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Abstract
This study examines the considerations of the Supreme Court justices in Decision Number 17P/HUM/2021. Through the judicial review mechanism, the decision annulled the joint decision of the Minister of Education and Culture, Minister of Home Affairs, and Minister of Religious Affairs of the Republic of Indonesia which prohibited regional governments and public schools from instructing, ordering, and requiring certain religious clothing attributes for school students. In fact, the annulled decision was issued in response to, among other things, an incident of religious-based discrimination that occurred in a public school, where the school forced non-Muslim female students to wear the hijab. Based on the provisions of human rights law on freedom of religion and belief, this study focuses on analyzing the legal considerations of the Supreme Court in Decision Number 17P/HUM/2021 and shows more contextual issues from the issuance of the decision, especially in terms of the substance and administration of court decisions. Emphasizing the anomaly in the protection of freedom of religion and belief in the Supreme Court, this doctrinal research identifies a number of structural, substantial, and technical problems in the implementation of judicial review in the Supreme Court. In specific cases such as those involving aspects of freedom of religion and belief, Decision Number 17P/HUM/2021 indicates the failure of the Supreme Court to protect and respect such freedom. Behind such failure, this study also argues that the Supreme Court favours the conservative turn in religious practices and thus poses a problem in regards to th impartiality of justices in their performance.
Keywords: Anomaly, Impartiality, Freedom of Religion and Belief, Conservative Turn, Supreme Court
Abstrak
Studi ini menelisik pertimbangan hakim Mahkamah Agung dalam Putusan Nomor 17P/HUM/2021. Melalui mekanisme judicial review, putusan tersebut membatalkan keputusan bersama Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Menteri Dalam Negeri, dan Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia yang melarang pemerintah daerah dan sekolah publik untuk tidak mewajibkan, memerintahkan, dan mensyaratkan atribut berpakaian agama tertentu bagi siswa-siswi sekolah. Padahal, keputusan yang dibatalkan itu diterbitkan dalam rangka merespons, antara lain, peristiwa diskriminasi berbasis agama yang terjadi di sebuah sekolah publik, yang mana sekolah memaksa siswi non muslim untuk menggunakan jilbab. Berdasar pada ketentuan hukum hak asasi manusia tentang kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan, studi ini difokuskan untuk menganalisis pertimbangan hukum Mahkamah Agung dalam Putusan Nomor 17P/HUM/2021 dan menunjukkan persoalan-persoalan yang lebih kontekstual dari penerbitan putusan tersebut, terutama dari segi substansi dan administrasi putusan pengadilan. Menekankan adanya anomali perlindungan kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan di Mahkamah Agung, penelitian doktrinal ini mengidentifikasi sejumlah persoalan struktural, substansial, dan teknis dalam implementasi judicial revew di Mahkamah Agung. Dalam kasus-kasus spesifik seperti yang melibatkan aspek kebebasan beragama dan berkeyakinan, Putusan Nomor 17P/HUM/2021 menunjukkan kegagalan Mahkamah Agung dalam melindungi, sekaligus menghormati, kebebasan tersebut. Di balik kegagalan tersebut, studi ini juga berargumen bahwa Mahkamah Agung tengah berada dalam putaran konservatif praktik keagamaan dan memiliki problem imparsialitas hakim dalam kinerjanya.
Kata Kunci: Anomali, Imparsialitas, Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan, Putaran Konservatif, Mahkamah Agung
Keywords
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References
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African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1987).
Al-Ayyubi, Sholahuddin. “Perda Syariah Dinilai Diskriminatif.” Sindonews.com, 17 Juli 2013. https://nasional.sindonews.com/berita/762367/15/perda-syariah-dinilai-diskriminatif.
Alford, C. Fred. Narrative, Nature, and the Natural Law. From Aquinas to International Human Rights. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Ali-Fauzi, Ihsan, dan Saiful Mujani, ed. Gerakan Kebebasan Sipil: Studi dan advokasi kritis atas perda syari’ah. Jakarta: Nalar, 2009.
