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This study aimed to test the hypothesized positive impact of the College of Islamic Studies at Yarmouk University on students’ inclination toward Jurisprudential Madhhabs. The analysis was based on data collected from a random sample of students (N = 224, 69.2 % female) at Jordan’s Yarmouk University using an online survey during the 2023–2024 academic school year. The questionnaire comprised four scales presenting the Sunni sects of Hanafism, Malikism, Shafi’ism, and Hanbalism as closely related to the Jordanian community. The correlation between the students’ variables was tested. A hierarchical regression analysis was then conducted to explore the impact of the college, gender, and study year variables on two scales that correlate with study variables. The regression analysis results indicated that the College of Islamic Studies significantly influenced the Shafi’ism scale. In contrast, other colleges had an impact on the Hanbalism scale. However, the number of study years did not significantly impact the scales. This study, with its potential to dramatically inform strategic plans for higher education outcomes, underscores the importance of our understanding of the relationship between specialized education and societal culture. It offers hope for the future of religious education by shedding light on this crucial relationship.
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Copyright (c) 2025 Mohammad Jaber Thalgi
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References
Al-Hmoud, Q. M. H., Alajlouni, A. M. S., Rababa, A. M. S., & Rababah, M. A. (2024). Islamic jurisprudence’s penalties for violation of traffic regulations and the amended Jordanian traffic law. International Journal of Religion, 5(6), 224–234. https://doi.org/10.61707/c8g4m941
DOI: https://doi.org/10.61707/c8g4m941Askari, H., Mohammadkhan, H., & Mydin, L. (2017). Reformation and development in the Muslim world. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56026-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56026-7Aslan, E., Ebrahim, R., & Hermansen, M. (Eds.). (2016). Islam, religions, and pluralism in Europe. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12962-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12962-0Bahçekapili, H. G., & Yilmaz, O. (2017). The relation between different types of religiosity and analytic cognitive style. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.013Berk, R. A. (2016). Value of value-added models based on student outcomes to evaluate teaching. Journal of Faculty Development, 30(3), 73–81. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1133713
Bhatia, K. V., & Pathak-Shelat, M. (2019). Using applied theater practices in classrooms to challenge religious discrimination among students. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy: A Journal from the International Reading Association, 62(6), 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.950
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.950Campbell, C., & Horowitz, J. (2016). Does college influence sociopolitical attitudes? Sociology of Education, 89(1), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040715617224
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040715617224Davignon, P., & Thomson, R. A., Jr. (2015). Christian colleges and universities as moral communities: The effects of institutional characteristics on student religiosity. Review of Religious Research, 57(4), 531–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-015-0214-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-015-0214-5Dengah, H. J. F., II. (2017). Religion as cultural models: Developing an emic measure of religiosity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56(1), 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12313
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12313Dorman, J. P., McRobbie, C. J., & Foster, W. J. (2002). Associations between psychosocial environments in religious education classes and students’ attitude toward Christianity. Religious Education, 97(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/003440802753595249
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/003440802753595249Everett, H. (2018). Faith schools, tolerance and diversity: Exploring the influence of education on students’ attitudes of tolerance (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing.
Fischer, M., Kauder, B., Potrafke, N., & Ursprung, H. W. (2017). Support for free-market policies and reforms: Does the field of study influence students’ political attitudes? European Journal of Political Economy, 48, 180–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.07.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.07.002Glanzer, P. L., Cockle, T. F., Graber, B., Jeong, E., & Robinson, J. A. (2019). Are nondenominational colleges more liberal than denominational colleges?: A comparison of faculty religious identity, beliefs, attitudes, and actions. Christian Higher Education, 18(3), 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2018.1517620
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2018.1517620González, A. L. (2011). Measuring religiosity in a majority Muslim context: Gender, religious salience, and religious experience among Kuwaiti college students—a research note. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(2), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01571.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01571.xGürdil Yilmaz, S., Opak Yücel, B., & Çuhadar, D. (2017). Knowledge and attitudes of the faculty of theology students on organ transplantation. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 1042–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0351-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0351-3Herzog, P. (2017a). Multidimensional perspectives on the faith and giving of youth and emerging adults. Religions, 8(7), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070128
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070128Herzog, P. (2017b). Youth and emerging adults: The changing contexts of faith and giving. Religions, 8(7), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070124
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070124Jelfs, H. (2013). Religious character in Church of England schools: The relationship between a religious tradition and its educational institutions. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 22(1), 52–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2013.768170
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2013.768170Katz, M. H. (2013). Prayer in Islamic thought and practice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139034333
