Main Article Content

Abstract

This paper investigates the phenomenon and factors that influence quiet quitting behavior that is happening in millennial and Z generation workers. Quiet quitting is employee behavior that chooses to work moderately according to the tasks that have been given. Several previous research results found that this behavior can be anticipated by increasing job satisfaction which is influenced by empowering leadership, organizational culture, and work overload. This research was designed with a survey method and using a quantitative approach. Data collection in this study used online questionnaires distributed to workers in the age range of millennial and Z generations. The data analysis technique used in this research is Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) with AMOS software. The number of samples in this study was 600 respondents. The respondents are dominated by workers on the islands of Java and Sumatra and the rest are from other regions in Indonesia. The findings of this research highlight the negative effect of job satisfaction towards quiet quitting behavior in millennial and Z workers. Another result of this study is that there is a positive effect of empowering leadership and organizational culture on job satisfaction, while work overload have a negative effect on job satisfaction. The research results are useful information for planning strategies to retain employees and provide their best performance at work. These findings are significant to measure the factors that influence job satisfaction of millennial and generation Z employees so that they do not quiet quitting or leaving the company.

Keywords

Quiet quitting empowering leadership job satisfaction organizatinal culture

Article Details

How to Cite
Taufik, N., Rosyadi, A., & Aliyuddin, M. . (2024). Why millennials and gen Z are silently leaving their jobs? Unraveling the ‘quiet quitting’ trend. Asian Management and Business Review, 4(2), 276–292. https://doi.org/10.20885/AMBR.vol4.iss2.art7

References

  1. AbouAssi, K., McGinnis Johnson, J., & Holt, S. B. (2021). Job mobility among millennials: Do they stay or do they go? Review of Public Personnel Administration, 41(2), 219–249. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734371X19874396
  2. Afrahi, B., Blenkinsopp, J., Fernandez de Arroyabe, J. C., & Karim, M. S. (2022). Work disengagement: A review of the literature. Human Resource Management Review, 32(2), 100822. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hrmr.2021.100822
  3. Alaminos-Torres, A., Martínez-Álvarez, J. R., Martínez-Lorca, M., López-Ejeda, N., & Marrodán Serrano, M. D. (2023). Fatigue, work overload, and sleepiness in a sample of Spanish commercial airline pilots. Behavioral Sciences, 13(4), 300. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13040300
  4. Alif, M., & Nastiti, T. (2022). Empowering leadership in creativity and work-effort: An elucidation through the psychological empowerment and self-leadership of the millennials generation. Gadjah Mada International Journal of Business, 24, 269. https://doi.org/10.22146/gamaijb.61306
  5. Aljlayel, N. (2024). The role of organizational culture in business process management adoption: A case study. Procedia Computer Science, 234, 663–673. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2024.03.052
  6. Alonderiene, R., & Pilkiene, M. (2020). Educational leadership and job satisfaction. Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Education. https://doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190264093.013.703
  7. Alves, I., Limão, M., & Lourenço, S. M. (2024). Work overload, work–life balance and auditors’ turnover intention: The moderating role of motivation. Australian Accounting Review, 34(1), 4–28. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12417
  8. Amundsen, S., & Martinsen, Ø. L. (2015). Linking empowering leadership to job satisfaction, work effort, and creativity: The role of self-leadership and psychological empowerment. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22(3), 304–323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051814565819
  9. Anindita, R., & Bachtiar, N. P. (2021). The impact of organizational culture towards organizational citizenship behavior through job satisfaction and competency among online media employees. Business and Entrepreneurial Review, 21(1), 193–216. https://doi.org/10.25105/ber.v21i1.9279
  10. Arslan, A., Ahokangas, P., Haapanen, L., Golgeci, I., Tarba, S. Y., & Bazel-Shoham, O. (2022). Generational differences in organizational leaders: An interpretive phenomenological analysis of work meaningfulness in the Nordic high-tech organizations. Technological Forecasting and Social Change, 180, 121717. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.techfore.2022.121717
  11. Aslam, U., Muqadas, F., Imran, M. K., & Rahman, U. U. (2018). Investigating the antecedents of work disengagement in the workplace. Journal of Management Development, 37(2), 149–164. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMD-06-2017-0210
  12. Atalay, M., & Dağıstan, U. (2024). Quiet quitting: A new wine in an old bottle? Personnel Review, 53(4), 1059–1074. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-02-2023-0122
  13. Aydin, E., & Azi̇Zoğlu, Ö. (2022, October). A new term for an existing concept: Quiet quitting- a self- determination perspective. In International Congress on Critical Debates in Social Sciences (ICCDSS 2022) (pp. 285-295).