Alim, Muhammad. “Perda Bernuansa Syariah dan Hubungannya dengan Konstitusi.” Ius Quia Iustum 17, no. 1 (2010): 119–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol17.iss1.art6.
American Convention on Human Rights, “Pact of San Jose”, Costa Rica (1969).
Arifianto, Alexander R. “Rising Islamism and the Struggle for Islamic Authority in Post-Reformasi Indonesia.” TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 8, no. 1 (1 Mei 2020): 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2019.10.
Association, American Bar. Model of Judicial Conduct: 2011 Edition. American Bar Association, 2010.
Azhari, Subhi, dan Halili. Indeks Kota Toleran (IKT) Tahun 2020. Disunting oleh Ikhsan Yosarie. Jakarta: Pustaka Masyarakat Setara, 2020. www.setara-institute.org.
Bassett, Debra Lyn, dan Rex R Perschbacher. “The Elusive Goal of Impartiality.” IOWA Law Review 97, no. 1 (2011): 181–214.
Beitz, Charles R. The Idea of Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Berry, Stephanie E. “A ‘good faith’ interpretation of the right to manifest religion? The diverging approaches of the European Court of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee.” Legal Studies 37, no. 4 (2017): 672–94. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1111/lest.12168.
Bik, Alwi. “Peraturan Daerah Syariah dalam Bingkai Otonomi Daerah.” al-Daulah 3, no. 2 (2013): 279–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2013.3.2.279-298.
Bruinessen, Martin van. “Introduction: Contemporary Developments in Indonesia Islam and the ‘Conservative Turn’ of the Early Twenty-first Century.” Dalam Contemporary Developments in Indonesia Islam. Explaining the “Conservative, disunting oleh M van Bruinessen, 1–20. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2013.
Buehler, Michael, dan Dani Muhtada. “Democratization and the Diffusion of Shari’a Law: Comparative Insights from Indonesia.” South East Asia Research 24, no. 2 (2016): 261–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967828X16649311.
Case of Metropolitan Crurch of Bessarabia and Others v. Moldova, Application No.45701/99, Judgement (13 Desember 2001).
Case of S.A.S. v. France, Grand Chamber, Application No.42835/11, Judgement (1 Juli 2014).
Dewi, Retia Kartika, dan Rizal Setyo Nugroho. “Siswi Non-Muslim SMKN 2 Padang Diwajibkan Berjilbab, Ini Respons KPAI.” Kompas.com, 24 Januari 2021. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/01/24/092500265/siswi-non-muslim-smkn-2-padang-diwajibkan-berjilbab-ini-respons-kpai?page=all.
Edlin, Douglas E. Common Law Judging. Subjectivity, Impartiality, and the Making of Law. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2019.
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950).
Foster, Steven. The Judiciary, Civil Liberties and Human Rights. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
Griffin, James. On Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Hoesein, Zainal Arifin. Judicial Review di Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia: Tiga dekade pengujian peraturan perundang-undangan. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2009.
Human Rights Watch. “Aku Ingin Lari Jauh,” 18 Maret 2021. https://www.hrw.org/id/report/2021/03/18/378167.
Human Rights Watch. “Indonesia: Aturan Busana Diskriminatif bagi Anak dan Perempuan,” 18 Maret 2021. https://www.hrw.org/id/news/2021/03/18/378155.
Ikatan Hakim Indonesia. “Anggota.” Diakses 8 Juli 2024. https://ikahi.or.id/anggota.
Instruksi Walikota Padang Nomor 451.442/Binsos-III/2005 tentang Pelaksanaan Wirid Remaja, Didikan Subuh, Anti Togel atau Narkoba serta Berpakaian Muslim/Muslimah bagi Murid/Siswa SD/MI, SLTP/MtS, SLTA/SMK/MA di Kota Padang (2005).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966).
Jati, Wasisto Raharjo. “Permasalahan Implementasi Perda Syariah dalam Otonomi Daerah.” al-Manahij Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam VII, no. 2 (2013): 305–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v7i2.571.
