Main Article Content
Abstract
School engagement is an important factor in learning influenced by social and personal contexts, including motivation. Theoretically, future time perspective (FTP) can enhance student motivation. The aim of this research is to determine whether FTP psychoeducation can increase school engagement in high school students. This research uses a quasi-experimental method with a non-equivalent control group design to examine whether FTP in the form of psychoeducation can enhance school engagement. There were 64 students who participated in this research, namely 33 students in the control group and 31 students in the experimental group. The results of the comparative test show that FTP psychoeducation has no effect on school engagement. The characteristics, conditions of students, and the design of FTP psychoeducation modules need to be considered in further research. Suggestions for more research on variables involving internal factors of students to increase school engagement.
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2023 Stephanie Andamari, Jane Savitri
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Acosta-Gonzaga, E., & Ruiz-Ledesma, E. F. (2022). Students’ Emotions and Engagement in the Emerging Hybrid Learning Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(16), 10236. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610236
- Bhattacharjee, D., Rai, A. K., Singh, N. K., Kumar, P., Munda, S. K., & Das, B. (2011). Psychoeducation: A Measure to Strengthen Psychiatric Treatment. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 14(1), 33–39.
- Brown, N. W. (2011). Psychoeducational Groups (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847787
- Burns, E. C., Martin, A. J., & Collie, R. J. (2021). A Future Time Perspective of Secondary School Students’ Academic Engagement and Disengagement: A Longitudinal Investigation. Journal of School Psychology, 84, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.12.003
- Christenson, S. L., Reschly, A. L., & Wylie, C. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of Research on Student Engagement. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7
- Conner, J. O., & Pope, D. C. (2013). Not Just Robo-Students: Why Full Engagement Matters and How Schools Can Promote It. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(9), 1426–1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9948-y
- Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluaing Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th ed.). Pearson.
- Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Papageorgiou, K. A., Clough, P. J., Parker, A., & Drinkwater, K. G. (2019). Psychometric Assessment of Shortened Mental Toughness Questionnaires (MTQ): Factor Structure of the MTQ-18 and the MTQ-10. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01933
- Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
- Delfino, A. P. (2019). Student Engagement and Academic Performance of Students of Partido State University. Asian Journal of University Education, 15(3), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v15i3.05
- Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., Macaskill, A., & Papageorgiou, K. (2020). Future Time Perspective, Positive Emotions and Student Engagement: a Longitudinal Study. Studies in Higher Education, 45(7), 1533–1546. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1616168
- DeVito, J. A. (2009). The Interpersonal Communication Book. Pearson Education Limted.
- Elliot, A. J. (1999). Approach and Avoidance Motivation and Achievement Goals. Educational Psychologist, 34(3), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3
- Enstin, N. (2020). Efektivitas Bimbingan Klasikal Berbasis Future Time Perspective untuk Meningkatkan Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy dengan Mengontrol Tingkat Optimisme. Universitas Negeri Semarang.
- Fasya Dhiyatamma Putri, & Yuli Aslamawati. (2022). Pengaruh Self-Regulated Learning terhadap Student Engagement pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Ilmu Hukum. Bandung Conference Series: Psychology Science, 2(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsps.v2i1.356
- Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59–109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059
- Ginting, S., Tjandra, M., & Wianto, E. (2021). Blended Learning: Post Pandemic Solutions. Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal, 7(2), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.37905/aksara.7.2.425-438.2021
- Gomes Carvalho, R. G., & Novo, R. F. (2015). Personality Traits, Future Time Perspective and Adaptive Behavior in Adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18, E19. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2015.20
- Grashinta, A., Istiqomah, A. P., & Wiroko, E. P. (2018). Pengaruh Future Time Perspective Terhadap Kematangan Karir Pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan Dan Konseling: Jurnal Kajian Psikologi Pendidikan Dan Bimbingan Konseling, 4(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.26858/jpkk.v4i1.4981
- Guenther, C., & Miller, R. L. (2011). Factors that promote engagement. In Promoting student engagement (Vol 1): Programs, techniques and opportunities. (pp. 10–17). Society for the Teaching of Psychology.