  14. Barhate, B., & Dirani, K. M. (2022). Career aspirations of generation Z: A systematic literature review. European Journal of Training and Development, 46(1/2), 139–157. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-07-2020-0124
  15. Batarfi, R. F., Bakhsh, A. M. A., Alghamdi, I. D., & Alotaibi, F. A. (2023). Revealing the relation between job satisfaction and workload: A cross-sectional study in the emergency department. Annals of Medicine and Surgery, 85(5), 1667–1672. https://doi.org/10.1097/MS9.0000000000000600
  16. Bencsik, A., Juhász, T., Horváth-Csikós, G., & Szent István University in Gödöllő. (2016). Y and Z Generations at Workplaces. Journal of Competitiveness, 6(3), 90–106. https://doi.org/10.7441/joc.2016.03.06
  17. Benítez-Márquez, M. D., Sánchez-Teba, E. M., Bermúdez-González, G., & Núñez-Rydman, E. S. (2021). Generation Z within the workforce and in the workplace: A bibliometric analysis. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.736820
  18. Bordens, K. S., & Abbott, B. B. (2022). Research Design and Methods: A Process Approach, (eleventh edition). United Kingdom: McGraw-Hill Education.
  19. Bortolotti, T., Boscari, S., & Xiao, C.-Y. (2024). Leveraging organizational culture to create competitive value from environmental practices. International Journal of Production Economics, 272, 109252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpe.2024.109252
  20. Cai, D., Cai, Y., Sun, Y., & Ma, J. (2018). Linking empowering leadership and employee work engagement: The effects of person-job fit, person-group fit, and proactive personality. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1304. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01304
  21. Chen, D., & Wang, Z. (2014). The effects of human resource attributions on employee outcomes during organizational change. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 42(9), 1431–1443. https://doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2014.42.9.1431
  22. Cheong, M., Yammarino, F. J., Dionne, S. D., Spain, S. M., & Tsai, C.-Y. (2019). A review of the effectiveness of empowering leadership. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 34–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.08.005
  23. Colliander, E., & Olsson, E. (2023). Finding the Perfect Fit: A Study of Person-Organisation Fit Between Generation Z and Employers. Master's degree thesis, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-506934
  24. Damron, S. (2018, December 10). Workplace Trust—58% of People Trust Strangers More than Their Own Boss. Retrieved from https://www.onemodel.co/blog/workplace-trust
  25. Diz, M. R. (2021). Gen Z and Millennials in the Workplace: How are Leaders Adapting to their Short Attention Span and How Will they Keep them from Leaving a Qualitative Study. Doctoral dissertation, Florida International University, Florida, US. https://doi.org/10.25148/etd.FIDC010295
  26. Dutta, D., & Mishra, S. K. (2021). Predictors of applicant attraction among Gen-X and millennials: Evidence from an emerging economy. International Journal of Manpower, 42(8), 1479–1499. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJM-04-2020-0169
  27. Fayyazi, M., & Aslani, F. (2015). The impact of work-life balance on employees’ job satisfaction and turnover intention: The moderating role of continuance commitment. International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences, 51, 33–41. https://doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ILSHS.51.33
  28. Formica, S., & Sfodera, F. (2022). The great resignation and quiet quitting paradigm shifts: An overview of current situation and future research directions. Journal of Hospitality Marketing & Management, 31(8), 899–907. https://doi.org/10.1080/19368623.2022.2136601
  29. Fraboni, F., Paganin, G., Mazzetti, G., Guglielmi, D., & Pietrantoni, L. (2023). The intricate pathways from empowering leadership to burnout: A deep dive into interpersonal conflicts, work-home interactions, and supportive colleagues. Informing Science: The International Journal of an Emerging Transdiscipline, 26, 149–172. https://doi.org/10.28945/5178
  30. Galanis, P., Katsiroumpa, A., Vraka, I., Siskou, O., Konstantakopoulou, O., Moisoglou, I., Gallos, P., & Kaitelidou, D. (2023). The quiet quitting scale: Development and initial validation. AIMS Public Health, 10(4), 828–848. https://doi.org/10.3934/publichealth.2023055