Kampai, Jeka. “Eks Walkot Padang: Aturan Siswi Berjilbab Sudah 15 Tahun, Kok Baru Ribut?” detikNews, 23 Januari 2021. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5345873/eks-walkot-padang-aturan-siswi-berjilbab-sudah-15-tahun-kok-baru-ribut.
Krishnaswami, Arcot. “Study of Discrimination in The Matter of Religious Rights and Practices.” New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 11 (1978).
Kusuma, AB. Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Jakarta: Penerbit FH UI, 2004.
Maladi, Yanis. “‘Benturan Asas Nemo Judex Idoneus In Propria Causa dan Asas Ius Curia Novit’ (Telaah Yuridis putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 005/PUU-IV/2006).” Jurnal Konstitusi 7, no. 2 (2010): 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31078/jk721.
Morsink, Johannes. Inherent Human Rights. Philosophical Roots of the Universal Declaration. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
Nowak, Manfred. Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003.
Peters, Christoper J. “Legal Formalism, Procedural Principles, and Judicial Constraint in American Adjudication.” Dalam General Principles of Law-The Role of the Judiciary, disunting oleh Laura Pineschi. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2015.
Petkoff, Peter. “Forum Internum and Forum Externum in Canon Law and Public International Law with a Particular Reference to the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.” Religion & Human Rights 7, no. 3 (2012): 183–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-12341236.
Putra, Antoni. “Dualisme Pengujian Peraturan Perundang-Undangan.” Legislasi Indonesia 15, no. 2 (2018): 69–79.
Putra, Perdana. “Kontroversi Aturan Jilbab untuk Siswi Non-Muslim SMKN 2 Padang, Berujung Laporan ke Mendikbud hingga Menuai Kritik DPR.” Kompas.com, 23 Januari 2021. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/01/23/14262201/kontroversi-aturan-jilbab-untuk-siswi-non-muslim-smkn-2-padang-berujung?page=all.
Putusan Nomor 17P/HUM/2021 (2021).
Rachlinski, Jeffrey J, dan Andrew J Wistrich. “Judging the Judiciary by the Numbers: Empirical Research on Judges.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 13, no. Volume 13, 2017 (2017): 203–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-085032.
Rohidin, Rohidin, M. Syafi’ie, Despan Heryansyah, Sahid Hadi, dan Mahrus Ali. “Exclusive policy in guaranteeing freedom of religion and belief: A study on the existence of sharia-based local regulations in Indonesia and its problems.” Cogent Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2202939.
Sebastian, Leonard C, dan Andar Nubowo. “The ‘Conservative Turn’ in Indonesian Islam. Implications for the 2019 Presidential Elections,” 2019.
Sefriani, Sefriani, Yaries Mahardika Putro, Jaya Indra, Santoso Putra, dan Seguito Monteiro. “The Conundrum to Wear Religious Uniform in Indonesia: International Human Rights Law and Islamic Law Perspective.” Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 9 (2024): 31–62. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.vol9i1.4532.
Simanjuntak, Enrico. “Kewenangan Hak Uji Materil pada Mahkamah Agung RI.” Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 2, no. 3 (2013): 337–56. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.2.3.2013.337-356.
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, American Association for the International Commission of Jurists § (1984).
Suharso, Pudjo. “Pro Kontra Implementasi Perda Syariah (Tinjauan Elemen Masyarakat).” Al-Mawarid Edisi XVI (2006): 229–35.
Surat Keputusan Bersama Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Menteri Dalam Negeri, dan Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia Nomor 02/KB/2021, 025-199 Tahun 2021, dan Nomor 219 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Pakaian Seragam dan Atribut bagi Peserta Didik, Pendidik, Tenaga Kependidikan di Lingkungan Sekolah yang Diselenggarakan Pemerintah Daerah pada Jenjang Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah (2021).
Taylor, Paul M. Freedom of Religion. UN and European Human Rights Law and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
The Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct (2002).
The Universal Charter of The Judge (2017).
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (t.t.).
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
Wahid, Din. “Kembalinya Konservatisme Islam Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 21, no. 2 (2014): 375–90. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v21i2.1043.
