Main Article Content
Abstract
The social stigma of unemployment during the COVID-19 pandemic related to problems of marginalization. This study explores the construction of the meaning of the social stigma of unemployment in United States online media. This study is a comparative study to compare the construction of the meaning of social stigma between online media usa.today and nbcwashington.com with Entman's framing analysis. The problem formulated through framing is that social stigma makes it difficult for unemployed people to get a job, and stigma creates feelings of inferiority. The cause of the social stigma is the perception of low personal qualities and stigma consciousness. Framing moral judgment is a negative perception in employers' minds and the feeling of shame due to unemployment. Countermeasure suggestion is a wide distribution of vaccines and suggestions about ways to find work. Online media can contribute as agents of change through news framing to improve public perceptions and provide informational support.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2022 Evanytha. Rustono Farady Marta, Hana Panggabean, Mercedes Amanda
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References
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- Col, G., Aptekman, J., Girault, S., & Poibeau, T. (2011). Gestalt Compositionality and Instruction-Based Meaning Construction. Cogn Process, 13(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-011-0431-y
- Davidson, P. (2020). As COVID-19 persists, more Americans are unemployed beyond 6 months. Does that carry a stigma even in a pandemic? https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/12/04/jobs-near-me-chronic-unemployment-stigma-even-during-pandemic/3804962001/
- Davison, G. C., Neale, J. M., & Kring, A. M. (2004). Abnormal psychology (9th ed.) (9th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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- Farré, L., Fasani, F., & Mueller, H. (2018). Feeling useless: The effect of unemployment on mental health in the great recession. IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 7(8), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5
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- Frost, D. M. (2011). Social Stigma and its Consequences for the Socially Stigmatized. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(11), 824–839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00394.x
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- Krug, G., Drasch, K., & Jungbauer-Gans, M. (2019). The Social Stigma of Unemployment: Consequences of Stigma Consciousness on Job Search Attitudes, Behaviour and Success. Journal for Labour Market Research, 53(11), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-019-0261-4
- Li, F., Luo, S., Mu, W., Li, Y., Ye, L., Zheng, X., Xu, B., Ding, Y., Ling, P., Zhou, M., & Chen, X. (2021). Effects of Sources of Social Support and Resilience on the Mental Health of Different Age Groups During the COVID-19 Pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-03012-1
- Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(2001), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
- Marta, R. F. (2017). Esensi Dan Pemetaan Teoretisasi Media Komunikasi Dalam Perspektif Karl Marx. Bricolage: Jurnal Magister Ilmu Komunikasi, 2(02), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.30813/bricolage.v2i02.839
- Marta, R. F., Prasetya, A. A., Laurensia, B., Stevani, S., & Syarnubi, K. L. (2020). Imbalance Identity in E-Sports News Intersectionality on Covid-19 Pandemic Situation. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 5(2), 206. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v5i2.769
- MBSC. (2021). Left vs. Right Bias: How we rate the bias of media sources. https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/left-vs-right-bias-how-we-rate-the-bias-of-media-sources/
- MBSC. (2022a). NBC Washington. https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/wrc-tv-nbc-washington/
- MBSC. (2022b). USA Today. https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/usa-today-2/
- O’Donnell, A. T., Corrigan, F., & Gallagher, S. (2015). The impact of anticipated stigma on psychological and physical health problems in the unemployed group. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(August), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01263
- Panari, C., & Tonelli, M. (2022). Future Directions in the Research on Unemployment: Protean Career Orientation and Perceived Employability Against Social Disadvantage. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(January), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701861
- Panggabean, H. (2012). Peran Pengalaman Studi ke Luar Negeri dalam Membangun Kompetensi Global. Mind Set, 3(2), 73–83.
- Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
- Peterie, M., Ramia, G., Marston, G., & Patulny, R. (2019). Social Isolation as Stigma-Management: Explaining Long-Term Unemployed People’s ‘Failure’ to Network. Sociology, 53(6), 1043–1060. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038519856813
- Royster, M., & Hogan, S. (2020). Unemployment Stigma? Majority of Unemployed Believe It Exists. https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/consumer/unemployment-stigma-majority-of-unemployed-believe-it-exists/2457227/#:~:text=LinkedIn surveyed 2%2C000 people recently,their ability to get hired.
