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Abstract
This research focused on the idea of proportionality in criminal law and its implementation in the policy of criminal sanctions formulation in legislation. As a normative legal research, this study used a philosophical, conceptual, and statute approach. This study revealed that crime and punishment are an important element of proportionality of criminal law. The higher the crime, the more severe the punishment received by the perpetrators of the crime. In a sanction that integrates both elements, the severity of criminal penalties is based on the proportionality between the seriousness of the crime and the perpetrator's fault with the severity of the potential liability for criminal penalty. The idea of proportionality requires three things: parity, the rank of the seriousness of the crime, and the criminal gap among very serious, heavy, and mild crimes. The policy of criminal sanctions formulation in economic laws has not reflected the idea of proportionality of criminal law. The potential liability for formal crime is more severe than that of material crime. Among similar crimes of bribery, money laundering, and obstruction of justice, the potential liabilities for the penalty are also not proportional. The potential liability for the violations of permits in Banking Law is even more severe than that of corruption. Since the proportionality of criminal law is based on the creation of justice, legislators should rank the seriousness of crimes by using the values in a society as a scale.
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References
- Buku
- Andrew Ashworth, Sentencing and Criminal Justice, Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005.
- Andrew von Hirsch & Andrew Ashworth, Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principiles, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005.
- ______, Past and Future Crimes, Menchester University Press, Menchester, 1985.
- ______, “Censure and Proportionality”, dalam R. A. Duff and David Garland (Editor), A Reader on Punishment, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
- Barbara A. Hudson, Understanding Justice an Introduction to Ideas Perspectives and Controversies in Modern Penal Theory, Open University Press, Philadephia, 1996
- Barda Nawawi Arief, Kapita Selekta Hukum Pidana, Cetk. Ketiga, PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 2013.
- ______, Masalah Penegakan Hukum dan Kebijakan Hukum Pidana dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan, Cetk. Ketiga, Kencana Prenada Group, Jakarta, 2010.
- Cesare Beccaria, Of Crime and Punishment, Translated by Jane Grigson, Marsilio Publisher, New York, 1996.
- Douglas Husak, Overcriminalization The Limits of the Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, New York, 2008.
- Johny Ibrahim, Teori dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif, BayuMedia Publishing, Malang, 2006.
- Matthias Klatt, Positive Obligations under the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights,Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 2011.
- Muladi, Kapita Selekta Sistem Peradilan Pidana, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 1995.
- Soetandyo Wigjnosoebroto, Hukum, Paradigma, Metode dan Dinamikan Masalahnya, HuMa, Jakarta, 2002.
- Jurnal
- Adam J. Kolber, “Against Proportional Punishment”, Vanderbilt Law Review, 66, 2013.
- Alice Ristroph, “Proportionality as a Principle of Limited Goverment”, Duke Law Journal, 55, 2005.
- Andrew von Hirsch, “Communsurability and Crime Prevention: Evaluating Formal Sentencing Structures and Their Rationale”, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 74, 1983.
- ______, “Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment: From “Why Punish?” to “How Much?”, Criminal Law Forum, Vol. 1 No, 2, 1990.
- ______, “Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment”, Crime and Justice, 16, 1992.
- ______, Proportionate Sentences for Juveniles How Different than for Adults?, Punishment and Society, Vol. 3, 2001.
- Basic Law Bulletin Issue, The Principle of Proportionality and the Concept of Margin of Appreciation in Human Rights Law, 15 December, 2013.
- Basil Ugochukwu, ‘Balancing, Proportionality, and Human Rights Adjudication in Comparative Context: Lessons for Nigeria’, York University and Transnational Human rights Review, Vol1, 2014.
- Beth A. Colgan, “The Excessive Fines Clause: Challenging the Modern Debtors’ Prison” UCLA Law Review, 65, 2018.
- Dan Meagher, ‘The Common Law Principle of Legality in the Age of Rights’, Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 35, 2013.
