Article Sidebar

Transforming mustahiq into muzzaki through strategic management An empirical study of productive zakat distribution in Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Submitted
October 20, 2025
Accepted
December 31, 2025
Published
February 18, 2026
Download
PDF Review Reports Originality Report
Statistic
Read Counter : 74 Download : 20

Main Article Content

Abstract

Introduction
Poverty alleviation remains a major development challenge in Indonesia. Zakat, as an Islamic redistributive mechanism, has the potential to function as a productive economic instrument. This study examines a productive zakat distribution model aimed at transforming mustahiq into muzzaki through empowerment and sustainable economic development, based on economic criteria including income, asset ownership, ability to meet basic needs, and fulfillment of the nisab threshold.
Objectives
The study aims to analyze how productive zakat contributes to socio-economic transformation, identify institutional and managerial factors influencing program effectiveness, and propose an applicable model of zakat distribution that supports mustahiq independence and transition toward muzzaki status.
Method
Using a qualitative descriptive approach and case study design, the research was conducted in several zakat institutions in Yogyakarta, including BAZNAS, LAZISMU, LAZISNU, and Rumah Zakat. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and document analysis involving 55 mustahiq and zakat managers. The data were analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s model of data reduction, display, and verification.
Results
Findings show that productive zakat programs when integrated with planning, mentoring, and monitoring significantly improve beneficiaries’ income, business performance, and self-reliance. The application of management principles (forecasting, organizing, actuating, and controlling) enhances accountability and program impact. However, challenges remain in limited institutional capacity, uneven monitoring, and insufficient long-term evaluation.
Implications
The study demonstrates that productive zakat can serve as an investment in human and social capital rather than a short-term relief tool. It highlights the need for strategic management integration and institutional collaboration to ensure sustainability and measurable economic transformation among mustahiq.
Originality/Novelty
This research contributes to Islamic economic scholarship by offering an empirical framework that links productive zakat management with socio-economic empowerment and sustainable development. It advances the understanding of zakat as a transformative instrument that aligns Islamic social finance with modern development management practices.

Keywords

economic empowerment Islamic economics poverty alleviation productive zakat social transformation strategic management zakat institutions

Article Details

License

Copyright (c) 2026 Chaidir Iswanaji, Syamsul Anwar, Syafiq Mahmadah Hanafi

Creative Commons License

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.

Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:

  1. Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgement of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
  2. Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgement of its initial publication in this journal.
  3. Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
How to Cite
Iswanaji, C., Anwar, S. ., & Hanafi, S. M. . (2026). Transforming mustahiq into muzzaki through strategic management: An empirical study of productive zakat distribution in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 12(1), 499–524. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol12.iss1.art18
Download Citation
Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS)
BibTeX

References

  1. Abd. Wahab, N., & Abdul Rahman, A. R. (2011). A framework to analyse the efficiency and governance of zakat institutions. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 2(1), 43–62. https://doi.org/10.1108/17590811111129508

  2. Aeni, N. (2025). Zakat produktif dan peningkatan kesejahteraan mustahik: Studi pemberdayaan ekonomi berbasis syariah [Productive zakat and improving the welfare of mustahik: A study of sharia-based economic empowerment]. Jurnal Ilmiah Manajemen, Ekonomi Dan Akuntansi, 5(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.55606/jurimea.v5i2.914

  3. Aghion, P., & Bolton, P. (1997). A theory of trickle-down growth and development. The Review of Economic Studies, 64(2), 151–172. https://doi.org/10.2307/2971707

  4. Ahmad, R. A. R., Othman, A. M. A., & Salleh, M. S. (2015). Assessing the satisfaction level of zakat recipients towards zakat management. Procedia Economics and Finance, 31, 140–151. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01141-7

  5. Al Haq, M. A., & Abd. Wahab, N. B. (2017). Effective zakat distribution: Highlighting few issues and gaps in Kedah, Malaysia. Al-Iqtishad: Journal of Islamic Economics, 9(2), 259–288. https://doi.org/10.15408/aiq.v9i2.4002