- Harrell-Levy, M. K. (2010). Contributions of Social Support, Future Orientation and a School Transition to School Engagement Among High School Adolescents. Auburn University.
- Henry, H., Zacher, H., & Desmette, D. (2017). Future Time Perspective in the Work Context: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 08, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00413
- Hidayat, D., Kim, T., Listiani, T., & Setianingsih, A. R. (2019). Adolescence Student Behavioral Engagement In Mathematics Class. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 8(2), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v8i2.16927
- Hilpert, J. C., Husman, J., Stump, G. S., Kim, W., Chung, W.-T., & Duggan, M. A. (2012). Examining students’ future time perspective: Pathways to knowledge building 1. Japanese Psychological Research, 54(3), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.2012.00525.x
- Husman, J., Hilpert, J. C., & Brem, S. K. (2016). Future Time Perspective Connectedness to a Career: The Contextual Effects of Classroom Knowledge Building. Psychologica Belgica, 56(3), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.282
- Husman, J., & Lens, W. (1999). The role of the future in student motivation. Educational Psychologist, 34(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3402_4
- Husman, J., & Shell, D. F. (2008). Beliefs and perceptions about the future: A measurement of future time perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 18(2), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2007.08.001
- Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1998). Evaluating training programs: The four levels (3rd ed.). Berret-Koehler Publisher, Inc.
- Kurniawati, R., & Dewi, D. K. (2022). Pengaruh Future Time Perspective Terhadap Kematangan Karir Mahasiswa Tingkat Akhir. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 9(5), 153–163.
- Lens, W., Paixão, M. P., Herrera, D., & Grobler, A. (2012). Future Time Perspective as a Motivational Variable: Content and Extension of Future Goals Affect the Quantity and Quality of Motivation. Japanese Psychological Research, 54(3), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.2012.00520.x
- Miller, R. B., & Brickman, S. J. (2004). A Model of Future-Oriented Motivation and Self-Regulation. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EDPR.0000012343.96370.39
- Mutiasari, F., & Sunawan, S. (2021). Hubungan Future Time Perspective Dengan Personal Growth Initiative Mahasiswa. Jurnal Al-Taujih : Bingkai Bimbingan Dan Konseling Islami, 7(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.15548/atj.v7i2.2834
- Nirmala, N. D. (2014). Penguatan Orientasi Masa Depan dan Perspektif Masa Depan Melalui Konseling Future Time Perspective (FTP) pada Remaja = Strengthen The Future Orientation and Future Perspective in Adolescents Through The Future Time Perspective (FTP) Counseling . Universitas Indonesia.
- Prastowo, A. (2015). Panduan Kreatif Membuat Bahan Ajar Inovatif : Menciptakan Metode Pembelajaran yang Menarik dan Menyenangkan. Diva Press.
- Rokhmah, S. N., & Achmat, Z. (2022). Pengaruh Future Time Perspective terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan pada Mahasiswa. Cognicia, 10(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v10i1.20305
- Roschelle, J., & Burke, Q. (2019). Commentary on Interest-Driven Creator theory: a US perspective on fostering interest, creativity, and habit in school. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 14(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-019-0107-2
- Savitri, J., Sussanto, S., & Anggrainy, D. (2016). Peran Basic Need Satisfaction terhadap School Engagement Siswa SMP “X” di Bandung. Kontribusi Psikologi Dalam Meningkatkan Wuality of Life Di Era Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN, 19–30.
- Setiani, S., & Wijaya, E. (2020). The Relationship Between Self-Regulated Learning With Student Engagement in College Students Who Have Many Roles. Proceedings of the 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.045
- Shell, D. F., & Husman, J. (2001). The Multivariate Dimensionality of Personal Control and Future Time Perspective Beliefs in Achievement and Self-Regulation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(4), 481–506. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2000.1073
- Steinberg, L. D. (2017). Adolescence (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
- Stockemer, D. (2019). Quantitative Methods for the Social Sciences (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99118-4
- Supratiknya, A. (2011). Merancang Program dan Modul Psikoedukasi (Edisi Revisi). Penerbit Universitas sanata Dharma.
