Main Article Content
Abstract
Student attention plays a pivotal role in learning. It becomes the gateway to learning engagement, behavioral management, and academic achievement. This research investigates several methods elementary school teachers use in Indonesia to capture and maintain students' attention during English language instruction. This study examines the methods and challenges faced in the interaction process, which is crucial for successful learning. The research utilizes a qualitative descriptive study design, including in-depth interviews with three experienced English teachers. The findings indicate that teachers use many interactive and sensory-stimulating methods, including games, total physical response activities, songs, gestures, and visual aids, to attract and hold students' attention. These methods are essential for sustaining involvement and accommodating learning preferences and cultural contexts. However, teachers need more resources, training needs, and a diverse array of students' interests and learning styles, all of which might hinder the execution of these methods. This research emphasizes the need to provide teachers with customized training and resources to use attention-grabbing methods successfully. This study adds to the broader conversation on educational methods in linguistically and culturally diverse settings, indicating that improving teacher support and resources is crucial for promoting successful English language instruction at the elementary school level.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2024 Suryanto Suryanto, Ardiless Brawijaya
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Abdi Tabari, M. (2021). Task Preparedness and L2 Written Production: Investigating Effects of Planning Modes on L2 Learners’ Focus of Attention and Output. Journal of Second Language Writing, 52(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2021.100814
- Abdulrahman, S. A., Bingol, M. A., & Kara, S. (2022). Body Language in Education and Effective Recommendations to Pre-Service Teachers in Classroom Management. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 9(1), 298–307. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v9i1p298
- Alasmari, M., Qasem, F., Ahmed, R., & Alrayes, M. (2022). Bilingual Teachers’ Translanguaging Practices and Ideologies in Online Classrooms in Saudi Arabia. Heliyon, 8(9), e10537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10537
- Albahiri, M. H., & Alhaj, A. A. M. (2024). The Impact of Utilizing YouTube Videos via the Blackboard Platform on Developing the Interpreting Skills of Saudi Translation Students: King Khalid University Faculty’s Perspectives. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 15(2), 598–606. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1502.28
- Altermann, W., & Gröpel, P. (2023). Effects of Acute Endurance, Strength, and Coordination Exercise Interventions on Attention in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 64, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102300
- Anand, K., Urolagin, S., & Mishra, R. K. (2021). How Does Hand Gestures in Videos Impact Social Media Engagement - Insights Based on Deep Learning. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 1(2), 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100036
- Astutik, Y., Megawati, F., & Aulina, C. N. (2019). Total Physical Response (TPR): How Is It Used to Teach EFL Young Learners? International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 18(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.1.7
- Avdiu, E. (2019). Game-Based Learning Practices in Austrian Elementary Schools. Educational Process: International Journal, 8(3), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2019.83.4
- Babinski, L. M., Amendum, S. J., Knotek, S. E., Sánchez, M., & Malone, P. (2018). Improving Young English Learners’ Language and Literacy Skills Through Teacher Professional Development: A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Educational Research Journal, 55(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217732335
- Betari, A. W., & Chowdhury, R. (2023). Creating The Ideal Journalism Graduate: Reconciling Views From Media Employers, Lecturers and Students in Indonesia. Issues in Educational Research, 33(4), 1286–1307.
- Bi, J., Javadi, M., & Izadpanah, S. (2023). The Comparison of The Effect of Two Methods of Face-To-Face And E-Learning Education on Learning, Retention, and Interest in English Language Course. Education and Information Technologies, 28(10), 13737–13762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11743-3
- Binder, J. F. (2023). Establishing Conversational Engagement and Being Effective: The Role of Body Movement in Mediated Communication. Acta Psychologica, 233(January 2022), 103840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103840
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide (Vol. 01). SAGE Publications Ltd.