- Dat T. Bui, “Procedural Proportionality: The Remedy for an Uncertain Jurisprudence of Minor Offence Justice”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 12, 2018.
- Douglas Husak, “Crimes Outside the Core”, Tulsa Law Review, 39, 2004.
- ______, “Lifting the Cloak: Preventive Detention as Punishment”,San Diego Law Review, 2011.
- Erik Luna, “Punishment Theory, Holism, and the Procedural Conception of Restorative Justice”, Utah Law Review, 2003.
- Göran Duus-Otterström, “Retributivism and Public Opinion: On the Context Sensitivity of Desert”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 12, 2018
- Gregory S. Schneider, “Sentencing Proportionality in the States”, Arizona Law Review, 54, 2012.
- Imer Flores, ‘Proportionality in Constitutional and Human Rights Interpretation’, Georgetown Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper, 2013.
- Indrianto Seno Adji, Administrative Penal Law: Ke Arah Konstruksi Pidana Limitatif, Makalah Disampaikan pada Pelatihan Hukum dan Kriminologi, MAHUPIKI Bekerjasama dengan Fakultas Hukum UGM, Yogyakarta, 23-27 Februari, 2014.
- Joel Goh, ‘Proportionality - An Unattainable Ideal in the Criminal Justice System’, Manchester Student Law Review, Vol 2, 2013.
- Richard G. Singer, “Proportionate Thoughts about Proportionality”, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 8, 2010.
- Ronen Perry & Elena Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, “Income-Dependent Punitive Damages”, Washington University Law Review, 95, 2018.
- Vicki C. Jackson, “Constitutional Law in an Age of Proportionality”, Yale Law Journal, 124, 2015.
- William W. Berry III, “Promulgating Proportionality”, Georgia Law Review, 69, 2011
- Youngjae Lee, “Punishment as Reluctant Moralism Review of Andrew von Hirsch and Andrew Ashworth, ‘Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 2007.
- Undang-undang
- Undang-Undang No. 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan
- Undang-Undang No. 18 Tahun 2013 tentang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perusakan Hutan
- Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 1999 jo Undang-undang No. 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi
- Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika
- Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 2010 tentang Pencegahan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang
References
Buku
Andrew Ashworth, Sentencing and Criminal Justice, Fourth Edition, Cambridge University Press, New York, 2005.
Andrew von Hirsch & Andrew Ashworth, Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principiles, Oxford University Press, New York, 2005.
______, Past and Future Crimes, Menchester University Press, Menchester, 1985.
______, “Censure and Proportionality”, dalam R. A. Duff and David Garland (Editor), A Reader on Punishment, Oxford University Press, New York, 1994.
Barbara A. Hudson, Understanding Justice an Introduction to Ideas Perspectives and Controversies in Modern Penal Theory, Open University Press, Philadephia, 1996
Barda Nawawi Arief, Kapita Selekta Hukum Pidana, Cetk. Ketiga, PT. Citra Aditya Bakti, Bandung, 2013.
______, Masalah Penegakan Hukum dan Kebijakan Hukum Pidana dalam Penanggulangan Kejahatan, Cetk. Ketiga, Kencana Prenada Group, Jakarta, 2010.
Cesare Beccaria, Of Crime and Punishment, Translated by Jane Grigson, Marsilio Publisher, New York, 1996.
Douglas Husak, Overcriminalization The Limits of the Criminal Law, Oxford University Press, New York, 2008.
Johny Ibrahim, Teori dan Metodologi Penelitian Hukum Normatif, BayuMedia Publishing, Malang, 2006.
Matthias Klatt, Positive Obligations under the EuropeanConvention on Human Rights,Max-Planck-Institut für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht, 2011.
Muladi, Kapita Selekta Sistem Peradilan Pidana, Badan Penerbit Universitas Diponegoro, Semarang, 1995.
Soetandyo Wigjnosoebroto, Hukum, Paradigma, Metode dan Dinamikan Masalahnya, HuMa, Jakarta, 2002.