Wawancara dengan Direktur Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Padang pada Januari 2022 di Kota Padang.
Wawancara dengan perwakilan masyarakat, Bagian Hukum Pemerintah Daerah Kota Padang, dan Anggota DPRD Kota Padang, pada Januari 2022 di Kota Padang.
Yosarie, Ikhsan, Ismail Hasani, dan Noryamin Aini. Dampak Produk Hukum Daerah Diskriminatif terhadap Pelayanan Publik. Jakarta: Pustaka Masyarakat Setara, 2019.
Zeitune, José. International Principles on the Independence and Accountability of Judges, Lawyers and Prosecutors. Practitioners Guide No.1. Second. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 2007.
Zuhdi, Muhammad. “Challenging Moderate Muslims: Indonesia’s muslim schools in the midst of religious conservatism.” Religions 9, no. 10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9100310.
References
Achmad, Achmad, dan Mulyanto Mulyanto. “Problematika Pengujian Peraturan Perundang-Undangan (Judicial Review) pada Mahkamah Agung dan Mahkamah Konstitusi.” Yustisia 2, no. 1 (2013): 57–65. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v2i1.11070.
African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights (1987).
Al-Ayyubi, Sholahuddin. “Perda Syariah Dinilai Diskriminatif.” Sindonews.com, 17 Juli 2013. https://nasional.sindonews.com/berita/762367/15/perda-syariah-dinilai-diskriminatif.
Alford, C. Fred. Narrative, Nature, and the Natural Law. From Aquinas to International Human Rights. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.
Ali-Fauzi, Ihsan, dan Saiful Mujani, ed. Gerakan Kebebasan Sipil: Studi dan advokasi kritis atas perda syari’ah. Jakarta: Nalar, 2009.
Alim, Muhammad. “Perda Bernuansa Syariah dan Hubungannya dengan Konstitusi.” Ius Quia Iustum 17, no. 1 (2010): 119–42. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.20885/iustum.vol17.iss1.art6.
American Convention on Human Rights, “Pact of San Jose”, Costa Rica (1969).
Arifianto, Alexander R. “Rising Islamism and the Struggle for Islamic Authority in Post-Reformasi Indonesia.” TRaNS: Trans-Regional and -National Studies of Southeast Asia 8, no. 1 (1 Mei 2020): 37–50. https://doi.org/10.1017/trn.2019.10.
Association, American Bar. Model of Judicial Conduct: 2011 Edition. American Bar Association, 2010.
Azhari, Subhi, dan Halili. Indeks Kota Toleran (IKT) Tahun 2020. Disunting oleh Ikhsan Yosarie. Jakarta: Pustaka Masyarakat Setara, 2020. www.setara-institute.org.
Bassett, Debra Lyn, dan Rex R Perschbacher. “The Elusive Goal of Impartiality.” IOWA Law Review 97, no. 1 (2011): 181–214.
Beitz, Charles R. The Idea of Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2009.
Berry, Stephanie E. “A ‘good faith’ interpretation of the right to manifest religion? The diverging approaches of the European Court of Human Rights and the UN Human Rights Committee.” Legal Studies 37, no. 4 (2017): 672–94. https://doi.org/DOI: 10.1111/lest.12168.
Bik, Alwi. “Peraturan Daerah Syariah dalam Bingkai Otonomi Daerah.” al-Daulah 3, no. 2 (2013): 279–98. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.15642/ad.2013.3.2.279-298.
Bruinessen, Martin van. “Introduction: Contemporary Developments in Indonesia Islam and the ‘Conservative Turn’ of the Early Twenty-first Century.” Dalam Contemporary Developments in Indonesia Islam. Explaining the “Conservative, disunting oleh M van Bruinessen, 1–20. Singapore: ISEAS Publishing, 2013.
Buehler, Michael, dan Dani Muhtada. “Democratization and the Diffusion of Shari’a Law: Comparative Insights from Indonesia.” South East Asia Research 24, no. 2 (2016): 261–82. https://doi.org/10.1177/0967828X16649311.