- Chan, J. Y. H., & Walsh, S. (2024). English Learning and Use in Hong Kong’s Bilingual Education: Implications For L2 Learners’ Development of Interactional Competence. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (United Kingdom), 34(1), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12486
- Chen, T. I., Chung, H. C., & Lin, S. K. (2023). The Effect of Applying Language Picture Books in Reciprocal Teaching on Students’ Language Learning Motivations. SAGE Open, 13(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231218857
- Chi, C., Chen, H. J. H., Tseng, W. T., & Liu, Y. T. (2023). Efficacy of Different Presentation Modes For L2 Video Comprehension: Full Versus Partial Display of Verbal and Nonverbal Input. ReCALL, 35(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344022000088
- Çimen, B. A., & Çeşme, H. (2022). Effect pf TPR and CLT on Young EFL Learners’ Speaking Anxiety, Oral Proficiency, and Vocabulary Learning. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 19(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.56040/akce1924
- Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education. Routledge.
- Colorafi, K. J., & Evans, B. (2016). Qualitative Descriptive Methods in Health Science Research. Health Environments Research and Design Journal, 9(4), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586715614171
- Efriza, D., Zainil, Y., Syarif, H., Zaim, M., Jambi, U., & Padang, U. N. (2023). Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) for English Class in Indonesia. The 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation and Social Science, July, 89–106.
- Galloway, N., & Numajiri, T. (2020). Global Englishes Language Teaching: Bottom-up Curriculum Implementation. TESOL Quarterly, 54(1), 118–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.547
- Gillies, R. M. (2023). Using Cooperative Learning to Enhance Students’ Learning and Engagement during Inquiry-Based Science. Education Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121242
- Gjinali, A., & Piri, S. (2023). Usage of Video and Multimedia to Improve Listening Skills: The Perception of Foreign Language Students. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 13(6), 160–173. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2023-0155
- Goldberg, P., Sümer, Ö., Stürmer, K., Wagner, W., Göllner, R., Gerjets, P., Kasneci, E., & Trautwein, U. (2021). Attentive or Not? Toward a Machine Learning Approach to Assessing Students’ Visible Engagement in Classroom Instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 33(1), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09514-z
- Grammer, J. K., Xu, K., & Lenartowicz, A. (2021). Effects of Context on The Neural Correlates of Attention in A College Classroom. Npj Science of Learning, 6(1), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00094-8
- Hashemi, M., & Azizinezhad, M. (2011). Teaching English to Children: A Unique, Challenging Experience for Teachers, Effective Teaching Ideas. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2083–2087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.405
- Heineke, A. J., & Vera, E. M. (2022). Beyond Language and Academics: Investigating Teachers’ Preparation to Promote The Social-Emotional Well-Being of Emergent Bilingual Learners. Journal of Teacher Education, 73(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871211027573
- Hidayah, R., Wangid, M. N., & Wuryandani, W. (2023). Teaching as Part of Blended Learning Lead to the Trend of Indonesian Future Cyber Education. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 11(2), 484–494.
