Main Article Content

Abstract

This study investigates the relationship between emotional and spiritual intelligence from an Islamic perspective, with creativity and proactive attitude as mediating variables. The research utilized a survey among students at several private Islamic universities in Medan City. These universities were selected due to their Islamic vision and the presence of central business incubators or entrepreneurship centers. Students who carried out entrepreneurial activities from semester 3 to semester 7, totaling 120 people, were selected as sample size sufficiently representative of the population using a simple random sampling method. Data analysis was performed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) from the statistical software package LISREL 8.80. The results showed that all the hypotheses tested in this study were supported, meaning that the Islamic perspective on emotional and spiritual intelligence was proven to encourage entrepreneurial intentions at Islamic universities in Medan City with creativity and proactive attitude as a serial mediator. Creativity and proactive attitudes mediate the relationship between emotional and spiritual intelligence towards entrepreneurial intention. Creativity and proactive attitudes reinforce the relationship between emotional and spiritual intelligence toward entrepreneurial intention. The better the creativity and proactive attitudes of the respondents, the stronger the relationship between emotional and spiritual intelligence towards entrepreneurial intention.

Keywords

Emotional intelligence spiritual intelligence creativity proactive attitude entrepreneurial intention

Article Details

How to Cite
Radiman, R., Sukiman, S., & Agus, R. . (2024). Emotional and spiritual intelligence impacts on entrepreneurial intention: Serial mediation of creativity and proactive attitude. Asian Management and Business Review, 4(2), 221–240. https://doi.org/10.20885/AMBR.vol4.iss2.art4

