Main Article Content
Abstract
This research aims to examine character education in pesantrens (Islamic boarding schools also known as pondok pesantren) as a model of religious education in transforming the attitudes of students in line with the values and culture of a diverse society. This study is based on documents related to the curriculum and student guidance system, which were confirmed through interviews with leaders and teachers, as well as observations at Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor, Indonesia. The research findings indicate that Pondok Modern Darussalam Gontor, Indonesia, has implemented a transformative education system. Students have undergone a transformation from traditional, fanatic, and closed values to modern, rational, disciplined, inclusive, independent, and responsible ones. The transformation in students' personalities occurs not only through classroom learning but also through reflective engagement in pesantren management, discussions, and public speaking exercises. The findings of this study imply that the religious education system in pesantrens should prioritize not only the cognitive aspects of doctrinal religious knowledge, but also involve students in society, fostering open, tolerant, and rational characters.
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Copyright (c) 2024 Jusubaidi Jusubaidi, Tomas Lindgren, Anwar Mujahidin, Ahmad Choirul Rofiq
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References
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As’ad, M. (2015). Tajdid al-tarbiyah al-Islamiyah ’inda al-Shaykh al-Hajj Imam Zarkasyi. Studia Islamika, 22(2), 333–368. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v22i2.1922.
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Clayton, M. & Stevens, D. (2018). What is the point of religious education? Theory and Research in Education, 16(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878518762217
Efrizal, D. (2012). Improving students’ speaking through communicative language teaching method at MTs Ja-alhaq, Sentot Ali Basa Islamic Boarding School of Bengkulu, Indonesia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(20), 127–134. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_20_Special_Issue_October_2012/12.pdf
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Gross, Z. (2011). Religious education: Definitions, dilemmas, challenges, and future horizons. International Journal of Educational Reform, 20(3), 256-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/105678791102000304
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Huda, S., Tsani, I., Syazali, M., Umam, R., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The management of educational system using three law Auguste Comte: A case of Islamic schools. Management Science Letters, 10(3), 617–624. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.9.018
Jeynes, W. H. (2019). A meta-analysis on the relationship between character education and student achievement and behavioral outcomes. Education and Urban Society, 51(1), 33-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124517747681
Kloubert, T. (2020). Promoting perspective transformation in post-totalitarian societies. Journal of Transformative Education, 18(1), 8-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344619876274
Koukounaras-Liagkis, M. (2019). Changing students’ and teachers’ concepts and constructs of knowledge in RE in Greece. British Journal of Religious Education, 42(2), 152–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2019.1653262
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Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th edition). SAGE Publications.
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Muhtarom, A. & Fuad, S. (2020). Moderasi beragama: Konsep, nilai, dan strategi pengembangannya di pesantren [Religious moderation: Concepts, values and development strategies in Islamic boarding schools]. Yayasan Talibuana Nusantara.
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Parker, L. (2014). Religious education for peaceful coexistence in Indonesia? South East Asia Research, 22(4), 487–504. https://doi.org/10.5367/sear.2014.0231
Parker, L., Hoon, C. Y., & Raihani. (2014). Young people’s attitudes towards inter-ethnic and inter-religious socializing, courtship and marriage in Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 22(4), 467–486. https://doi.org/10.5367/sear.2014.0230
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References
Arifin, I., Juharyanto, Mustiningsih, & Taufiq, A. (2018). Islamic Crash Course as a leadership strategy of school principals in strengthening school organizational culture. SAGE Open, 8(3). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244018799849
As’ad, M. (2015). Tajdid al-tarbiyah al-Islamiyah ’inda al-Shaykh al-Hajj Imam Zarkasyi. Studia Islamika, 22(2), 333–368. https://doi.org/10.15408/sdi.v22i2.1922.
Asrori, A. (2017). Radikalisme di Indonesia: Antara historisitas dan antropisitas [Radicalism in Indonesia: Between historicity and anthropicity ]. Kalam, 9(2), 253-268. https://doi.org/10.24042/klm.v9i2.331
Barnes, L. P. (2016). Humanism, religious education and the former Archbishop of Canterbury. Theology, 119(1), 18–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/0040571X15603042
Buresh, S. A. (2002). Pesantren-based development: Islam, education, and economic development in Indonesia. University of Virginia.
Clayton, M. & Stevens, D. (2018). What is the point of religious education? Theory and Research in Education, 16(1), 65-81. https://doi.org/10.1177/1477878518762217
Efrizal, D. (2012). Improving students’ speaking through communicative language teaching method at MTs Ja-alhaq, Sentot Ali Basa Islamic Boarding School of Bengkulu, Indonesia. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science, 2(20), 127–134. http://www.ijhssnet.com/journals/Vol_2_No_20_Special_Issue_October_2012/12.pdf
Gross, Z. (2010). Reflective teaching as a path to religious meaning-making and growth. Religious Education, 105(3), 265-282. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344081003772014
Gross, Z. (2011). Religious education: Definitions, dilemmas, challenges, and future horizons. International Journal of Educational Reform, 20(3), 256-276. https://doi.org/10.1177/105678791102000304
Habermas, J. (1981). Theorie des kommunikativen Handelns. Frankfurt am Main.