- Vasalampi, K., Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2009). Adolescents’ Self-Concordance, School Engagement, and Burnout Predict Their Educational Trajectories . European Psychologist, 14(4), 332–341. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.4.332
- Vecchio, G. M., Lonigro, A., Laghi, F., Barcaccia, B., & Pallini, S. (2021). The Influence of Study Interests on School Achievement: The Role of Future Time Perspective and Positive Affect. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 9(sup1), S47–S57. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2020.1721386
- Wang, M.-T., & Peck, S. C. (2013). Adolescent Educational Success and Mental Health Vary Across School Engagement Profiles. Developmental Psychology, 49(7), 1266–1276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030028
- Wentzel, K. R., & Looney, L. (2014). Socialization in School Settings . In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of Socialization : Theory and Research (pp. 382–403). The Guilford Press.
- Wonglorsaichon, B., Wongwanich, S., & Wiratchai, N. (2014). The Influence of Students School Engagement on Learning Achievement: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1748–1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.467
- Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
- Zulfikar, F. (2023, January 24). 15 Sekolah Swasta Terbaik di Bandung Versi Nilai UTBK, Cek Ranking Sekolahmu! . https://www.detik.com/edu/sekolah/d-6530068/15-sekolah-swasta-terbaik-di-bandung-versi-nilai-utbk-cek-ranking-sekolahmu
References
Acosta-Gonzaga, E., & Ruiz-Ledesma, E. F. (2022). Students’ Emotions and Engagement in the Emerging Hybrid Learning Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 14(16), 10236. https://doi.org/10.3390/su141610236
Bhattacharjee, D., Rai, A. K., Singh, N. K., Kumar, P., Munda, S. K., & Das, B. (2011). Psychoeducation: A Measure to Strengthen Psychiatric Treatment. Delhi Psychiatry Journal, 14(1), 33–39.
Brown, N. W. (2011). Psychoeducational Groups (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203847787
Burns, E. C., Martin, A. J., & Collie, R. J. (2021). A Future Time Perspective of Secondary School Students’ Academic Engagement and Disengagement: A Longitudinal Investigation. Journal of School Psychology, 84, 109–123. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2020.12.003
Christenson, S. L., Reschly, A. L., & Wylie, C. (Eds.). (2012). Handbook of Research on Student Engagement. Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4614-2018-7
Conner, J. O., & Pope, D. C. (2013). Not Just Robo-Students: Why Full Engagement Matters and How Schools Can Promote It. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 42(9), 1426–1442. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10964-013-9948-y
Creswell, J. W. (2012). Educational Research: Planning, Conducting and Evaluaing Quantitative and Qualitative Research (4th ed.). Pearson.
Dagnall, N., Denovan, A., Papageorgiou, K. A., Clough, P. J., Parker, A., & Drinkwater, K. G. (2019). Psychometric Assessment of Shortened Mental Toughness Questionnaires (MTQ): Factor Structure of the MTQ-18 and the MTQ-10. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01933
Deci, E. L., & Ryan, R. M. (2008). Self-determination theory: A macrotheory of human motivation, development, and health. Canadian Psychology / Psychologie Canadienne, 49(3), 182–185. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0012801
Delfino, A. P. (2019). Student Engagement and Academic Performance of Students of Partido State University. Asian Journal of University Education, 15(3), 42–55. https://doi.org/10.24191/ajue.v15i3.05
Denovan, A., Dagnall, N., Macaskill, A., & Papageorgiou, K. (2020). Future Time Perspective, Positive Emotions and Student Engagement: a Longitudinal Study. Studies in Higher Education, 45(7), 1533–1546. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1616168
DeVito, J. A. (2009). The Interpersonal Communication Book. Pearson Education Limted.
Elliot, A. J. (1999). Approach and Avoidance Motivation and Achievement Goals. Educational Psychologist, 34(3), 169–189. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3403_3
Enstin, N. (2020). Efektivitas Bimbingan Klasikal Berbasis Future Time Perspective untuk Meningkatkan Career Decision Making Self-Efficacy dengan Mengontrol Tingkat Optimisme. Universitas Negeri Semarang.