Khattab, M. A. (2012). Religious pluralism in Jordan. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Technology and Education, 2(11), 112-120. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/article/view/3797
Koburtay, T., Abuhussein, T., & Sidani, Y. M. (2023). Women leadership, culture, and Islam: Female voices from Jordan. Journal of Business Ethics, 183(2), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05041-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05041-0Koukounaras-Liagis, M. (2011). Can an educational intervention, specifically theatre in education, influence students’ perceptions of and attitudes to cultural and religious diversity? A socio‐educational research. British Journal of Religious Education, 33(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2011.523526
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2011.523526Liu, O. L. (2011). Value-added assessment in higher education: A comparison of two methods. Higher Education, 61(4), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9340-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9340-8Mayrl, D., & Oeur, F. (2009). Religion and higher education: Current knowledge and directions for future research. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48(2), 260–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01446.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01446.xMcGraw, J. S., Peer, S. O., & Draper, M. R. (2018). Reactionary deconversion from Mormonism: Polarization of ideological and behavioral religiosity among active and former Mormons. Review of Religious Research, 60(4), 535–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-018-0343-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-018-0343-8Moaddel, M., & Karabenick, S. A. (2018). Religious fundamentalism in eight Muslim‐majority countries: Reconceptualization and assessment. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 57(4), 676–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12549
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12549Muhammad, N. A., Shamsuddin, K., Sulaiman, Z., Mohd Amin, R., & Omar, K. (2017). Role of religion in preventing youth sexual activity in Malaysia: A mixed methods study. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 1916–1929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0185-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0185-zOzturk, O., Celik, A. M., & Uyar, E. I. (2016). The relation of religious attitudes and behaviours with depression in boarding Quran course students. Psychiatria Danubina, 28(4), 379–385. https://www.psychiatria-danubina.com/UserDocsImages/pdf/dnb_vol28_no4/dnb_vol28_no4_379.pdf
Pandya, S. P. (2017). Effect of a spiritual education programme in developing altruism and prosocial behaviour among children. International Journal of Children's Spirituality, 22(3–4), 220–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436x.2017.1369012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2017.1369012Parray, T. A. (2012). The legal methodology of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat and its critics: An analytical study. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 32(1), 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2012.665624
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2012.665624Pearce, L. D., Hayward, G. M., & Pearlman, J. A. (2017). Measuring five dimensions of religiosity across adolescence. Review of Religious Research, 59(3), 367–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-017-0291-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-017-0291-8Pourmehdi, M. (2024). Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the perception of violence against women in the Middle East and North Africa. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(9–10), 2076–2102. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231215033
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231215033Rogerson, B. (2024). The house divided: Sunni, Shia and the making of the Middle East. Profile Books.
Sakher, S. (2021). Cultural qualities of Salafi women in post-Arab Spring in Jordan: A pilot study. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(2), 908–917.
Schihalejev, O. (2013). Religious education influencing students’ attitudes: A threat to freedom? Religion & Education, 40(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2013.745366
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2013.745366Shah, B. V. (2014). Religion in the everyday lives of second-generation Jains in Britain and the USA. The Sociological Review, 62(3), 512–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.12177
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12177Sjöborg, A. (2013). Religious education and intercultural understanding: Examining the role of religiosity for upper secondary students’ attitudes towards RE. British Journal of Religious Education, 35(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2012.717015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2012.717015Streib, H., Hood, R. W., Jr., & Klein, C. (2010). The Religious Schema Scale: Construction and initial validation of a quantitative measure for religious styles. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 20(3), 151–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2010.481223
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2010.481223Thalgi̇, M., Alghonmeen, O., & Alsmadi, M. (2020). The construction and application of using a scale to measure Islamic doctrinal behavior tendency. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.649931
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.649931Thompson, W. (2017). Social support, religious involvement, and alcohol use among students at a conservative religious university. Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7020034
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7020034Vandenberg, A., Haen, J. J., Molnar, K. K., De Berry, T. W., & Cotter, J. W. (2019). Perceptions about ethical behavior among undergraduate students attending religiously-affiliated institutions. American Journal of Business Education, 12(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v12i1.10253
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v12i1.10253Victor, E. C., Bowman, H., & Thompson, R. J., Jr. (2015). Development of a measure of college students’ adherence to religious doctrine concerning sexual behavior. Journal of American College Health, 63(3), 210–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.975721