- Hidayat, D. N., Lee, J. Y., Mason, J., & Khaerudin, T. (2022). Digital Technology Supporting English Learning among Indonesian University Students. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-022-00198-8
- Honaker, J. D., & Miller, R. T. (2024). Wordless But Not Silent: Unlocking The Power of Wordless Picture Books. TESOL Journal, 15(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.721
- Huang, S. (2023). Music and Language Acquisition. SHS Web of Conferences, 174, 02026. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317402026
- Hwang, W. Y., Manabe, K., Cai, D. J., & Ma, Z. H. (2020). Collaborative Kinesthetic English Learning With Recognition Technology. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(5), 946–977. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633119893117
- Imran, M., Almusharraf, N., Sayed Abdellatif, M., & Ghaffar, A. (2024). Teachers’ Perspectives on Effective English Language Teaching Practices at The Elementary Level: A Phenomenological Study. Heliyon, 10(8), e29175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29175
- Ismawati, E., Hersulastuti, Amertawengrum, I. P., & Anindita, K. A. (2023). Portrait of Education in Indonesia: Learning from PISA Results 2015 to Present. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(1), 321–340. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.1.18
- Kim, J. (2020). Learning and Teaching Online During Covid-19: Experiences of Student Teachers in an Early Childhood Education Practicum. International Journal of Early Childhood, 52(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00272-6
- Kumar, T., Akhter, S., Yunus, M. M., & Shamsy, A. (2022). Use of Music and Songs as Pedagogical Tools in Teaching English as Foreign Language Contexts. Education Research International, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3384067
- Kuo, F. R., Hsu, C. C., Fang, W. C., & Chen, N. S. (2014). The Effects of Embodiment-Based TPR Approach on Student English Vocabulary Learning Achievement, Retention and Acceptance. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 26(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2013.10.003
- Kyrpychenko, O., Pushchyna, I., Kichuk, Y., Shevchenko, N., Luchaninova, O., & Koval, V. (2021). Communicative Competence Development in Teaching Professional Discourse in Educational Establishments. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, 13(4), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.5815/IJMECS.2021.04.02
- Li, L., Ismail, S. M., Patra, I., & Lami, D. (2024). Not A Passive Learner But An Active One: A Focus on The Efficacy of Philosophy-Based Language Instruction and Its Consequences On EFL Learners’ Critical Thinking, Engagement, And Academic Achievement. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01648-2
- Machmud, M. T., Widiyan, A. P., & Ramadhani, N. R. (2021). The Development and Policies of ICT Supporting Educational Technology in Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, and Myanmar. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i1.20786
- Marmoah, S., Colomeischi, A. A., & Duca, D. S. (2021). Defining Problems and Solutions of Education for Frontier, Outermost, and Least Developed Regions Program in Indonesia. Elementary Education Online, 20(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.01.013
- Maulida, N. N., Sukadi, S., & Rahayu, S. (2022). Effectiveness of The Implementation Game-Based-Learning in Increasing Student Learning Outcomes. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 22(3), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpp.v22i3.50977
- McNeill, L., & Fitch, D. (2023). Microlearning through the Lens of Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction: A Qualitative Study. TechTrends, 67(3), 521–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00805-x
- Metli, A., & Lane, J. F. (2020). International Mindedness: A Revised Conceptual Framework. Journal of Research in International Education, 19(3), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240920976229
- Mohammed, A. K., & Gutema, H. (2023). English Language Teachers’ Continuous Professional Development Obstacles. LLT Journal: Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 26(1), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v26i1.5912
- Noor, Z., Harahap, A. K., & Dewi, U. (2023). The Problem of Teaching English in Elementary School-Based on Teacher Involved: Exploring Teacher’S Perspective. LLT Journal: Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 26(1), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v26i1.5708
- Nunan, D., Higgins, C., & Edge, J. (2003). The Impact of English as a Global Language on Educational Policies and Practices in the Asia-Pacific Region. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 589–613.