  6. Alam, A., Sari, D., & Hakim, L. (2022). The impact of productive zakat program on the economy of zakat recipients: Study in BAZNAS Surakarta. Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 3(2), 88–101. https://doi.org/10.47700/jiefes.v3i2.4774

  7. Alim, M. N. (2015). Utilization and accounting of zakat for productive purposes in Indonesia: A review. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 232–236. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.028

  8. Amir, A., Rafiqi, R., Amri, A. D., & Alissa, E. (2022). Determinants of human development index and Islamic human development index regency/city of Jambi Province 2016—2020. International Journal of Science and Research Archive, 5(2), 18–31. https://doi.org/10.30574/ijsra.2022.5.2.0055

  9. At-Tariqi, A. A. H. (2004). Ekonomi Islam: Prinsip, dasar dan tujuan [Islamic economics: Principles, basis and objectives] (M. I. Syofwani & M. R. Syibli, Trans.). Magistra Insania Press.

  10. Ayuniyyah, Q., Pramanik, A. H., Saad, N. M., & Ariffin, M. I. (2017). The comparison between consumption and production-based zakat distribution programs for poverty alleviation and income inequality reduction. International Journal of Zakat, 2(2), 11–28. https://doi.org/10.37706/ijaz.v2i2.22

  11. Badan Pusat Statistik. (2024, July 1). In March 2024, the poor population percentage decreased into 9.03 percent [HTML]. https://www.bps.go.id/en/pressrelease/2024/07/01/2370/persentase-penduduk-miskin-maret-2024-turun-menjadi-9-03-persen-

  12. Badan Pusat Statistik Provinsi DI Yogyakarta. (2024, July 2). Persentase penduduk miskin dan ketimpangan pengeluaran DIY maret 2024 turun [HTML]. https://yogyakarta.bps.go.id/id/news/2024/07/02/294/persentase-penduduk-miskin-dan-ketimpangan-pengeluaran-diy-maret-2024-turun.html

  13. Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE.

  14. Çamlıbel, D. A. (2014). What are the determinants of economic growth in Muslim countries? International Journal of Human Sciences / Uluslarası İnsan Bilimleri Dergisi, 11(1), 403–426. https://doi.org/10.14687/ijhs.v11i1.2775

  15. Chambers, R. (1997). Whose reality counts?: Putting the first last. Practical Action Publishing. https://doi.org/10.3362/9781780440453

  16. Chapra, M. U. (2000). Islam dan pembangunan ekonomi [Islam and economic development]. Gema Insani Press.

  17. Chapra, M. U. (2008). Ibn Khaldun’s theory of development: Does it help explain the low performance of the present-day Muslim world? The Journal of Socio-Economics, 37(2), 836–863. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socec.2006.12.051

  18. Cobham, D., & Zouache, A. (2021). Islam and economic development. In H. Hakimian, The Routledge Handbook on the Middle East Economy (1st ed., pp. 275–285). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315103969-21

  19. Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches. SAGE Publications, Inc.

  20. Dar, H. A. (2004). On making human development more humane. International Journal of Social Economics, 31(11/12), 1071–1088. https://doi.org/10.1108/03068290410561186

  21. Daud, Z., Ahmad, S., & Rahman, A. F. (2011). Model perilaku kepatuhan zakat: Suatu pendekatan teori [Zakat compliance behavior model: A theoretical approach]. Iqtishoduna, 7(1). https://doi.org/10.18860/iq.v0i0.1744

  22. Djaenab, Burga, M. A., Mohammed, R. U., & Basri, B. H. (2025). Productive zakat model for livestock-based economic empowerment: A fiqh al-iqtișād examination of BAZNAS livestock centers. Journal of Islamic Economics and Finance Studies, 6(2), 498–524. https://doi.org/10.47700/jiefes.v6i2.12964