  31. Gallup, Inc. (2022). State of the Global Workplace: 2022 Report. Retrieved from https://www.cca-global.com/content/latest/article/2023/05/state-of-the-global-workplace-2022-report-346/
  32. Ghura, A. S., Chaudhary, S., & Sangroya, D. (2023). Corporate entrepreneurship environment and younger workforce engagement: An empirical examination. Vision: The Journal of Business Perspective, 097226292311574. https://doi.org/10.1177/09722629231157471
  33. Hair, J. F., Babin, B. J., Anderson, R. E., & Black, W. C. (2019). Multivariate Data Analysis, (eighth edition). New York: Cengage Learning.
  34. Hamouche, S., Koritos, C., & Papastathopoulos, A. (2023). Quiet quitting: Relationship with other concepts and implications for tourism and hospitality. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 35(12), 4297-4312. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJCHM-11-2022-1362
  35. Hart, H. (2022, September 12). Quiet Quitting—It’s All In The Attitude. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/hannahart/2022/09/12/quiet-quitting-its-all-in-the attitude/?sh=40cca1b061b0
  36. Harter, J. (2022, June 10). Is Quiet Quitting Real? Retrieved from https://www.gallup.com/work place/398306/quiet-quitting-real.aspx
  37. Hasebrook, J., Hecke, J., Volkert, T., Singer, M., Hinkelmann, J., Michalak, L., & Hahnenkamp, K. (2023). Individual perspectives and mental maps of working conditions and intention to stay of physicians in academic medicine. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1106501. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1106501
  38. Hays, D. W. (2014). Examining differences between millennial and all employee levels of job satisfaction and importance and satisfaction with the immediate supervisor relationship. International Journal of Managerial Studies and Research, 2(8), 1–7.
  39. Indragiri, D. (2022). Systematic literature review: Empowerment leadership on performance. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 12(4), 2863-2871. https://doi.org/10.35335/enrichment.v12i4.673
  40. Inegbedion, H., Inegbedion, E., Peter, A., & Harry, L. (2020). Perception of workload balance and employee job satisfaction in work organisations. Heliyon, 6(1), e03160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03160
  41. Jermsittiparsert, K., Petchchedchoo, P., Kumsuprom, S., & Panmanee, P. (2021). The impact of the workload on the job satisfaction: Does the job stress matter? Academy of Strategic Management Journal, 20(5), 1–79. https://doi.org/1939-6104-20-S5-079
  42. Jeske, D., & Lippke, S. (2022). Predictors of employees’ self-reported future learning ability and disengagement at work. Journal of Workplace Learning, 34(3), 277–294. https://doi.org/10.1108/JWL-02-2021-0016
  43. Jo, Y., & Lee, D. (2022). Activated at home but deactivated at work: How daily mobile work leads to next‐day psychological withdrawal behavior. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2563
  44. Judge, T. A., Zhang, S. (Carrie), & Glerum, D. R. (2020). Job Satisfaction. In Sessa, V. I., & Bowling, N. A. (Eds.), Essentials of Job Attitudes and Other Workplace Psychological Constructs (1st ed., pp. 207–241). New York: Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429325755-11
  45. Karnadi, A. (2022, April 22). Survei: 84% Pekerja RI Berencana Resign 6 Bulan ke Depan. Retrieved from https://dataindonesia.id/sektor-riil/detail/survei-84-pekerja-ri-berencana-resign-6-bulan-ke-depan
  46. Kim, M., & Beehr, T. A. (2023). Empowering leadership improves employees’ positive psychological states to result in more favorable behaviors. The International Journal of Human Resource Management, 34(10), 2002–2038. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2022.2054281
  47. Kodithuwakku, M., Jusoh, M., & Chinna, K. (2018). Impact of human resource practices on intention to leave among generation Z- The future workforce. International Journal of Human Resource Studies, 8(4), 267. https://doi.org/10.5296/ijhrs.v8i4.13845
  48. Larasati, D. P., Hasanati, N., & Istiqomah (2019, March). The effects of work-life balance towards employee engagement in millennial generation. In Proceedings of the 4th ASEAN Conference on Psychology, Counselling, and Humanities (ACPCH 2018) (pp. 390-394). https://doi.org/10.2991/acpch-18.2019.93