Case of Metropolitan Crurch of Bessarabia and Others v. Moldova, Application No.45701/99, Judgement (13 Desember 2001).
Case of S.A.S. v. France, Grand Chamber, Application No.42835/11, Judgement (1 Juli 2014).
Dewi, Retia Kartika, dan Rizal Setyo Nugroho. “Siswi Non-Muslim SMKN 2 Padang Diwajibkan Berjilbab, Ini Respons KPAI.” Kompas.com, 24 Januari 2021. https://www.kompas.com/tren/read/2021/01/24/092500265/siswi-non-muslim-smkn-2-padang-diwajibkan-berjilbab-ini-respons-kpai?page=all.
Edlin, Douglas E. Common Law Judging. Subjectivity, Impartiality, and the Making of Law. Michigan: University of Michigan Press, 2019.
European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950).
Foster, Steven. The Judiciary, Civil Liberties and Human Rights. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2006.
Griffin, James. On Human Rights. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2008.
Hoesein, Zainal Arifin. Judicial Review di Mahkamah Agung Republik Indonesia: Tiga dekade pengujian peraturan perundang-undangan. Jakarta: Rajawali Pers, 2009.
Human Rights Watch. “Aku Ingin Lari Jauh,” 18 Maret 2021. https://www.hrw.org/id/report/2021/03/18/378167.
Human Rights Watch. “Indonesia: Aturan Busana Diskriminatif bagi Anak dan Perempuan,” 18 Maret 2021. https://www.hrw.org/id/news/2021/03/18/378155.
Ikatan Hakim Indonesia. “Anggota.” Diakses 8 Juli 2024. https://ikahi.or.id/anggota.
Instruksi Walikota Padang Nomor 451.442/Binsos-III/2005 tentang Pelaksanaan Wirid Remaja, Didikan Subuh, Anti Togel atau Narkoba serta Berpakaian Muslim/Muslimah bagi Murid/Siswa SD/MI, SLTP/MtS, SLTA/SMK/MA di Kota Padang (2005).
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966).
Jati, Wasisto Raharjo. “Permasalahan Implementasi Perda Syariah dalam Otonomi Daerah.” al-Manahij Jurnal Kajian Hukum Islam VII, no. 2 (2013): 305–18. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.24090/mnh.v7i2.571.
Kampai, Jeka. “Eks Walkot Padang: Aturan Siswi Berjilbab Sudah 15 Tahun, Kok Baru Ribut?” detikNews, 23 Januari 2021. https://news.detik.com/berita/d-5345873/eks-walkot-padang-aturan-siswi-berjilbab-sudah-15-tahun-kok-baru-ribut.
Krishnaswami, Arcot. “Study of Discrimination in The Matter of Religious Rights and Practices.” New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 11 (1978).
Kusuma, AB. Lahirnya Undang-Undang Dasar 1945. Jakarta: Penerbit FH UI, 2004.
Maladi, Yanis. “‘Benturan Asas Nemo Judex Idoneus In Propria Causa dan Asas Ius Curia Novit’ (Telaah Yuridis putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Nomor 005/PUU-IV/2006).” Jurnal Konstitusi 7, no. 2 (2010): 1–17. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.31078/jk721.
Morsink, Johannes. Inherent Human Rights. Philosophical Roots of the Universal Declaration. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2009.
Nowak, Manfred. Introduction to the International Human Rights Regime. Leiden: Brill Academic Publishers, 2003.
Peters, Christoper J. “Legal Formalism, Procedural Principles, and Judicial Constraint in American Adjudication.” Dalam General Principles of Law-The Role of the Judiciary, disunting oleh Laura Pineschi. Switzerland: Springer International Publishing, 2015.
Petkoff, Peter. “Forum Internum and Forum Externum in Canon Law and Public International Law with a Particular Reference to the Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights.” Religion & Human Rights 7, no. 3 (2012): 183–214. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/18710328-12341236.
Putra, Antoni. “Dualisme Pengujian Peraturan Perundang-Undangan.” Legislasi Indonesia 15, no. 2 (2018): 69–79.