Hanafy, M. S. (2014). Konsep belajar dan pembelajaran [Learning and teaching concept]. Lentera Pendidikan: Jurnal Ilmu Tarbiyah dan Keguruan, 17(1), 66-79. https://doi.org/10.24252/lp.2014v17n1a5
Hefni, M. (2012). Runtuhnya hegemoni negara dalam menentukan kurikulum pesantren. Karsa: Journal of Social and Islamic Culture, 19(1), 62–72. https://doi.org/10.19105/karsa.v19i1.76
Huda, S., Tsani, I., Syazali, M., Umam, R., & Jermsittiparsert, K. (2020). The management of educational system using three law Auguste Comte: A case of Islamic schools. Management Science Letters, 10(3), 617–624. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.msl.2019.9.018
Jeynes, W. H. (2019). A meta-analysis on the relationship between character education and student achievement and behavioral outcomes. Education and Urban Society, 51(1), 33-71. https://doi.org/10.1177/0013124517747681
Kloubert, T. (2020). Promoting perspective transformation in post-totalitarian societies. Journal of Transformative Education, 18(1), 8-23. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344619876274
Koukounaras-Liagkis, M. (2019). Changing students’ and teachers’ concepts and constructs of knowledge in RE in Greece. British Journal of Religious Education, 42(2), 152–166. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2019.1653262
Marbun, P. (2019). Strategi pembelajaran transformatif [Transformative learning strategies]. Diegesis, 4(2), 41-49. https://doi.org/10.46933/DGS.vol4i241-49
Masduqi, I. (2013). Deradikalisasi pendidikan Islam berbasis khazanah pesantren [Deradicalization of Islamic education based on Islamic boarding school treasures]. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 2(1), 1–20. https://doi.org/10.14421/jpi.2013.21.1-20
Mezirow, J. (1978). Perspective transformation. Adult Education Quarterly, 28(2), 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1177/074171367802800202
Mezirow J. (1994). Understanding transformation theory. Adult Education Quarterly, 44, 222–232. https://doi.org/10.1177/074171369404400403
Mezirow, J. (1997). Transformative learning: Theory to practice. New Directions for Adult and Continuing Education, 74, 5-12. https://doi.org/10.1002/ace.7401
Mezirow, J. (2003). Transformative learning as discourse. Journal of Transformative Education, 1(1), 58-63. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344603252172
Mezirow, J., Darkenwald, G. G., & Knox, A. B. (1975). Last gamble on education: Dynamics of adult basic education. Adult Education Association of the U.S.A.
Merriam, S. (2009). Qualitative research: A guide to design and implementation (Revised and expanded from 'Qualitative research and case study applications in education'). Jossey-Bass (Wiley).
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldana, J. (2018). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (4th edition). SAGE Publications.
Moulin, D. (2015). Doubts about religious education in public schooling. International Journal of Christianity and Education, 19(2), 135-148. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056997115583583
Muhtarom, A. & Fuad, S. (2020). Moderasi beragama: Konsep, nilai, dan strategi pengembangannya di pesantren [Religious moderation: Concepts, values and development strategies in Islamic boarding schools]. Yayasan Talibuana Nusantara.
Mujahidin, A. (2011). Pengaruh fundamentalisme dalam tafsir Al-Qur`An terhadap hubungan sosial dan kemanusiaan (Studi pesantren salafi di Lampung) [The influence of fundamentalism in the interpretation of the Qur'an on social and humanitarian relations (Study of Salafi Islamic boarding schools in Lampung)]. Al-Adyan, 6(2), 101-116. https://doi.org/10.24042/ADYAN.V6I2.499
Noer, D. (1982). Gerakan modern Islam di Indonesia 1900-1942 [The modern Islamic movement in Indonesia 1900-1942]. LP3ES.
