafras, L. C., & Kowner, R. (2023). From a colonial settlement to a new identity: The rise, fall and reemergence of the Jewish community in Indonesia. In R. Kowner (Ed.), Jewish communities in Modern Asia: Their rise, demise and resurgence (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009162609
Feldmeier, P. (2017). Perils and possibilities of multiple religions belonging: Test case in Roman Catholicism. Open Theology, 3(1), 73–89. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2017-0006
Fishman, S. B. (2004). Double or nothing?: Jewish families and mixed marriage. UPNE.
Gottowik, V. (2019). Cooperation and contestation at a shared sacred site: The Lingsar Festival on Lombok, Indonesia. In G. Giordan & A. P. Lynch (Eds.), Annual Review of the Sociology of Religion: Interreligious Dialogue. From Religion to Geopolitics (Vol. 10, pp. 49–69). Brill. https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004401266_005
Grant, R. (2017). Playing many religion-games: A Wittgensteinian approach to multiple religious belonging. Open Theology, 3(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1515/opth-2017-0001
Guyanie, G. E., & Baskoro, A. (2021). The constitutional rights of indigenous beliefs adherents in minority fiqh perspective. Ijtihad : Jurnal Wacana Hukum Islam Dan Kemanusiaan, 21(2), 155–176. https://doi.org/10.18326/ijtihad.v21i2.155-176
Hadler, J. (2004). Translations of antisemitism: Jews, the Chinese, and violence in colonial and post-colonial Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World, 32(94), 291–313. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639810500031012
Harvey, G. (2022). Field research and participant observation. In S. Engler & M. Stausberg (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of research methods in the study of religion (2nd Edition). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Hasanah, F., Widianto, A. A., & Purwasih, J. H. G. (2021). Dinamika konflik identitas Penghayat Sapta Darma di Desa Sukoreno, Jember, Jawa Timur [Dynamics of identity conflict among Sapta Darma adherents in Sukoreno Village, Jember, East Java]. Jurnal Sosiologi Reflektif, 16(1), 1–26. https://doi.org/10.14421/jsr.v16i1.2250
Hassan, R. (1976). Singapore: Society in transition. Oxford University Press.
Herdiansah, A. G., Husin, L. H., & Hendra, H. (2018). Religious identity politics on social media in Indonesia: A discursive analysis on Islamic civil societies. Jurnal Studi Pemerintahan, 187–222. https://doi.org/10.18196/jgp.2018.0186.187-222
Kaell, H. (2015). Born-again seeking: Explaining the gentile majority in Messianic Judaism. Religion, 45(1), 42–65. https://doi.org/10.1080/0048721X.2014.949899
Kamsma, M. J. (2010a). Echoes of Jewish identity in an Evangelical Christian Sect in Minahasa, Indonesia. Indonesia and the Malay World, 38(112), 387–402. https://doi.org/10.1080/13639811.2010.513850
Kamsma, M. J. (2010b). The Jewish diasporascape in the straits: An ethnographic study of Jewish businesses across borders. [Ph.D. thesis, VU Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam]. https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/the-jewish-diasporascape-in-the-straits-an-ethnographic-study-of-
Kemdikbudristek. (2023, July 18). Kemendikbudristek serahkan KTP dengan kolom agama kepercayaan secara simbolis [The Ministry of Education and Culture symbolically handed over KTPs with the religious belief column]. Inspektorat Jenderal Kemendikbudristek. https://itjen.kemdikbud.go.id/web/kemendikbudristek-serahkan-ktp-dengan-kolom-agama-kepercayaan-secara-simbolis/
Kemenag. (2019, February 27). Bukan diresmikan pemerintah, Yahudi di Indonesia dilindungi UU 1/PNPS 1965 [Not officially sanctioned by the government, Jews in Indonesia are protected by Law 1/PNPS 1965]. Badan Litbang Dan Diklat Kementrian Agama. https://balitbangdiklat.kemenag.go.id/berita/bukan-diresmikan-pemerintah-yahudi-di-indonesia-dilindungi-uu-1-pnps-1965
Knitter, P. F. (2013). Without Buddha I could not be a Christian. Oneworld.
Luhrmann, T. M. (2022). Interview methods. In S. Engler & M. Stausberg (Eds.), The Routledge handbook of research methods in the study of religion (2nd Edition). Routledge Taylor & Francis Group.
Madsen, R. (2010). The upsurge of religion in China. Journal of Democracy, 21(4), 58–71. https://doi.org/10.1353/jod.2010.0013
Mais, T. (2022, February 5). Melihat Museum Holocaust di Sulut yang keberadaannya ramai ditentang [See the Holocaust Museum in North Sulawesi, the existence of which is widely opposed]. Detik.https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5929453/melihat-museum-holocaust-di-sulut-yang-keberadaannya-ramai-ditentang
Mandey, S. M., & Arief, T. M. V. (2022, February 4). Museum Holocaust didirikan di Minahasa Sulut, ini tujuannya [The Holocaust Museum was founded in Minahasa, North Sulawesi, this is its purpose]. KOMPAS.com. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2022/02/04/060700878/museum-holocaust-didirikan-di-minahasa-sulut-ini-tujuannya
Maslul, S. (2020). Hifdzuddin and the guarantee of freedom of indigenous belief on Indonesian identity card/KTP. Jurnal Al-Dustur, 3(2), 136–146. https://doi.org/10.30863/jad.v3i2.905
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