Putra, Perdana. “Kontroversi Aturan Jilbab untuk Siswi Non-Muslim SMKN 2 Padang, Berujung Laporan ke Mendikbud hingga Menuai Kritik DPR.” Kompas.com, 23 Januari 2021. https://regional.kompas.com/read/2021/01/23/14262201/kontroversi-aturan-jilbab-untuk-siswi-non-muslim-smkn-2-padang-berujung?page=all.
Putusan Nomor 17P/HUM/2021 (2021).
Rachlinski, Jeffrey J, dan Andrew J Wistrich. “Judging the Judiciary by the Numbers: Empirical Research on Judges.” Annual Review of Law and Social Science 13, no. Volume 13, 2017 (2017): 203–29. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-lawsocsci-110615-085032.
Rohidin, Rohidin, M. Syafi’ie, Despan Heryansyah, Sahid Hadi, dan Mahrus Ali. “Exclusive policy in guaranteeing freedom of religion and belief: A study on the existence of sharia-based local regulations in Indonesia and its problems.” Cogent Social Sciences 9, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1080/23311886.2023.2202939.
Sebastian, Leonard C, dan Andar Nubowo. “The ‘Conservative Turn’ in Indonesian Islam. Implications for the 2019 Presidential Elections,” 2019.
Sefriani, Sefriani, Yaries Mahardika Putro, Jaya Indra, Santoso Putra, dan Seguito Monteiro. “The Conundrum to Wear Religious Uniform in Indonesia: International Human Rights Law and Islamic Law Perspective.” Journal of Indonesian Legal Studies 9 (2024): 31–62. https://doi.org/10.15294/jils.vol9i1.4532.
Simanjuntak, Enrico. “Kewenangan Hak Uji Materil pada Mahkamah Agung RI.” Jurnal Hukum dan Peradilan 2, no. 3 (2013): 337–56. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.25216/jhp.2.3.2013.337-356.
Siracusa Principles on the Limitation and Derogation Provisions in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, American Association for the International Commission of Jurists § (1984).
Suharso, Pudjo. “Pro Kontra Implementasi Perda Syariah (Tinjauan Elemen Masyarakat).” Al-Mawarid Edisi XVI (2006): 229–35.
Surat Keputusan Bersama Menteri Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan, Menteri Dalam Negeri, dan Menteri Agama Republik Indonesia Nomor 02/KB/2021, 025-199 Tahun 2021, dan Nomor 219 Tahun 2021 tentang Penggunaan Pakaian Seragam dan Atribut bagi Peserta Didik, Pendidik, Tenaga Kependidikan di Lingkungan Sekolah yang Diselenggarakan Pemerintah Daerah pada Jenjang Pendidikan Dasar dan Menengah (2021).
Taylor, Paul M. Freedom of Religion. UN and European Human Rights Law and Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.
The Bangalore Principles of Judicial Conduct (2002).
The Universal Charter of The Judge (2017).
Undang-Undang Dasar Negara Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945 (t.t.).
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948).
Wahid, Din. “Kembalinya Konservatisme Islam Indonesia.” Studia Islamika 21, no. 2 (2014): 375–90. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v21i2.1043.
Wawancara dengan Direktur Lembaga Bantuan Hukum Padang pada Januari 2022 di Kota Padang.
Wawancara dengan perwakilan masyarakat, Bagian Hukum Pemerintah Daerah Kota Padang, dan Anggota DPRD Kota Padang, pada Januari 2022 di Kota Padang.
Yosarie, Ikhsan, Ismail Hasani, dan Noryamin Aini. Dampak Produk Hukum Daerah Diskriminatif terhadap Pelayanan Publik. Jakarta: Pustaka Masyarakat Setara, 2019.
Zeitune, José. International Principles on the Independence and Accountability of Judges, Lawyers and Prosecutors. Practitioners Guide No.1. Second. Geneva: International Commission of Jurists, 2007.
Zuhdi, Muhammad. “Challenging Moderate Muslims: Indonesia’s muslim schools in the midst of religious conservatism.” Religions 9, no. 10 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3390/rel9100310.