Novia, D. R. (2016, February 18). LIPI: Kebanyakan pesantren di Indonesia toleran dan moderat [LIPI: Most Islamic boarding schools in Indonesia are tolerant and moderate]. Pusat Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Islam Jakarta (Jakarta Islamic Centre). https://islamic-center.or.id/lipi-kebanyakan-pesantren-di-indonesia-toleran-dan-moderat/
Nurrohman, M. (2019). Analisis isi media NU Online tentang radikalisme [Analysis of NU Online media content regarding radicalism]. [Bachelor’s thesis, Universitas Islam Neger Walisongo]. https://eprints.walisongo.ac.id/id/eprint/10833/
Parker, D.C., Nelson, J.S., & Burns, M.K. (2010). Comparison of correlates of classroom behavior problems in schools with and without a school-wide character education program. Psychology in the Schools, 47, 817-827. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.20506
Parker, L. (2014). Religious education for peaceful coexistence in Indonesia? South East Asia Research, 22(4), 487–504. https://doi.org/10.5367/sear.2014.0231
Parker, L., Hoon, C. Y., & Raihani. (2014). Young people’s attitudes towards inter-ethnic and inter-religious socializing, courtship and marriage in Indonesia. South East Asia Research, 22(4), 467–486. https://doi.org/10.5367/sear.2014.0230
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Designing qualitative studies. In Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd edition, pp. 230-247). Sage Publications.
PMDG. (1996). K.H. Imam Zarkasyi: Dari Gontor merintis pesantren modern [K.H. Imam Zarkasyi: From Gontor he pioneered the modern Islamic boarding school]. Gontor Press.
Pohl, F. (2006). Islamic education and civil society: Reflections on the pesantren tradition in contemporary Indonesia. Comparative Education Review, 50(3), 389–409. https://doi.org/10.1086/503882
Prayoga, A. & Sulhan, M. (2019). Pesantren sebagai penangkal radikalisme dan terorisme [Islamic boarding schools as an antidote to radicalism and terrorism]. Dirāsāt: Jurnal Manajemen dan Pendidikan Islam, 5(2), 163–177. https://doi.org/10.26594/dirasat.v5i2.1812
Putro, A. A. Y., Suyanto, & Suryono, Y. (2019). New tradition of pesantren in character education. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1254, 012002. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1254/1/012002
Quillinan, B., MacPhail, A., Dempsey, C., & McEvoy, E. (2019). Transformative teaching and learning through engaged practice: Lecturers’ and students’ experiences in a university and underserved community partnership in Ireland. Journal of Transformative Education, 17(3), 228-250. https://doi.org/10.1177/1541344618809681
Reck, S. (2012). Analyzing and evaluating Christian religious education curricula. Christian Education Journal: Research on Educational Ministry, 9(1), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.1177/073989131200900103
Ritonga, T., Ananda, A., Lanin, D., & Hasan, H. (2019). Practice to theory of learning: A lesson learned from islamic boarding school in South Tapanuli of Indonesia. Humanities and Social Sciences Reviews, 7(5), 1304-1310. https://doi.org/10.18510/hssr.2019.75169
Rödl, S. (2020), Teaching, freedom and the human individual. Journal of Philosophy of Education, 54, 290-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9752.12415
Rokhmad, A. (2012). Radikalisme Islam dan upaya deradikalisasi paham radikal [Islamic radicalism and efforts to deradicalize radical ideas]. Walisongo: Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Keagamaan, 20(1), 79-114. https://doi.org/10.21580/ws.20.1.185
Rosmilawati, I. (2017). Konsep pengalaman belajar dalam perspektif transformatif: Antara Mezirow dan Freire [The concept of learning experiences in a transformative perspective: Between Mezirow and Freire]. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Pendidikan FKIP UNTIRTA 2017, 317-326. https://jurnal.untirta.ac.id/index.php/psnp/article/view/317-326/1720
Rymarz, R. & Belmonte, A. (2020). The questions students ask? A preliminary examination of the questions raised in religious education classes in Catholic schools. British Journal of Religious Education, 42(2), 120–128. https://doi.org/10.1080/01416200.2019.1710695.
Shidiq, R. (2017). Transformasi pendidikan pesantren dalam perspektif KH. Sahal Mahfudh. Edukasia Islamika, 2(2), 208–229. https://doi.org/10.28918/jei.v2i2.1478
Snyder, F., Flay, B., Vuchinich, S., Acock, A., Washburn, I., Beets, M., & Li, K. K. (2009). Impact of a social-emotional and character development program on school-level indicators of academic achievement, absenteeism, and disciplinary outcomes: A matched-pair, cluster-randomized, controlled trial. Journal of Research on Educational Effectiveness, 3(1), 26–55. https://doi.org/10.1080/19345740903353436
Steenbrink, K. A. (1997). Pesantren, madrasah, sekolah pendidikan Islam dalam kurun modern [Islamic boarding schools, madrasas, Islamic education schools in the modern period]. LP3ES.
Suheri. (2017). Konstruksi kurikulum pesantren dalam pendekatan, model dan metode pembelajaran [Islamic boarding school curriculum construction in approaches, models and learning methods]. JALIE: Journal of Applied Linguistics and Islamic Education, 1(1), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.33754/jalie.v1i1.9
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