  23. Firmansyah, Y., Sukarno, H., & Masruroh, N. (2024). The productive zakat in empowering mustahik entrepreneurship. The Es Economics and Entrepreneurship, 2(03), 230–239. https://doi.org/10.58812/esee.v2i03.233

  24. Ghlamallah, E., Alexakis, C., Dowling, M., & Piepenbrink, A. (2021). The topics of Islamic economics and finance research. International Review of Economics & Finance, 75, 145–160. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iref.2021.04.006

  25. Hafidhuddin, D. (2002). Zakat dalam perekonomian modern [Zakat in the modern economy] (3rd ed.). Gema Isani.

  26. Hoque, N., Khan, M. A., & Mohammad, K. D. (2015). Poverty alleviation by zakah in a transitional economy: A small business entrepreneurial framework. Journal of Global Entrepreneurship Research, 5(7), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40497-015-0025-8

  27. Jaelani, A. (2016). Zakah management for poverty alleviation in Indonesia and Brunei Darussalam. Turkish Economic Review, 3(3), 495–512. https://journals.econsciences.com/index.php/TER/article/view/843

  28. Jamaludin, J., Wijana, M., Nasution, A. I., & Jalaluddin, J. (2025). The implementation of digital productive zakat management strategy at musa’adatul ummah. JASa (Jurnal Akuntansi, Audit Dan Sistem Informasi Akuntansi), 9(2), 412–421. https://doi.org/10.36555/jasa.v9i2.2900

  29. Karuni, M. S. (2020). Pengaruh dana zakat terhadap pembangunan manusia [The influence of zakat funds on human development]. I-Finance: A Research Journal on Islamic Finance, 6(2), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.19109/ifinance.v6i2.6469

  30. Maghfirah, M., Maulidizen, A., & Rizapoor, H. (2026). Assessing the alignment of zakat allocation with the sustainable development goals: An empirical analysis of poverty and education outcomes. Volksgeist: Jurnal Ilmu Hukum Dan Konstitusi, 9(1), 61–88. https://doi.org/10.24090/volksgeist.v9i1.15472

  31. Mankiw, N. G. (2022). Macroeconomics (11th ed.). Worth Publishers, Macmillan Learning.

  32. Maşca, S. G., Cuceu, I. C., & Văidean, V. L. (2015). The fiscal policy as growth engine in EU countries. Procedia Economics and Finance, 32, 1628–1637. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2212-5671(15)01489-6

  33. Ma’wa, M. A. F., Safitri, A., Wairooy, F. A.-Z., & Jen, M. M. (2024). Peran zakat dalam membina ekonomi berkelanjutan: Sebuah analisis bibliometrik [The role of zakat in fostering a sustainable economy: A bibliometric analysis]. Jurnal Magister Ekonomi Syariah, 2(2), 105–118. https://doi.org/10.14421/jmes.2023.022-07

  34. Mawardi, I., Widiastuti, T., Al Mustofa, M. U., & Hakimi, F. (2022). Analyzing the impact of productive zakat on the welfare of zakat recipients. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 14(1), 118–140. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-05-2021-0145

  35. Muqorobin, A., & Ussholihah, M. (2025). Empowering mustahiq through productive zakat: A maqashid sharia analysis of the “Surabaya Berdaya” program. Invest Journal of Sharia & Economic Law, 5(2), 227–242. https://doi.org/10.21154/invest.v5i2.10439

  36. Mustamin, S. W., Abdillah S., Mansyur, F., Ridwan, M., Amri, U., & Fitrayani, F. (2025). The role of zakat in Islamic macroeconomics: A fiscal instrument for stability during global economic crises‎. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 11(1), 253–274. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol11.iss1.art10

  37. Nahar, H. S. (2018). Exploring stakeholders’ views on a corporatized zakat institution’s management performance. International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 34(4), 608–631. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-08-2018-0115