- Sadmego, V. B., & Nasucha, M. (2019). Framing News on Religion and Living Environment in Online Media. Jurnal Komunikasi, 14(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol14.iss1.art6
- Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2011). Health psychology (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
- Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x
- Schrader, D. E. (2015). Constructivism and Learning in the Age of Social Media: Changing Minds and Learning Communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2015(144), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.20160
- Setiawan, J. H., Caroline, C., & Muharman, D. (2021). Content Analysis of Readers’ Comments on Media Aggregator as Feedback and Form of Public Opinion about COVID-19. Aspiration Journal, 2(1), 51–70.
- Stemberger, G. (2020). Does a Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications Still Fit in Our Time? Gestalt Theory, 42(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.2478/gth-2020-0005
- Stuart, H. (2006). Media Portrayal of Mental Illness and Its Treatments: What effect does It Have on People with Mental Illness? CNS Drugs, 20(2), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200620020-00002
- Suparno. (2018). Gender-Based Poverty Alleviation in Grobogan Regency. Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture, 10(2), 157–168.
- Taylor, S. E. (2018). Health psychology (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
- Tyler, I., & Slater, T. (2018). Rethinking the Sociology of Stigma. The Sociological Review Monographs, 66(4), 721–743. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118777425
- UN. (2022). COVID crisis to push global unemployment over 200 million mark in 2022. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1093182
- Utami, M., & Sokowati, M. E. (2021). Konstruksi Identitas Global Dan Lokal Dalam Majalah Gogirl!: Sebuah Hibriditas (Analisis Semiotik Majalah Gogirl! Edisi 101 Bulan Juni Tahun 2013). Jurnal Komunikasi, 15(2), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol15.iss2.art2
- Wagemans, J., Elder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A., Singh, M., & Heydt, R. von der. (2012). A Century of Gestalt Psychology in Visual Perception I. Perceptual Grouping and Figure-Ground Organization. Psychol Bull, 138(6), 1172–1217. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029333.A
- WHO. (2014). Stigma and discrimination. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/priority-areas/stigma-and-discrimination
- Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
References
Ahmedani, B. K. (2011). Mental Health Stigma: Society, Individuals, and the Profession. Journal of Social Work Values and Ethics, 8(2), 41–416. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3248273/
Allsides. (2021). USA Today. https://www.allsides.com/news-source/usa-today-media-bias#July 2021
Allyoucanread. (n.d.). Top 30 US Newspapers & News Sites. https://www.allyoucanread.com/american-newspapers/
Brennan, M. (2020). American remain distrustful of mass media. https://news.gallup.com/poll/321116/americans-remain-distrustful-mass-media.aspx
Brouwers, E. P. M. (2020). Social stigma is an underestimated contributing factor to unemployment in people with mental illness or mental health issues: Position paper and future directions. BMC Psychology, 8(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-020-00399-0
Chinmi, M., Marta, R. F., Haryono, C. G., Fernando, J., & Goswami, J. K. (2020). Exploring online news as comparative study between Vendatu at Indiaand Ruangguru from Indonesia in COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Content, Community and Communication, 10(6), 167–176. https://doi.org/10.31620/JCCC.06.20/13
Choi, S., Goller, F., Hong, U., Ansorge, U., & Yun, H. (2018). Figure and Ground in spatial language: Evidence from German and Korean. Language and Cognition, 10(4), 665–700. https://doi.org/10.1017/langcog.2019.3
Col, G., Aptekman, J., Girault, S., & Poibeau, T. (2011). Gestalt Compositionality and Instruction-Based Meaning Construction. Cogn Process, 13(2), 151–170. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10339-011-0431-y
Davidson, P. (2020). As COVID-19 persists, more Americans are unemployed beyond 6 months. Does that carry a stigma even in a pandemic? https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/2020/12/04/jobs-near-me-chronic-unemployment-stigma-even-during-pandemic/3804962001/