Jurnal
Adam J. Kolber, “Against Proportional Punishment”, Vanderbilt Law Review, 66, 2013.
Alice Ristroph, “Proportionality as a Principle of Limited Goverment”, Duke Law Journal, 55, 2005.
Andrew von Hirsch, “Communsurability and Crime Prevention: Evaluating Formal Sentencing Structures and Their Rationale”, Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 74, 1983.
______, “Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment: From “Why Punish?” to “How Much?”, Criminal Law Forum, Vol. 1 No, 2, 1990.
______, “Proportionality in the Philosophy of Punishment”, Crime and Justice, 16, 1992.
______, Proportionate Sentences for Juveniles How Different than for Adults?, Punishment and Society, Vol. 3, 2001.
Basic Law Bulletin Issue, The Principle of Proportionality and the Concept of Margin of Appreciation in Human Rights Law, 15 December, 2013.
Basil Ugochukwu, ‘Balancing, Proportionality, and Human Rights Adjudication in Comparative Context: Lessons for Nigeria’, York University and Transnational Human rights Review, Vol1, 2014.
Beth A. Colgan, “The Excessive Fines Clause: Challenging the Modern Debtors’ Prison” UCLA Law Review, 65, 2018.
Dan Meagher, ‘The Common Law Principle of Legality in the Age of Rights’, Melbourne University Law Review, Vol. 35, 2013.
Dat T. Bui, “Procedural Proportionality: The Remedy for an Uncertain Jurisprudence of Minor Offence Justice”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 12, 2018.
Douglas Husak, “Crimes Outside the Core”, Tulsa Law Review, 39, 2004.
______, “Lifting the Cloak: Preventive Detention as Punishment”,San Diego Law Review, 2011.
Erik Luna, “Punishment Theory, Holism, and the Procedural Conception of Restorative Justice”, Utah Law Review, 2003.
Göran Duus-Otterström, “Retributivism and Public Opinion: On the Context Sensitivity of Desert”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 12, 2018
Gregory S. Schneider, “Sentencing Proportionality in the States”, Arizona Law Review, 54, 2012.
Imer Flores, ‘Proportionality in Constitutional and Human Rights Interpretation’, Georgetown Public Law and Legal Theory Research Paper, 2013.
Indrianto Seno Adji, Administrative Penal Law: Ke Arah Konstruksi Pidana Limitatif, Makalah Disampaikan pada Pelatihan Hukum dan Kriminologi, MAHUPIKI Bekerjasama dengan Fakultas Hukum UGM, Yogyakarta, 23-27 Februari, 2014.
Joel Goh, ‘Proportionality - An Unattainable Ideal in the Criminal Justice System’, Manchester Student Law Review, Vol 2, 2013.
Richard G. Singer, “Proportionate Thoughts about Proportionality”, Ohio State Journal of Criminal Law, 8, 2010.
Ronen Perry & Elena Kantorowicz-Reznichenko, “Income-Dependent Punitive Damages”, Washington University Law Review, 95, 2018.
Vicki C. Jackson, “Constitutional Law in an Age of Proportionality”, Yale Law Journal, 124, 2015.
William W. Berry III, “Promulgating Proportionality”, Georgia Law Review, 69, 2011
Youngjae Lee, “Punishment as Reluctant Moralism Review of Andrew von Hirsch and Andrew Ashworth, ‘Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles”, Criminal Law and Philosophy, 2007.
Undang-undang
Undang-Undang No. 10 Tahun 1998 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 7 Tahun 1992 tentang Perbankan
Undang-Undang No. 18 Tahun 2013 tentang Pencegahan dan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Perusakan Hutan
Undang-Undang No. 31 Tahun 1999 jo Undang-undang No. 20 Tahun 2001 tentang Perubahan Atas Undang-Undang Nomor 31 Tahun 1999 tentang Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Korupsi
Undang-Undang No. 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika
Undang-Undang No. 8 Tahun 2010 tentang Pencegahan Pemberantasan Tindak Pidana Pencucian Uang