  38. Nawawi, A., Jaya, W. K., Sumanto, M., & Pangaribowo, E. H. (2021). The impact of fiscal policy on welfare improvement in indonesia: Study of impact of premium assistance beneficiaries on the national health insurance, physical special allocation fund for health sector, education sector, and village funds to human development index. Populasi, 29(2), 46–64. https://doi.org/10.22146/jp.71691

  39. Naz’aina. (2015). The effect of internal control system and amil competence on the financial reporting quality at zakat management institution active member of zakat forum in Special Capital City Region Jakarta and West Java Provinces. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 211, 753–760. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.11.100

  40. Nurdin, A., Djawas, M., Kiramang, K., Alqarni, W., & Darna, A. (2025). Filantropi, zakat dan pemberdayaan masyarakat: Dari perubahan sosial ke transformasi sosial di Aceh [Philanthropy, zakat and community empowerment: From social change to social transformation in Aceh]. Jurnal Al-Kharaj: Studi Ekonomi Syariah, Muamalah, Dan Hukum Ekonomi, 5(1), 55–73. https://doi.org/10.30863/alkharaj.v5i1.8891

  41. Ogunniyi, M. B. (2018). Human capital formation and economic growth in Nigeria: A time bound testing approach (1981-2014). African Educational Research Journal, 6(2), 80–87. https://doi.org/10.30918/AERJ.62.17.046

  42. Ojiya, E. A., Ani, E. C., & Okoh, S. A. (2019). Impact of fiscal policy on agricultural productivity in Nigeria: An empirical analysis. Turk Turizm Arastirmalari Dergisi, 2(3), 7–27. https://doi.org/10.26677/TR1010.2019.75

  43. Pratama, Y. C. (2015). Peran zakat dalam penanggulangan kemiskinan (Studi kasus: Program zakat produktif pada badan amil zakat nasional) [The role of zakat in poverty alleviation (Case study: Productive zakat program at the national zakat collection agency)]. Tauhidinomics: Journal of Islamic Banking and Economics, 1(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.15408/thd.v1i1.3327

  44. Putnam, R. D. (1995). Tuning in, tuning out: The strange disappearance of social capital in America. PS: Political Science & Politics, 28(4), 664–683. https://doi.org/10.2307/420517

  45. Putra, D. R. S., & Widiastuti, T. (2019). Zakat produktif dalam meningkatkan kualitas pendidikan mustahiq ditinjau dari standar penilaian pendidikan, standar proses, dan standar sarana prasana (Studi kasus LAZ Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia Cabang Jawa Timur) [The role of productive zakat in improving the quality of education for beneficiaries: An analysis based on educational assessment standards, process standards, and infrastructure standards (Case study of LAZ Inisiatif Zakat Indonesia, East Java Branch)]. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 6(5), 993–1006. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol6iss20195pp993-1006

  46. Putri, R. M., & Mintaroem, K. (2020). Determinan Islamic human development index (IHDI) Provinsi Jawa Timur tahun 2001-2016. Jurnal Ekonomi Syariah Teori Dan Terapan, 6(7), 1410–1420. https://doi.org/10.20473/vol6iss20197pp1410-1420

  47. Qoyum, A., Nurhalim, A., Fithriady, Pusparin, M. D., Ismail, N., Haikal, M., & Ali, K. M. (2021). Sejarah pemikiran ekonomi Islam [History of Islamic economic thought]. Departemen Ekonomi dan Keuangan Syariah - Bank Indonesia.