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.975721Wagemakers, J. (2022). Sectarianism in the service of Salafism: Shiites as a political tool for Jordanian Salafis. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 49(2), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2020.1805298
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2020.1805298Watling, T. (2001). ‘Official’ doctrine and ‘unofficial’ practices: The negotiation of Catholicism in a Netherlands community. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(4), 573–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00078
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00078
References
Al-Hmoud, Q. M. H., Alajlouni, A. M. S., Rababa, A. M. S., & Rababah, M. A. (2024). Islamic jurisprudence’s penalties for violation of traffic regulations and the amended Jordanian traffic law. International Journal of Religion, 5(6), 224–234. https://doi.org/10.61707/c8g4m941
DOI: https://doi.org/10.61707/c8g4m941Askari, H., Mohammadkhan, H., & Mydin, L. (2017). Reformation and development in the Muslim world. Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56026-7
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56026-7Aslan, E., Ebrahim, R., & Hermansen, M. (Eds.). (2016). Islam, religions, and pluralism in Europe. Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12962-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-658-12962-0Bahçekapili, H. G., & Yilmaz, O. (2017). The relation between different types of religiosity and analytic cognitive style. Personality and Individual Differences, 117, 267–272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.013
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2017.06.013Berk, R. A. (2016). Value of value-added models based on student outcomes to evaluate teaching. Journal of Faculty Development, 30(3), 73–81. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ1133713
Bhatia, K. V., & Pathak-Shelat, M. (2019). Using applied theater practices in classrooms to challenge religious discrimination among students. Journal of Adolescent & Adult Literacy: A Journal from the International Reading Association, 62(6), 605–613. https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.950
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/jaal.950Campbell, C., & Horowitz, J. (2016). Does college influence sociopolitical attitudes? Sociology of Education, 89(1), 40–58. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040715617224
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0038040715617224Davignon, P., & Thomson, R. A., Jr. (2015). Christian colleges and universities as moral communities: The effects of institutional characteristics on student religiosity. Review of Religious Research, 57(4), 531–554. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-015-0214-5
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-015-0214-5Dengah, H. J. F., II. (2017). Religion as cultural models: Developing an emic measure of religiosity. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 56(1), 104–125. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12313
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12313Dorman, J. P., McRobbie, C. J., & Foster, W. J. (2002). Associations between psychosocial environments in religious education classes and students’ attitude toward Christianity. Religious Education, 97(1), 23–43. https://doi.org/10.1080/003440802753595249
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/003440802753595249Everett, H. (2018). Faith schools, tolerance and diversity: Exploring the influence of education on students’ attitudes of tolerance (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing.
Fischer, M., Kauder, B., Potrafke, N., & Ursprung, H. W. (2017). Support for free-market policies and reforms: Does the field of study influence students’ political attitudes? European Journal of Political Economy, 48, 180–197. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.07.002
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejpoleco.2016.07.002Glanzer, P. L., Cockle, T. F., Graber, B., Jeong, E., & Robinson, J. A. (2019). Are nondenominational colleges more liberal than denominational colleges?: A comparison of faculty religious identity, beliefs, attitudes, and actions. Christian Higher Education, 18(3), 207–223. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2018.1517620
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2018.1517620González, A. L. (2011). Measuring religiosity in a majority Muslim context: Gender, religious salience, and religious experience among Kuwaiti college students—a research note. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50(2), 339–350. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01571.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2011.01571.xGürdil Yilmaz, S., Opak Yücel, B., & Çuhadar, D. (2017). Knowledge and attitudes of the faculty of theology students on organ transplantation. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(3), 1042–1051. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0351-3
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0351-3Herzog, P. (2017a). Multidimensional perspectives on the faith and giving of youth and emerging adults. Religions, 8(7), 128. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070128
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070128Herzog, P. (2017b). Youth and emerging adults: The changing contexts of faith and giving. Religions, 8(7), 124. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070124
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel8070124Jelfs, H. (2013). Religious character in Church of England schools: The relationship between a religious tradition and its educational institutions. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 22(1), 52–74. https://doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2013.768170
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2013.768170Katz, M. H. (2013). Prayer in Islamic thought and practice. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139034333
Khattab, M. A. (2012). Religious pluralism in Jordan. Research on Humanities and Social Sciences, Technology and Education, 2(11), 112-120. https://www.iiste.org/Journals/index.php/RHSS/article/view/3797
Koburtay, T., Abuhussein, T., & Sidani, Y. M. (2023). Women leadership, culture, and Islam: Female voices from Jordan. Journal of Business Ethics, 183(2), 347–363. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05041-0
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-022-05041-0Koukounaras-Liagis, M. (2011). Can an educational intervention, specifically theatre in education, influence students’ perceptions of and attitudes to cultural and religious diversity? A socio‐educational research. British Journal of Religious Education, 33(1), 75–89. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2011.523526