Fasya Dhiyatamma Putri, & Yuli Aslamawati. (2022). Pengaruh Self-Regulated Learning terhadap Student Engagement pada Mahasiswa Program Studi Ilmu Hukum. Bandung Conference Series: Psychology Science, 2(1), 46–52. https://doi.org/10.29313/bcsps.v2i1.356
Fredricks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), 59–109. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543074001059
Ginting, S., Tjandra, M., & Wianto, E. (2021). Blended Learning: Post Pandemic Solutions. Aksara: Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan Nonformal, 7(2), 425–438. https://doi.org/10.37905/aksara.7.2.425-438.2021
Gomes Carvalho, R. G., & Novo, R. F. (2015). Personality Traits, Future Time Perspective and Adaptive Behavior in Adolescence. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 18, E19. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2015.20
Grashinta, A., Istiqomah, A. P., & Wiroko, E. P. (2018). Pengaruh Future Time Perspective Terhadap Kematangan Karir Pada Mahasiswa. Jurnal Psikologi Pendidikan Dan Konseling: Jurnal Kajian Psikologi Pendidikan Dan Bimbingan Konseling, 4(1), 25–31. https://doi.org/10.26858/jpkk.v4i1.4981
Guenther, C., & Miller, R. L. (2011). Factors that promote engagement. In Promoting student engagement (Vol 1): Programs, techniques and opportunities. (pp. 10–17). Society for the Teaching of Psychology.
Harrell-Levy, M. K. (2010). Contributions of Social Support, Future Orientation and a School Transition to School Engagement Among High School Adolescents. Auburn University.
Henry, H., Zacher, H., & Desmette, D. (2017). Future Time Perspective in the Work Context: A Systematic Review of Quantitative Studies. Frontiers in Psychology, 08, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00413
Hidayat, D., Kim, T., Listiani, T., & Setianingsih, A. R. (2019). Adolescence Student Behavioral Engagement In Mathematics Class. JPI (Jurnal Pendidikan Indonesia), 8(2), 244–255. https://doi.org/10.23887/jpi-undiksha.v8i2.16927
Hilpert, J. C., Husman, J., Stump, G. S., Kim, W., Chung, W.-T., & Duggan, M. A. (2012). Examining students’ future time perspective: Pathways to knowledge building 1. Japanese Psychological Research, 54(3), 229–240. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.2012.00525.x
Husman, J., Hilpert, J. C., & Brem, S. K. (2016). Future Time Perspective Connectedness to a Career: The Contextual Effects of Classroom Knowledge Building. Psychologica Belgica, 56(3), 210–225. https://doi.org/10.5334/pb.282
Husman, J., & Lens, W. (1999). The role of the future in student motivation. Educational Psychologist, 34(2), 113–125. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15326985ep3402_4
Husman, J., & Shell, D. F. (2008). Beliefs and perceptions about the future: A measurement of future time perspective. Learning and Individual Differences, 18(2), 166–175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2007.08.001
Kirkpatrick, D. L. (1998). Evaluating training programs: The four levels (3rd ed.). Berret-Koehler Publisher, Inc.
Kurniawati, R., & Dewi, D. K. (2022). Pengaruh Future Time Perspective Terhadap Kematangan Karir Mahasiswa Tingkat Akhir. Character: Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 9(5), 153–163.
Lens, W., Paixão, M. P., Herrera, D., & Grobler, A. (2012). Future Time Perspective as a Motivational Variable: Content and Extension of Future Goals Affect the Quantity and Quality of Motivation. Japanese Psychological Research, 54(3), 321–333. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-5884.2012.00520.x
Miller, R. B., & Brickman, S. J. (2004). A Model of Future-Oriented Motivation and Self-Regulation. Educational Psychology Review, 16(1), 9–33. https://doi.org/10.1023/B:EDPR.0000012343.96370.39
Mutiasari, F., & Sunawan, S. (2021). Hubungan Future Time Perspective Dengan Personal Growth Initiative Mahasiswa. Jurnal Al-Taujih : Bingkai Bimbingan Dan Konseling Islami, 7(2), 89–96. https://doi.org/10.15548/atj.v7i2.2834
Nirmala, N. D. (2014). Penguatan Orientasi Masa Depan dan Perspektif Masa Depan Melalui Konseling Future Time Perspective (FTP) pada Remaja = Strengthen The Future Orientation and Future Perspective in Adolescents Through The Future Time Perspective (FTP) Counseling . Universitas Indonesia.