Davison, G. C., Neale, J. M., & Kring, A. M. (2004). Abnormal psychology (9th ed.) (9th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51–58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Farré, L., Fasani, F., & Mueller, H. (2018). Feeling useless: The effect of unemployment on mental health in the great recession. IZA Journal of Labor Economics, 7(8), 1–34. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40172-018-0068-5
Feuls, M., Fieseler, C., & Suphan, A. (2014). A social net? Internet and social media use during unemployment. Work, Employment and Society, 28(4), 551–570. https://doi.org/10.1177/0950017013519846
Frost, D. M. (2011). Social Stigma and its Consequences for the Socially Stigmatized. Social and Personality Psychology Compass, 5(11), 824–839. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-9004.2011.00394.x
Funk, C., Tyson, A., Kennedy, B., & Johnson, C. (2020). Science and scientists held in high esteem across global publics. https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2020/09/29/science-and-scientists-held-in-high-esteem-across-global-publics/
Gallagher, C. (2021). Employment Trends Media and Social Media Analysis: A Look into the Evolving Conversations Inside and Outside the Beltway. https://forbes-tate.com/employment-trends-media-and-social-media-analysis-a-look-into-the-evolving-conversations-inside-and-outside-the-beltway/
Goffman, E. (1963). Stigma: Notes on the management of spoiled identity. Prentice Hall.
Gushevinalti, G., Suminar, P., & Sunaryanto, H. (2020). Transformasi Karakteristik Komunikasi Di Era Konvergensi Media. Bricolage: Jurnal Magister Ilmu Komunikasi, 6(01), 083. https://doi.org/10.30813/bricolage.v6i01.2069
Hammarström, A., & Ahlgren, C. (2019). Living in the shadow of unemployment -an unhealthy life situation: A qualitative study of young people from leaving school until early adult life. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-8005-5
Hasibuan, M. R., & Irwansyah, I. (2020). Strategi Image Repair PT HM Sampoerna TBK pada peristiwa ‘karyawan pabrik Surabaya positif COVID-19.’ Jurnal Komunikasi, 15(1), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol15.iss1.art1
Irwanto, & Gunawan, F. Y. (2018). Sejarah Psikologi (1st ed.). PT Gramedia Pustaka Utama.
Jäkel, F., Singh, M., Wichmann, F. A., & Herzog, M. H. (2016). An overview of quantitative approaches in Gestalt perception. Vision Research, 126, 3–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.visres.2016.06.004
Krug, G., Drasch, K., & Jungbauer-Gans, M. (2019). The Social Stigma of Unemployment: Consequences of Stigma Consciousness on Job Search Attitudes, Behaviour and Success. Journal for Labour Market Research, 53(11), 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12651-019-0261-4
Li, F., Luo, S., Mu, W., Li, Y., Ye, L., Zheng, X., Xu, B., Ding, Y., Ling, P., Zhou, M., & Chen, X. (2021). Effects of Sources of Social Support and Resilience on the Mental Health of Different Age Groups During the COVID-19 Pandemic. BMC Psychiatry, 21(1), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12888-020-03012-1
Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27(2001), 363–385. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
Marta, R. F. (2017). Esensi Dan Pemetaan Teoretisasi Media Komunikasi Dalam Perspektif Karl Marx. Bricolage: Jurnal Magister Ilmu Komunikasi, 2(02), 117–123. https://doi.org/10.30813/bricolage.v2i02.839
Marta, R. F., Prasetya, A. A., Laurensia, B., Stevani, S., & Syarnubi, K. L. (2020). Imbalance Identity in E-Sports News Intersectionality on Covid-19 Pandemic Situation. Jurnal ASPIKOM, 5(2), 206. https://doi.org/10.24329/aspikom.v5i2.769
MBSC. (2021). Left vs. Right Bias: How we rate the bias of media sources. https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/left-vs-right-bias-how-we-rate-the-bias-of-media-sources/
MBSC. (2022a). NBC Washington. https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/wrc-tv-nbc-washington/
MBSC. (2022b). USA Today. https://mediabiasfactcheck.com/usa-today-2/
O’Donnell, A. T., Corrigan, F., & Gallagher, S. (2015). The impact of anticipated stigma on psychological and physical health problems in the unemployed group. Frontiers in Psychology, 6(August), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01263
Panari, C., & Tonelli, M. (2022). Future Directions in the Research on Unemployment: Protean Career Orientation and Perceived Employability Against Social Disadvantage. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(January), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701861
Panggabean, H. (2012). Peran Pengalaman Studi ke Luar Negeri dalam Membangun Kompetensi Global. Mind Set, 3(2), 73–83.