References

  1. Adekiya, A. A., & Ibrahim, F. (2016). Entrepreneurship intention among students: The antecedent role of culture and entrepreneurship training and development. International Journal of Management Education, 14(2), 116–132. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2016.03.001
  2. Afshar, H. S., & Rahimi, M. (2016). Reflective thinking, emotional intelligence, and speaking ability of EFL learners: Is there a relation? Thinking Skills and Creativity, 19, 97–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2015.10.005
  3. Alzoubi, H. M., & Aziz, R. (2021). Does emotional intelligence contribute to quality of strategic decisions? The mediating role of open innovation. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 7(2), 130. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc7020130
  4. Amabile, T. M. (1996). Creativity in Context: Update to Social Psychology of Creativity. New York: Routledge.
  5. Amabile, T. M., Barsade, S. G., Mueller, J. S., & Staw, B. M. (2005). Affect and creativity at work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 50(3), 367–403. https://doi.org/10.2189/asqu.2005.50.3.367
  6. Barral, M. R. M., Ribeiro, F. G., & Canever, M. D. (2018). Influence of the university environment in the entrepreneurial intention in public and private universities. RAUSP Management Journal, 53(1), 122–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rauspm.2017.12.009
  7. Bateman, T. S., & Crant, J. M. (1993). The proactive component of organizational behavior: A measure and correlates. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 14(2), 103–118. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.4030140202
  8. Bilgiseven, E. B., & Kasimoǧlu, M. (2019). Analysis of factors leading to entrepreneurial intention. Procedia Computer Science, 158, 885–890. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2019.09.127
  9. Binnewies, C., Ohly, S., & Sonnentag, S. (2007). Taking personal initiative and communicating about ideas: What is important for the creative process and for idea creativity? European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 16(4), 432–455. https://doi.org/10.1080/13594320701514728
  10. Bourmistrov, A., & Åmo, B. W. (2022). Creativity, proactivity, and foresight. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 174, 121215. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2021.121215
  11. Brundin, E., Liu, F., & Cyron, T. (2022). Emotion in strategic management: A review and future research agenda. Long Range Planning, 55(4), 102144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lrp.2021.102144
  12. Buzza, J., & Mosca, J. B. (2009). Create the plan, work the plan : A look at why the independent business owner has trouble calling a franchisee a true entrepreneur. American Journal of Business Education, 2(7), 113–118.
  13. Cai, B., Chen, Y., & Ayub, A. (2023). “Quiet the mind, and the soul will speak”! Exploring the boundary effects of green mindfulness and spiritual intelligence on university students’ green entrepreneurial intention–behavior link. Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(5), 3895. https://doi.org/10.3390/su15053895
  14. Camelo-Ordaz, C., Diánez-González, J. P., & Ruiz-Navarro, J. (2016). The influence of gender on entrepreneurial intention: The mediating role of perceptual factors. BRQ Business Research Quarterly, 19(4), 261–277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brq.2016.03.001
  15. Carmeli, A., McKay, A. S., & Kaufman, J. C. (2014). Emotional intelligence and creativity: The mediating role of generosity and vigor. Journal of Creative Behavior, 48(4), 290–309. https://doi.org/10.1002/jocb.53
  16. Chin, W. W. (1998). The partial least squares approach to structural equation modeling. In Marcoulides, G. A. (Ed.), Modern Methods for Business Research. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410604385-10
  17. Darvishmotevali, M., Altinay, L., & De Vita, G. (2018). Emotional intelligence and creative performance: Looking through the lens of environmental uncertainty and cultural intelligence. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 73, 44–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.01.014
  18. Edgar, C., McRorie, M., & Sneddon, I. (2012). Emotional intelligence, personality and the decoding of non-verbal expressions of emotion. Personality and Individual Differences, 52(3), 295–300. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2011.10.024
  19. Elnadi, M., & Gheith, M. H. (2021). Entrepreneurial ecosystem, entrepreneurial self-efficacy, and entrepreneurial intention in higher education: Evidence from Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Management Education, 19(1), 100458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100458
  20. FakhrEldin, H. (2017). The relationship between the emotional intelligence of entrepreneurs and the new venture creation: The role of age, gender and motive. Arab Economic and Business Journal, 12(2), 99–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aebj.2017.10.002
  21. Farahbod, F., Azadehdel, M., Mofidi, M. khoshdel, Shahabi, S., Khoshamooz, H., Pazhouh, L. D., Ghorbaninejad, N., & Shadkam, F. (2013). The relationship between trait emotional intelligence and entrepreneurship attitudes and intentions. Journal of Public Administration and Policy Research, 5(3), 79–85. https://doi.org/10.5897/jpapr2013.0242
  22. George, J. M., & Zhou, J. (2002). Understanding when bad moods foster creativity and good ones don’t: The role of context and clarity of feelings. Journal of Applied Psychology, 87(4), 687. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.87.4.687
  23. Govaerts, F., & Ottar Olsen, S. (2023). Consumers’ values, attitudes and behaviours towards consuming seaweed food products: The effects of perceived naturalness, uniqueness, and behavioural control. Food Research International, 165(9291), 9–13. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2022.112417
  24. Haase, J., Hoff, E. V., Hanel, P. H. P., & Innes-Ker, Å. (2018). A meta-analysis of the relation between creative self-efficacy and different creativity measurements. Creativity Research Journal, 30(1), 1-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400419.2018.1411436
  25. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2014). Multivariate Data Analysis (7th ed.). London: Pearson Education Limited.
  26. Hu, R., Wang, L., Zhang, W., & Bin, P. (2018). Creativity, proactive personality, and entrepreneurial intention: The role of entrepreneurial alertness. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00951
  27. Huang, S., Huang, Q., & Soetanto, D. (2022). Entrepreneurial orientation dimensions and the performance of high-tech and low-tech firms: A configurational approach. European Management Journal, 41(3), 375-384. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.emj.2022.03.002
  28. Krueger, N. F., Reilly, M. D., & Carsrud, A. L. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 16(5/6), 411–432. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0883-9026(98)00033-0
  29. Kumar, R., & Shukla, S. (2023). A theory-based approach to model entrepreneurial intentions: Exploring the role of creativity, proactive personality and passion. Higher Education, Skills and Work-Based Learning, 13(2), 355-370. https://doi.org/10.1108/HESWBL-02-2022-0036
  30. Küttim, M., Kallaste, M., Venesaar, U., & Kiis, A. (2014). Entrepreneurship education at university level and students’ entrepreneurial intentions. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 110, 658–668. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2013.12.910
  31. Lajoie, S. P., Pekrun, R., Azevedo, R., & Leighton, J. P. (2020). Understanding and measuring emotions in technology-rich learning environments. Learning and Instruction, 70, 101272. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.learninstruc.2019.101272