- Nuraini, N. L. S., Cholifah, P. S., Oktiningrum, W., & Mahartania, S. Q. G. (2022). Developing Digital Game Based Learning to Support Numeracy of Elementary School Teacher Education Students. Proceedings - 2022 2nd International Conference on Information Technology and Education, ICIT and E 2022, 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITE54466.2022.9759856
- OECD. (2023). Transforming Education in Indonesia: Examining the landscape of current
- reforms. OECD Education Policy Perspectives, 88(Level 2). https://www.oecd.org/pisa/data/2022database
- Ojell, H., Palohuhta, M., & Ferreira, J. M. (2023). A Qualitative Microanalysis of the Immediate Behavioural Effects of Mindfulness Practices on Students’ Self-Regulation and Attention. Trends in Psychology, 31(4), 641–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-023-00263-1
- Öztürk, D., & Tekin, S. (2020). Encouraging Extensive Listening in Language Learning. Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 14(2010), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2020.14.06
- Poedjiastutie, D., Mayaputri, V., & Arifani, Y. (2021). Socio-cultural challenges of english teaching in remote areas of Indonesia. Teflin Journal, 32(1), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v32i1/97-116
- Rose, H., McKinley, J., & Galloway, N. (2021). Global englishes and language teaching: A
- review of pedagogical research. Language Teaching, 54(2), 157–189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444820000518
- Rosser, A. (2018). Beyond Access: Making Indonesia’s Education Work. The Endodontic Report, 6(2), 8–14. https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/8034
- Sakkir, G. (2020). the Effectiveness of Pictures in Enhance Writing Skill of Senior High School Students. Interference: Journal of Language, Literature, and Linguistics, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.26858/interference.v1i1.12803
- Sandelowski, M. (2000). Focus on Research Methods: Whatever Happened to Qualitative Description? Research in Nursing and Health, 23(4), 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-240x(200008)23:4<334::aid-nur9>3.0.co;2-g
- Sandelowski, M. (2010). What’s in a Name? Qualitative Description Revisited. Research in Nursing and Health, 33(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20362
- Septiyanti, M., Inderawati, I., & Vianty, M. (2020). Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge( TPACK ) Perception of English Education Students. ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education, 8(2), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v8i2.2114.Received
- Stanley, M. (2015). Qualitative Descriptive: A Very Good Place to Start. In S. Nayar & M. Stanley (Eds.), Qualitative Research Methodologies for Occupational Science and Therapy (pp. 21–36). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203383216
- Sulistiyo, U., Haryanto, E., Widodo, H. P., & Elyas, T. (2020). The Portrait of Primary School English in Indonesia: policy recommendations. Education 3-13, 48(8), 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2019.1680721
- Sun, Y. (2021). The Effect of Teacher Caring Behavior and Teacher Praise on Students’ Engagement in EFL Classrooms. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(September). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.746871
- Surana, S. (2021). Teacher Self and Collective Efficacy in Teaching Javanese: A Study of Indonesian Urban and Suburban Teachers. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 12(2), 260–279.
- Turale, S. (2020). A Brief Introduction to Qualitative Description: A Research Design Worth Using. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 24(3), 289–291.
- Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis: Implications for Conducting A Qualitative Descriptive Study. Nursing and Health Sciences, 15(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048
- Wang, F., Hwang, W. Y., Li, Y. H., Chen, P. T., & Manabe, K. (2019). Collaborative Kinesthetic EFL Learning with Collaborative Total Physical Response. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(7), 745–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2018.1540432
- Williams, Michael., & Moser, Tami. (2019). The Art of Coding and Thematic Exploration in Qualitative Research. International Management Review, 15(1), 45–55. http://americanscholarspress.us/journals/IMR/pdf/IMR-1-2019/IMR-v15n1art4.pdf
- Yu, X. (2022). The English as a Foreign Language Learners’ Psychological and Emotional Perceptions on Technology Integration in Language Classrooms. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(June), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906750
- Zeilhofer, L., & Sasao, Y. (2022). Mindful language learning: The effects of college students’ mindfulness on short-term vocabulary retention. System, 110, 102909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102909
- Zein, S. (2017). Elementary English Education in Indonesia: Policy Developments, Current Practices, and Future Prospects. English Today, 33(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078416000407