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2011.523526Liu, O. L. (2011). Value-added assessment in higher education: A comparison of two methods. Higher Education, 61(4), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9340-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10734-010-9340-8Mayrl, D., & Oeur, F. (2009). Religion and higher education: Current knowledge and directions for future research. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 48(2), 260–275. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01446.x
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5906.2009.01446.xMcGraw, J. S., Peer, S. O., & Draper, M. R. (2018). Reactionary deconversion from Mormonism: Polarization of ideological and behavioral religiosity among active and former Mormons. Review of Religious Research, 60(4), 535–553. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-018-0343-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-018-0343-8Moaddel, M., & Karabenick, S. A. (2018). Religious fundamentalism in eight Muslim‐majority countries: Reconceptualization and assessment. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 57(4), 676–706. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12549
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12549Muhammad, N. A., Shamsuddin, K., Sulaiman, Z., Mohd Amin, R., & Omar, K. (2017). Role of religion in preventing youth sexual activity in Malaysia: A mixed methods study. Journal of Religion and Health, 56(6), 1916–1929. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0185-z
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-016-0185-zOzturk, O., Celik, A. M., & Uyar, E. I. (2016). The relation of religious attitudes and behaviours with depression in boarding Quran course students. Psychiatria Danubina, 28(4), 379–385. https://www.psychiatria-danubina.com/UserDocsImages/pdf/dnb_vol28_no4/dnb_vol28_no4_379.pdf
Pandya, S. P. (2017). Effect of a spiritual education programme in developing altruism and prosocial behaviour among children. International Journal of Children's Spirituality, 22(3–4), 220–238. https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436x.2017.1369012
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/1364436X.2017.1369012Parray, T. A. (2012). The legal methodology of Fiqh al-Aqalliyyat and its critics: An analytical study. Journal of Muslim Minority Affairs, 32(1), 88–107. https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2012.665624
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13602004.2012.665624Pearce, L. D., Hayward, G. M., & Pearlman, J. A. (2017). Measuring five dimensions of religiosity across adolescence. Review of Religious Research, 59(3), 367–393. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-017-0291-8
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13644-017-0291-8Pourmehdi, M. (2024). Aftermath of COVID-19: Exploring the perception of violence against women in the Middle East and North Africa. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 39(9–10), 2076–2102. https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231215033
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/08862605231215033Rogerson, B. (2024). The house divided: Sunni, Shia and the making of the Middle East. Profile Books.
Sakher, S. (2021). Cultural qualities of Salafi women in post-Arab Spring in Jordan: A pilot study. PalArch’s Journal of Archaeology of Egypt/Egyptology, 18(2), 908–917.
Schihalejev, O. (2013). Religious education influencing students’ attitudes: A threat to freedom? Religion & Education, 40(1), 20–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2013.745366
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/15507394.2013.745366Shah, B. V. (2014). Religion in the everyday lives of second-generation Jains in Britain and the USA. The Sociological Review, 62(3), 512–529. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954x.12177
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-954X.12177Sjöborg, A. (2013). Religious education and intercultural understanding: Examining the role of religiosity for upper secondary students’ attitudes towards RE. British Journal of Religious Education, 35(1), 36–54. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2012.717015
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2012.717015Streib, H., Hood, R. W., Jr., & Klein, C. (2010). The Religious Schema Scale: Construction and initial validation of a quantitative measure for religious styles. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 20(3), 151–172. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2010.481223
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2010.481223Thalgi̇, M., Alghonmeen, O., & Alsmadi, M. (2020). The construction and application of using a scale to measure Islamic doctrinal behavior tendency. İlahiyat Tetkikleri Dergisi. https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.649931
DOI: https://doi.org/10.29288/ilted.649931Thompson, W. (2017). Social support, religious involvement, and alcohol use among students at a conservative religious university. Behavioral Sciences, 7(2), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7020034
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs7020034Vandenberg, A., Haen, J. J., Molnar, K. K., De Berry, T. W., & Cotter, J. W. (2019). Perceptions about ethical behavior among undergraduate students attending religiously-affiliated institutions. American Journal of Business Education, 12(1), 11–18. https://doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v12i1.10253
DOI: https://doi.org/10.19030/ajbe.v12i1.10253Victor, E. C., Bowman, H., & Thompson, R. J., Jr. (2015). Development of a measure of college students’ adherence to religious doctrine concerning sexual behavior. Journal of American College Health, 63(3), 210–214. https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.975721
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2014.975721Wagemakers, J. (2022). Sectarianism in the service of Salafism: Shiites as a political tool for Jordanian Salafis. British Journal of Middle Eastern Studies, 49(2), 341–359. https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2020.1805298
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/13530194.2020.1805298Watling, T. (2001). ‘Official’ doctrine and ‘unofficial’ practices: The negotiation of Catholicism in a Netherlands community. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 40(4), 573–590. https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00078
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/0021-8294.00078