  48. Rahman, T., & Suarni, A. (2020). Pengungkapan tata kelola dan akuntabilitas laporan keuangan terhadap lembaga amil zakat, infaq dan shadaqah Muhammadiyah Kabupaten Gowa (Lazizmu Kab. Gowa) [Disclosure of governance and accountability of financial reports for the Muhammadiyah zakat, infaq and shadaqah collection institution of Gowa Regency (Lazizmu Kab. Gowa)]. Ar-Ribh : Jurnal Ekonomi Islam, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.26618/jei.v2i2.2571

  49. Rama, A. (2019). Construction of Islamic human development index. Journal of King Abdulaziz University Islamic Economics, 32(1), 43–64. https://doi.org/10.4197/Islec.32-1.3

  50. Ramadhan, M. R., & Sari, M. (2025). The effect of entrepreneurship mentoring on increasing income at Laznas IZI North Sumatra. Indonesian Interdisciplinary Journal of Sharia Economics (IIJSE), 8(3), 14288–14299. https://doi.org/10.31538/iijse.v8i3.9049

  51. Ranis, G., Stewart, F., & Ramirez, A. (2000). Economic growth and human development. World Development, 28(2), 197–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0305-750X(99)00131-X

  52. Rasyid, M. F. (2025). Evaluaiting the institutional effectiveness of BAZNAS for poverty alleviation in Indonesia. Sinergi International Journal of Islamic Studies, 3(3), 139–155. https://doi.org/10.61194/ijis.v3i3.805

  53. Rizal, Saputra, P. R., & Tiasari, F. (2021). Strategi distribusi zakat laznas yatim mandiri melalui program pemberdayaan ekonomi (studi pada lembaga amil zakat nasional yatim mandiri Kepanjen) {Zakat distribution strategy for independent orphanages through economic empowerment programs (study on the independent orphanage national zakat institution in Kepanjen)}. Tasharruf : Journal of Islamic Economics and Business, 2(1), 44–58. https://doi.org/10.55757/tasharruf.v2i1.77

  54. Rum, J., Ramla, W. O., Suwardi, M., Hamsa, F. R., & Mardan. (2025). Prospects and challenges of zakat in the modern economy. Al-Kharaj: Journal of Islamic Economic and Business, 7(4). https://doi.org/10.24256/kharaj.v7i4.8968

  55. Rusiawan, W., Tjiptoherijanto, P., Suganda, E., & Darmajanti, L. (2015). Assessment of green total factor productivity impact on sustainable Indonesia productivity growth. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 28, 493–501. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proenv.2015.07.059

  56. Rusydiana, A. S., Prakoso, M. F. D., Aslan, H., & Riani, R. (2025). Unveiling the effects of zakat toward socioeconomic empowerment in OIC countries. International Journal of Ethics and Systems. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-10-2024-0331

  57. Sarif, S., Ali, N. A., & Kamri, N. ‘Azzah. (2024). Zakat for generating sustainable income: An emerging mechanism of productive distribution. Cogent Business & Management, 11(1), 2312598. https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2024.2312598

  58. Sawmar, A. A., & Mohammed, M. O. (2021). Enhancing zakat compliance through good governance: A conceptual framework. ISRA International Journal of Islamic Finance, 13(1), 136–154. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJIF-10-2018-0116

  59. Soetomo. (2011). Pemberdayaan masyarakat: Mungkinkah muncul antitesisnya? {Community empowerment: could an antithesis emerge?}. Pustaka Pelajar.

  60. Sudaryo, Y., Sjarif, D., Sofiati, N. A., & Bandung, S. I. (2021). Keuangan di era otonomi daerah {Finance in the era of regional autonomy}. Penerbit Andi.