- Zein, S. (2019). English, Multilingualism and Globalisation in Indonesia. English Today, 35(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026607841800010X
- Zein, S., & Stroupe, R. (2017). English and Language-in-Education Policy in The ASEAN Plus Three Forum. Asian Englishes, 19(3), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2017.1389061
- Zein, S., Sukyadi, D., Hamied, F. A., & Lengkanawati, N. S. (2020). English Language Education in Indonesia: A Review of Research (2011-2019). Language Teaching, 53(4), 491–523. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444820000208
References
Abdi Tabari, M. (2021). Task Preparedness and L2 Written Production: Investigating Effects of Planning Modes on L2 Learners’ Focus of Attention and Output. Journal of Second Language Writing, 52(February). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jslw.2021.100814
Abdulrahman, S. A., Bingol, M. A., & Kara, S. (2022). Body Language in Education and Effective Recommendations to Pre-Service Teachers in Classroom Management. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 9(1), 298–307. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v9i1p298
Alasmari, M., Qasem, F., Ahmed, R., & Alrayes, M. (2022). Bilingual Teachers’ Translanguaging Practices and Ideologies in Online Classrooms in Saudi Arabia. Heliyon, 8(9), e10537. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e10537
Albahiri, M. H., & Alhaj, A. A. M. (2024). The Impact of Utilizing YouTube Videos via the Blackboard Platform on Developing the Interpreting Skills of Saudi Translation Students: King Khalid University Faculty’s Perspectives. Journal of Language Teaching and Research, 15(2), 598–606. https://doi.org/10.17507/jltr.1502.28
Altermann, W., & Gröpel, P. (2023). Effects of Acute Endurance, Strength, and Coordination Exercise Interventions on Attention in Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Study. Psychology of Sport and Exercise, 64, 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psychsport.2022.102300
Anand, K., Urolagin, S., & Mishra, R. K. (2021). How Does Hand Gestures in Videos Impact Social Media Engagement - Insights Based on Deep Learning. International Journal of Information Management Data Insights, 1(2), 100036. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jjimei.2021.100036
Astutik, Y., Megawati, F., & Aulina, C. N. (2019). Total Physical Response (TPR): How Is It Used to Teach EFL Young Learners? International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 18(1), 92–103. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.18.1.7
Avdiu, E. (2019). Game-Based Learning Practices in Austrian Elementary Schools. Educational Process: International Journal, 8(3), 196–206. https://doi.org/10.22521/edupij.2019.83.4
Babinski, L. M., Amendum, S. J., Knotek, S. E., Sánchez, M., & Malone, P. (2018). Improving Young English Learners’ Language and Literacy Skills Through Teacher Professional Development: A Randomized Controlled Trial. American Educational Research Journal, 55(1), 117–143. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831217732335
Betari, A. W., & Chowdhury, R. (2023). Creating The Ideal Journalism Graduate: Reconciling Views From Media Employers, Lecturers and Students in Indonesia. Issues in Educational Research, 33(4), 1286–1307.
Bi, J., Javadi, M., & Izadpanah, S. (2023). The Comparison of The Effect of Two Methods of Face-To-Face And E-Learning Education on Learning, Retention, and Interest in English Language Course. Education and Information Technologies, 28(10), 13737–13762. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-023-11743-3
Binder, J. F. (2023). Establishing Conversational Engagement and Being Effective: The Role of Body Movement in Mediated Communication. Acta Psychologica, 233(January 2022), 103840. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2023.103840
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2022). Thematic Analysis: A Practical Guide (Vol. 01). SAGE Publications Ltd.
Chan, J. Y. H., & Walsh, S. (2024). English Learning and Use in Hong Kong’s Bilingual Education: Implications For L2 Learners’ Development of Interactional Competence. International Journal of Applied Linguistics (United Kingdom), 34(1), 183–205. https://doi.org/10.1111/ijal.12486
Chen, T. I., Chung, H. C., & Lin, S. K. (2023). The Effect of Applying Language Picture Books in Reciprocal Teaching on Students’ Language Learning Motivations. SAGE Open, 13(4), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440231218857
Chi, C., Chen, H. J. H., Tseng, W. T., & Liu, Y. T. (2023). Efficacy of Different Presentation Modes For L2 Video Comprehension: Full Versus Partial Display of Verbal and Nonverbal Input. ReCALL, 35(1), 105–121. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0958344022000088
Çimen, B. A., & Çeşme, H. (2022). Effect pf TPR and CLT on Young EFL Learners’ Speaking Anxiety, Oral Proficiency, and Vocabulary Learning. Electronic Journal of Foreign Language Teaching, 19(2), 163–176. https://doi.org/10.56040/akce1924
Cohen, L., Manion, L., & Morrison, K. (2018). Research Methods in Education. Routledge.