  49. Laschinger, H. K. S., Wong, C. A., & Grau, A. L. (2013). Authentic leadership, empowerment and burnout: A comparison in new graduates and experienced nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 21(3), 541–552. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2834.2012.01375.x
  50. Madigan, D. J., & Kim, L. E. (2021). Towards an understanding of teacher attrition: A meta-analysis of burnout, job satisfaction, and teachers’ intentions to quit. Teaching and Teacher Education, 105, 103425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2021.103425
  51. Mahand, T., & Caldwell, C. (2023). Quiet quitting – Causes and opportunities. Business and Management Research, 12(1), 9. https://doi.org/10.5430/bmr.v12n1p9
  52. Mahapatra, G. P., Bhullar, N., & Gupta, P. (2022). Gen Z: An emerging phenomenon. NHRD Network Journal, 15(2), 246–256. https://doi.org/10.1177/26314541221077137
  53. McGinnis, M. (2023). Evaluation of infection preventionists assignments utilizing data and infection preventionists feedback to determine assignment workload and improve job satisfaction. American Journal of Infection Control, 51(7), S11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2023.04.145
  54. Mitchell, T. (2019, January 17). Generation Z Looks a Lot Like Millennials on Key Social and Political Issues. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2019/01/17/generation-z-looks-a-lot-like-millennials-on-key-social-and-political-issues/
  55. Morrison-Beedy, D. (2022). Editorial: Are we addressing “quiet quitting” in faculty, staff, and students in academic settings? Building Healthy Academic Communities Journal, 6(2), 7–8. https://doi.org/10.18061/bhac.v6i2.9309
  56. Myers, K. K., & Sadaghiani, K. (2010). Millennials in the workplace: A communication perspective on millennials’ organizational relationships and performance. Journal of Business and Psychology, 25(2), 225–238. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-010-9172-7
  57. Nabahani, P., & Riyanto, S. (2020). Job satisfaction and work motivation in enhancing generation Z’s organizational commitment. Journal of Sosial Science, 1, 234–240. https://doi.org/10.46799/jsss.v1i5.39
  58. Nguyen Ngoc, T., Viet Dung, M., Rowley, C., & Pejić Bach, M. (2022). Generation Z job seekers’ expectations and their job pursuit intention: Evidence from transition and emerging economy. International Journal of Engineering Business Management, 14, 184797902211125. https://doi.org/10.1177/18479790221112548
  59. Ferzi, N. (2021). Organizational culture as a variable of leadership moderation and employee job satisfaction towards the organizational performance of PT. WKS Jambi. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 2(2), 087–098. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2021.2.2.0064
  60. Nunes, P. M., Proença, T., & Carozzo-Todaro, M. E. (2024). A systematic review on well-being and ill-being in working contexts: Contributions of self-determination theory. Personnel Review, 53(2), 375–419. https://doi.org/10.1108/PR-11-2021-0812
  61. Pandey, E. (2022, September 21). The Staying Power of Quiet Quitting [Research]. Retrieved from https://www.axios.com/2022/09/21/quiet-quitting-gen-z-work-jobs-minimum
  62. Pasko, R., Maellaro, R., & Stodnick, M. (2021). A study of millennials’ preferred work-related attributes and retention. Employee Relations: The International Journal, 43(3), 774–787. https://doi.org/10.1108/ER-05-2020-0224
  63. Pichler, S., Kohli, C., & Granitz, N. (2021). DITTO for Gen Z: A framework for leveraging the uniqueness of the new generation. Business Horizons, 64(5), 599–610. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2021.02.021
  64. Priporas, C.-V., Stylos, N., & Fotiadis, A. K. (2017). Generation Z consumers’ expectations of interactions in smart retailing: A future agenda. Computers in Human Behavior, 77, 374–381. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2017.01.058
  65. Qualtrics. (2020). 2020 Global Workforce Resilience Report. Retrieved from https://www.qualtrics.com/ebooks-guides/ex-workforce-resilience-study
  66. Racolța-Paina, N., & Irini, R. (2021). Generation Z in the workplace through the lenses of human resource professionals – A qualitative study. Quality - Access to Success, 22, 78–85.