  61. Sulistiyani, A. T. (2004). Kemitraan dan model-model pemberdayaan {Partnerships and empowerment models}. Gava Media.

  62. Suri, T., Boozer, M. A., Ranis, G., & Stewart, F. (2011). Paths to success: The relationship between human development and economic growth. World Development, 39(4), 506–522. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2010.08.020

  63. Talalweh, M. A., & Samarah, W. A. (2021). The effect of financial inclusion on economic growth and human development: A case study of the Islamic world. TANMIYAT AL-RAFIDAIN, 39(129), 185–202. https://doi.org/10.33899/tanra.2021.167800

  64. Tarigan, R. (2004). Perencanaan pembangunan wilayah [Regional development planning]. Bumi Aksara.

  65. Terry, G. R., & Franklin, S. G. (1982). Principles of management. R.D. Irwin.

  66. Tobing, I. F., Batubara, M., & Yusrizal, Y. (2024). The role of the agricultural sector in increasing economic growth from an Islamic economic perspective: A study in Deli Serdang Regency, North Sumatera Province, Indonesia. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 10(2), 927–950. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol10.iss2.art17

  67. Uddin, M. N., & Hossain, S. (2025). Zakat-based ownership model for sustainable poverty alleviation in developing Muslim countries. Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, 1–22. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-12-2023-0425

  68. Vrachimis, K., & Zachariadis, M. (2013). A contribution to the empirics of welfare growth. The B.E. Journal of Macroeconomics, 13(1). https://doi.org/10.1515/bejm-2012-0042

  69. Wijaya, R. H., & Khotijah, S. A. (2020). Memasuki era revolusi industri 4.0: Suatu tinjauan strategi amil zakat di Indonesia [Entering the era of the industrial revolution 4.0: A review of zakat collection strategies in Indonesia]. Equilibrium : Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, Manajemen Dan Akuntansi, 9(2). https://doi.org/10.35906/je001.v9i2.569

  70. Zulaikha, K. (2025). The role of zakat management units in enhancing productive zakat governance. Journal of Halal Review, 1(2), 117–131. https://doi.org/10.70764/gdpu-jhr.1(2)-04

  71. Zulinda, N., Kalbarini, R. Y., & Mursalin, M. (2022). Public’s understanding and zakat management on agricultural zakat. Journal of Islamic Economics Lariba, 8(1), 52–65. https://doi.org/10.20885/jielariba.vol8.iss1.art4

  72. Zulkipli, Basit, A., & Wajdi, F. (2025). The strategic role of zakat and waqf in sustainable poverty alleviation: A literature review from the perspective of Islamic economics. Islamic Banking : Jurnal Pemikiran Dan Pengembangan Perbankan Syariah, 11(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.36908/isbank.v11i1.1486

Transforming Islamic religious counselors into agents of mosque-based community economic empowerment in Pesawaran Regency

Asmaria Asmaria, Heni Noviarita, Ali Abdul Wakhid, Rini Setiawati
Abstract View : 6503
Download :238
10.20885/jielariba.vol12.iss1.art6
PDF Review Reports Originality Report

Reconstructing Homo Islamicus through Hifz al-Bi’ah: An ecological paradigm for contemporary Islamic economics

Mursal Mursal, Hulwati Hulwati, Rozalinda Rozalinda, Muhammad Fauzi, Nenengsih Nenengsih
Abstract View : 418
Download :234
10.20885/jielariba.vol11.iss2.art21
PDF Review Reports Originality Report

Evaluating the effectiveness of social assistance programs for poverty reduction: Evidence from Baramamase Village, Indonesia

Fauziah Jewed, Muh. Ruslan Abdullah, Ishak Ishak
Abstract View : 1430
Download :808
10.20885/jielariba.vol11.iss2.art16
PDF Review Reports Originality Report

An exploratory comparative analysis of fiscal discipline in Islamic economics: Integrating ethical governance with sustainable financial practices

Yuli Andriansyah, Fajar Fandi Atmaja , Rima Isfah Lana, Ghitha Nabilah Azmi, Admir Mešković
Abstract View : 322
Download :412
10.20885/jielariba.vol11.iss1.art25
PDF Review Reports Originality Report

Halal tourism potential in North Maluku: Synergy between culture, religion, and economy

Ibnu Kanaha, Satunggale Kurniawan
Abstract View : 447
Download :407
10.20885/jielariba.vol11.iss1.art19
PDF Review Reports Originality Report