Prastowo, A. (2015). Panduan Kreatif Membuat Bahan Ajar Inovatif : Menciptakan Metode Pembelajaran yang Menarik dan Menyenangkan. Diva Press.
Rokhmah, S. N., & Achmat, Z. (2022). Pengaruh Future Time Perspective terhadap Pengambilan Keputusan pada Mahasiswa. Cognicia, 10(1), 1–6. https://doi.org/10.22219/cognicia.v10i1.20305
Roschelle, J., & Burke, Q. (2019). Commentary on Interest-Driven Creator theory: a US perspective on fostering interest, creativity, and habit in school. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 14(1), 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-019-0107-2
Savitri, J., Sussanto, S., & Anggrainy, D. (2016). Peran Basic Need Satisfaction terhadap School Engagement Siswa SMP “X” di Bandung. Kontribusi Psikologi Dalam Meningkatkan Wuality of Life Di Era Masyarakat Ekonomi ASEAN, 19–30.
Setiani, S., & Wijaya, E. (2020). The Relationship Between Self-Regulated Learning With Student Engagement in College Students Who Have Many Roles. Proceedings of the 2nd Tarumanagara International Conference on the Applications of Social Sciences and Humanities (TICASH 2020). https://doi.org/10.2991/assehr.k.201209.045
Shell, D. F., & Husman, J. (2001). The Multivariate Dimensionality of Personal Control and Future Time Perspective Beliefs in Achievement and Self-Regulation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 26(4), 481–506. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.2000.1073
Steinberg, L. D. (2017). Adolescence (12th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Stockemer, D. (2019). Quantitative Methods for the Social Sciences (1st ed.). Springer International Publishing. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-99118-4
Supratiknya, A. (2011). Merancang Program dan Modul Psikoedukasi (Edisi Revisi). Penerbit Universitas sanata Dharma.
Vasalampi, K., Salmela-Aro, K., & Nurmi, J.-E. (2009). Adolescents’ Self-Concordance, School Engagement, and Burnout Predict Their Educational Trajectories . European Psychologist, 14(4), 332–341. https://doi.org/10.1027/1016-9040.14.4.332
Vecchio, G. M., Lonigro, A., Laghi, F., Barcaccia, B., & Pallini, S. (2021). The Influence of Study Interests on School Achievement: The Role of Future Time Perspective and Positive Affect. International Journal of School & Educational Psychology, 9(sup1), S47–S57. https://doi.org/10.1080/21683603.2020.1721386
Wang, M.-T., & Peck, S. C. (2013). Adolescent Educational Success and Mental Health Vary Across School Engagement Profiles. Developmental Psychology, 49(7), 1266–1276. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0030028
Wentzel, K. R., & Looney, L. (2014). Socialization in School Settings . In J. E. Grusec & P. D. Hastings (Eds.), Handbook of Socialization : Theory and Research (pp. 382–403). The Guilford Press.
Wonglorsaichon, B., Wongwanich, S., & Wiratchai, N. (2014). The Influence of Students School Engagement on Learning Achievement: A Structural Equation Modeling Analysis. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 116, 1748–1755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2014.01.467
Zimmerman, B. J. (2002). Becoming a Self-Regulated Learner: An Overview. Theory Into Practice, 41(2), 64–70. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15430421tip4102_2
Zulfikar, F. (2023, January 24). 15 Sekolah Swasta Terbaik di Bandung Versi Nilai UTBK, Cek Ranking Sekolahmu! . https://www.detik.com/edu/sekolah/d-6530068/15-sekolah-swasta-terbaik-di-bandung-versi-nilai-utbk-cek-ranking-sekolahmu