  67. Rafiq, D. I., Mordhah, D. N., Perveen, D. A., & Elabasy, A. E. (2021). The role of self-management in relation to stress caused by work overload: A study of nurses in government hospitals. Webology, 18(3), 837-844.
  68. Ratnasari, S. (2019, December). Employee performance: Organizational culture, organizational commitment, and job satisfaction. In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Applied Economics and Social Science (ICAESS 2019) (pp. 69-75). https://doi.org/10.2991/icaess-19.2019.54
  69. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2017). Self-Determination Theory: Basic Psychological Needs in Motivation, Development, and Wellness. New York: Guilford Press.
  70. Salsabilla, A., Setiawan, M. & Juwita, H. A. J. (2022). The effect of workload and job stress on job satisfaction mediated by work motivation. International Journal of Research in Business and Social Science (2147-4478), 11(9), 97–106. https://doi.org/10.20525/ijrbs.v11i9.2209
  71. Sánchez-Hernández, M. I., González-López, Ó. R., Buenadicha-Mateos, M., & Tato-Jiménez, J. L. (2019). Work-life balance in great companies and pending issues for engaging new generations at work. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(24), 5122. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16245122
  72. Sari, I. N. (2022, September 17). Survei: 77% Tenaga Kerja Profesional Indonesia Pertimbangkan Resign. Retrieved from https://katadata.co.id/intannirmala/berita/63253760a7121/survei-77-tenaga-kerja-profesional-indonesia-pertimbangkan-resign
  73. Saunders, M. N. K., Lewis, P., & Thornhill, A. (2019). Research Methods for Business Students, (eighth edition). New York: Pearson.
  74. Schroth, H. (2019). Are you ready for gen Z in the workplace? California Management Review, 61(3), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008125619841006
  75. Sekaran, U., & Bougie, R. (2016). Research Methods for Business: A Skill-Building Approach, (seventh edition). New York: John Wiley & Sons.
  76. Serenko, A. (2024). The human capital management perspective on quiet quitting: Recommendations for employees, managers, and national policymakers. Journal of Knowledge Management, 28(1), 27–43. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-10-2022-0792
  77. Sessoms-Penny, S., Underwood, K. M., & Taylor, J. (2023). A decade later: Exploring managerial insights on millennials. Management Matters, 20(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.1108/MANM-03-2022-0044
  78. Shuck, B., Kim, W., & Chai, D. S. (2021). The chicken and egg conundrum: Job satisfaction or employee engagement and implications for human resources. New Horizons in Adult Education and Human Resource Development, 33(1), 4–24. https://doi.org/10.1002/nha3.20302
  79. Stahl, A. (2023, March 20). The Real Problem Behind Quiet Quitting And Quiet Hiring. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/ashleystahl/2023/03/20/the-real-problem-behind-quiet-quitting-and-quiet-hiring/?sh=54e9a1ab1f88
  80. Stewart, J. S., Oliver, E. G., Cravens, K. S., & Oishi, S. (2017). Managing millennials: Embracing generational differences. Business Horizons, 60(1), 45–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2016.08.011
  81. Taibah, D., & Ho, T. C. F. (2023). The moderating effect of flexible work option on structural empowerment and generation Z contextual performance. Behavioral Sciences, 13(3), 266. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs13030266
  82. Tapper, J. (2022, August 6). Quiet quitting: why doing the bare minimum at work has gone global. Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/money/2022/aug/06/quiet-quitting-why-doing-the-bare-minimum-at-work-has-gone-global
  83. Tentama, F., Rahmawati, A., & Muhopilah, P. (2019). The effect and implications of work stress and workload on job satisfaction. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 8, 2498–2502.