  32. Lee, S., Kang, M. J., & Kim, B. K. (2022). Factors influencing entrepreneurial intention: Focusing on individuals’ knowledge exploration and exploitation activities. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 8(3), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc8030165
  33. Lopes, P. N., Cote, S., & Salovey, P. (2006). An ability model of emotional intelligence: Implications for assessment and training. In Druskat, V. U., Mount, G., & Sala, F. (Eds.), Linking Emotional Intelligence and Performance at Work: Current Research Evidence With Individuals and Groups (pp. 53–80). New York: Psychology Press. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203763896
  34. Mortan, R. A., Ripoll, P., Carvalho, C., & Bernal, M. C. (2014). Effects of emotional intelligence on entrepreneurial intention and self-efficacy. Revista de Psicologia Del Trabajo y de Las Organizaciones, 30(3), 97–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rpto.2014.11.004
  35. Naz, S., Li, C., Zaman, U., & Rafiq, M. (2020). Linking proactive personality and entrepreneurial intentions: A serial mediation model involving broader and specific self-efficacy. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 6(4), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc6040166
  36. Ng, H. S., Hung Kee, D. M., & Khan, M. J. (2021). Effects of personality, education and opportunities on entrepreneurial intentions. Education+ Training, 63(7–8), 992-1014. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-02-2019-0040
  37. Ngah, R., Wahyukaton, Salleh, Z., & Sarmidy, R. (2016). Comparative study of emotional intelligence and entrepreneurial orientation between Malaysian and Indonesian university students. Procedia Economics and Finance, 37(16), 100–107. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212-5671(16)30099-5
  38. Nggermanto, A. (2002). Quantum Quotient - Kecerdasan Quantum: Cara Praktis Melejitkan IQ, EQ, dan SQ yang Harmonis. Bandung: Yayasan Nuansa Cendekia.
  39. Parker, S. K., Williams, H. M., & Turner, N. (2006). Modeling the antecedents of proactive behavior at work. Journal of Applied Psychology, 91(3), 636–652. https://doi.org/10.1037/0021-9010.91.3.636
  40. Pekaar, K. A., van der Linden, D., Bakker, A. B., & Born, M. Ph. (2020). Dynamic self- and other-focused emotional intelligence: A theoretical framework and research agenda. Journal of Research in Personality, 86, 103958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrp.2020.103958
  41. Rahimi, S., & Shute, V. J. (2021). First inspire, then instruct to improve students’ creativity. Computers and Education, 174, 104312. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104312
  42. Ramayah, T., & Harun, Z. (2005). Entrepreneurial intention among the students of Universiti Sains Malaysia (USM). International Journal of Management and Entrepreneurship, 1(5), 8–20.
  43. Raza, M., Khalique, M., Khalid, R., Kasuma, J., Ali, W., & Selem, K. M. (2023). Achieving SMEs’ excellence: Scale development of Islamic entrepreneurship from business and spiritual perspectives. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-02-2023-0060
  44. Rodrigues, A. P., Jorge, F. E., Pires, C. A., & António, P. (2019). The contribution of emotional intelligence and spirituality in understanding creativity and entrepreneurial intention of higher education students. Education+ Training, 61(7/8), 870-894. https://doi.org/10.1108/ET-01-2018-0026
  45. Rosado-Cubero, A., Freire-Rubio, T., & Hernández, A. (2022). Entrepreneurship: What matters most. Journal of Business Research, 144, 250–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2022.01.087
  46. Satpathya, T., & Samanta, S. (2022). Impact of spiritual intelligence on life satisfaction: A structural equation modeling approach. In Proceedings of the International Conference on Innovative Computing & Communication (ICICC). https://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4037676
  47. Shaari, S., & Matore, M. E. E. M. (2019). Emphasizing the concept of spiritual intelligence from Islamic and Western perspectives on multiple intelligence. Creative Education, 10(12), 2815–2830. https://doi.org/10.4236/ce.2019.1012208
  48. Sheikhi, Z. (2012). Investigation of the relationship between intellectual capital and creativity in educational organization. Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research, (2), 10737-10741.
  49. Silva, D., & Coelho, A. (2019). The impact of emotional intelligence on creativity, the mediating role of worker attitudes and the moderating effects of individual success. Journal of Management & Organization, 25(2), 284–302. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1017/jmo.2018.60
  50. Sitepu, E. S. (2020). The role of intellectual, emotional and spiritual intelligence towards entrepreneurial intention among TVET student Indonesia and Malaysia. International Journal of Technical Vocational and Engineering Technology, 2(1), 117-123.
  51. Skrzypińska, K. (2021). Does spiritual intelligence (SI) exist? A theoretical investigation of a tool useful for finding the meaning of life. Journal of Religion and Health, 60(1), 500–516. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-020-01005-8
  52. Srimulyani, V. A., & Hermanto, Y. B. (2022). Impact of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and entrepreneurial motivation on micro and small business success. Economies, 10(10), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3390/economies10010010
  53. Sweetman, J., Maio, G. R., Spears, R., Manstead, A. S. R., & Livingstone, A. G. (2019). Attitude toward protest uniquely predicts (normative and nonnormative) political action by (advantaged and disadvantaged) group members. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 82, 115–128. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.01.001
  54. Venkatraman, N., & Ramanujam, V. (1986a). Measurement of business performance in strategy research: A comparison of approaches. The Academy of Management Review, 11(4), 801–814. https://doi.org/10.5465/amr.1986.4283976
  55. Wang, C., Mundorf, N., & Salzarulo-McGuigan, A. (2022). Entrepreneurship education enhances entrepreneurial creativity: The mediating role of entrepreneurial inspiration. International Journal of Management Education, 20(2), 100570. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2021.100570
  56. Wang, C., Zhang, Y., Ding, H., & Zhang, L. (2023). The moderating effect of creativity on entrepreneurial intention of Chinese vocational college students. Applied Mathematics and Nonlinear Sciences, 8(2), 3383-3392. https://doi.org/10.2478/amns.2023.2.01136
  57. Yeke, S. (2023). Digital intelligence as a partner of emotional intelligence in business administration. Asia Pacific Management Review, 28(4), 390-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2023.01.001
  58. Zampetakis, L. A., & Moustakis, V. (2006). Linking creativity with entrepreneurial intentions: A structural approach. International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal, 2, 413-428. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11365-006-0006-z
  59. Zhou, J., & George, J. M. (2003). Awakening employee creativity: The role of leader emotional intelligence. Leadership Quarterly, 14(4–5), 545–568. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1048-9843(03)00051-1
  60. Zhu, G., Zhou, Y., Zhou, F., Wu, M., Zhan, X., Si, Y., Wang, P., & Wang, J. (2021). Proactive personality measurement using item response theory and social media text mining. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 705005. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.705005
  61. Zohar, D., & Marshall, I. (2004). Spiritual Capital: Wealth We Can Live By. California: Berret-Koehler Publisher, Inc.