Patton, M. Q. (2002). Qualitative research and evaluation methods (3rd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Peterie, M., Ramia, G., Marston, G., & Patulny, R. (2019). Social Isolation as Stigma-Management: Explaining Long-Term Unemployed People’s ‘Failure’ to Network. Sociology, 53(6), 1043–1060. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038038519856813
Royster, M., & Hogan, S. (2020). Unemployment Stigma? Majority of Unemployed Believe It Exists. https://www.nbcwashington.com/news/consumer/unemployment-stigma-majority-of-unemployed-believe-it-exists/2457227/#:~:text=LinkedIn surveyed 2%2C000 people recently,their ability to get hired.
Sadmego, V. B., & Nasucha, M. (2019). Framing News on Religion and Living Environment in Online Media. Jurnal Komunikasi, 14(1), 93–104. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol14.iss1.art6
Sarafino, E. P., & Smith, T. W. (2011). Health psychology (7th ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Scheufele, D. A. (1999). Framing as a theory of media effects. Journal of Communication, 49(1), 103–122. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1999.tb02784.x
Schrader, D. E. (2015). Constructivism and Learning in the Age of Social Media: Changing Minds and Learning Communities. New Directions for Teaching and Learning, 2015(144), 23–35. https://doi.org/10.1002/tl.20160
Setiawan, J. H., Caroline, C., & Muharman, D. (2021). Content Analysis of Readers’ Comments on Media Aggregator as Feedback and Form of Public Opinion about COVID-19. Aspiration Journal, 2(1), 51–70.
Stemberger, G. (2020). Does a Society for Gestalt Theory and Its Applications Still Fit in Our Time? Gestalt Theory, 42(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.2478/gth-2020-0005
Stuart, H. (2006). Media Portrayal of Mental Illness and Its Treatments: What effect does It Have on People with Mental Illness? CNS Drugs, 20(2), 99–106. https://doi.org/10.2165/00023210-200620020-00002
Suparno. (2018). Gender-Based Poverty Alleviation in Grobogan Regency. Komunitas: International Journal of Indonesian Society and Culture, 10(2), 157–168.
Taylor, S. E. (2018). Health psychology (10th ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.
Tyler, I., & Slater, T. (2018). Rethinking the Sociology of Stigma. The Sociological Review Monographs, 66(4), 721–743. https://doi.org/10.1177/0038026118777425
UN. (2022). COVID crisis to push global unemployment over 200 million mark in 2022. https://news.un.org/en/story/2021/06/1093182
Utami, M., & Sokowati, M. E. (2021). Konstruksi Identitas Global Dan Lokal Dalam Majalah Gogirl!: Sebuah Hibriditas (Analisis Semiotik Majalah Gogirl! Edisi 101 Bulan Juni Tahun 2013). Jurnal Komunikasi, 15(2), 91–108. https://doi.org/10.20885/komunikasi.vol15.iss2.art2
Wagemans, J., Elder, J. H., Kubovy, M., Palmer, S. E., Peterson, M. A., Singh, M., & Heydt, R. von der. (2012). A Century of Gestalt Psychology in Visual Perception I. Perceptual Grouping and Figure-Ground Organization. Psychol Bull, 138(6), 1172–1217. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029333.A
WHO. (2014). Stigma and discrimination. https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/noncommunicable-diseases/mental-health/priority-areas/stigma-and-discrimination
Willig, C. (2013). Introducing qualitative research in psychology (3rd ed.). McGraw-Hill Education.