  84. Tsaur, S.-H., & Yen, C.-H. (2018). Work–leisure conflict and its consequences: Do generational differences matter? Tourism Management, 69, 121–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2018.05.011
  85. Wakida, E. (2015). Job satisfaction – A literature review on employee motivation, attitudes and turnover: What is the relationship? Human Resource Management, 10. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.1.1583.2800
  86. Waltz, L. A., Muñoz, L., Weber Johnson, H., & Rodriguez, T. (2020). Exploring job satisfaction and workplace engagement in millennial nurses. Journal of Nursing Management, 28(3), 673–681. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.12981
  87. Wang, C.-J., & Yang, I.-H. (2021). Why and how does empowering leadership promote proactive work behavior? An examination with a serial mediation model among hotel employees. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 18(5), 2386. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18052386
  88. Wang, H.-J., Demerouti, E., & Le Blanc, P. (2017). Transformational leadership, adaptability, and job crafting: The moderating role of organizational identification. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 100, 185–195. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2017.03.009
  89. Waworuntu, E. C., Kainde, S. J. R., & Mandagi, D. W. (2022). Work-life balance, job satisfaction and performance among millennial and gen Z employees: A systematic review. Society, 10(2), 384–398. https://doi.org/10.33019/society.v10i2.464
  90. Wu, A., & Wei, W. (2024). Rationalizing quiet quitting? Deciphering the internal mechanism of front-line hospitality employees’ workplace deviance. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 119, 103681. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhm.2023.103681
  91. Xueyun, Z., Al Mamun, A., Masukujjaman, M., Rahman, M. K., Gao, J., & Yang, Q. (2023). Modelling the significance of organizational conditions on quiet quitting intention among Gen Z workforce in an emerging economy. Scientific Reports, 13(1), 15438. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-42591-3
  92. Yap, W. M., & Badri, S. K. Z. (2020). What makes millennials happy in their workplace? Asian Academy of Management Journal, 25(1), 103-121. https://doi.org/10.21315/aamj2020.25.1.6
  93. Yikilmaz, İ. (2022, October). Quiet quitting: A conceptual investigation. In Anadolu 10th International Conference on Social Science (Vol. 10, pp. 581-591).
  94. Yıldız, S. (2023). Quiet quitting: Causes, consequences and suggestions. Social Mentality And Researcher Thinkers Journal, 70(70), 3180–3190. https://doi.org/10.29228/smryj.69426
  95. Yuliaty, F. (2022). Quality of work life, Kaizen culture, job satisfaction, and organizational commitment. Jurnal Khazanah Intelektual, 5(3), 1251–1268. https://doi.org/10.37250/newkiki.v5i3.142
  96. Zang, N., Cao, H., Zhou, N., Jiang, L., & Li, B. (2022). Job load, job stress, and job exhaustion among Chinese junior middle school teachers: Job satisfaction as a mediator and teacher’s role as a moderator. Social Psychology of Education, 25(5), 1003–1030. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11218-022-09719-1
  97. Zenger, J., & Folkman, J. (2022, August 31). Quiet Quitting Is About Bad Bosses, Not Bad Employees. Retrieved from https://hbr.org/2022/08/quiet-quitting-is-about-bad-bosses-not-bad-employees.