Colorafi, K. J., & Evans, B. (2016). Qualitative Descriptive Methods in Health Science Research. Health Environments Research and Design Journal, 9(4), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/1937586715614171
Efriza, D., Zainil, Y., Syarif, H., Zaim, M., Jambi, U., & Padang, U. N. (2023). Task-Based Language Teaching (TBLT) for English Class in Indonesia. The 2nd International Conference on Education Innovation and Social Science, July, 89–106.
Galloway, N., & Numajiri, T. (2020). Global Englishes Language Teaching: Bottom-up Curriculum Implementation. TESOL Quarterly, 54(1), 118–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.547
Gillies, R. M. (2023). Using Cooperative Learning to Enhance Students’ Learning and Engagement during Inquiry-Based Science. Education Sciences, 13(12). https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci13121242
Gjinali, A., & Piri, S. (2023). Usage of Video and Multimedia to Improve Listening Skills: The Perception of Foreign Language Students. Journal of Educational and Social Research, 13(6), 160–173. https://doi.org/10.36941/jesr-2023-0155
Goldberg, P., Sümer, Ö., Stürmer, K., Wagner, W., Göllner, R., Gerjets, P., Kasneci, E., & Trautwein, U. (2021). Attentive or Not? Toward a Machine Learning Approach to Assessing Students’ Visible Engagement in Classroom Instruction. Educational Psychology Review, 33(1), 27–49. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09514-z
Grammer, J. K., Xu, K., & Lenartowicz, A. (2021). Effects of Context on The Neural Correlates of Attention in A College Classroom. Npj Science of Learning, 6(1), 2–5. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41539-021-00094-8
Hashemi, M., & Azizinezhad, M. (2011). Teaching English to Children: A Unique, Challenging Experience for Teachers, Effective Teaching Ideas. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 2083–2087. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sbspro.2011.10.405
Heineke, A. J., & Vera, E. M. (2022). Beyond Language and Academics: Investigating Teachers’ Preparation to Promote The Social-Emotional Well-Being of Emergent Bilingual Learners. Journal of Teacher Education, 73(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1177/00224871211027573
Hidayah, R., Wangid, M. N., & Wuryandani, W. (2023). Teaching as Part of Blended Learning Lead to the Trend of Indonesian Future Cyber Education. International Journal of Intelligent Systems and Applications in Engineering, 11(2), 484–494.
Hidayat, D. N., Lee, J. Y., Mason, J., & Khaerudin, T. (2022). Digital Technology Supporting English Learning among Indonesian University Students. Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning, 17(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41039-022-00198-8
Honaker, J. D., & Miller, R. T. (2024). Wordless But Not Silent: Unlocking The Power of Wordless Picture Books. TESOL Journal, 15(1), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.721
Huang, S. (2023). Music and Language Acquisition. SHS Web of Conferences, 174, 02026. https://doi.org/10.1051/shsconf/202317402026
Hwang, W. Y., Manabe, K., Cai, D. J., & Ma, Z. H. (2020). Collaborative Kinesthetic English Learning With Recognition Technology. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 58(5), 946–977. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633119893117
Imran, M., Almusharraf, N., Sayed Abdellatif, M., & Ghaffar, A. (2024). Teachers’ Perspectives on Effective English Language Teaching Practices at The Elementary Level: A Phenomenological Study. Heliyon, 10(8), e29175. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29175
Ismawati, E., Hersulastuti, Amertawengrum, I. P., & Anindita, K. A. (2023). Portrait of Education in Indonesia: Learning from PISA Results 2015 to Present. International Journal of Learning, Teaching and Educational Research, 22(1), 321–340. https://doi.org/10.26803/ijlter.22.1.18
Kim, J. (2020). Learning and Teaching Online During Covid-19: Experiences of Student Teachers in an Early Childhood Education Practicum. International Journal of Early Childhood, 52(2), 145–158. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13158-020-00272-6
Kumar, T., Akhter, S., Yunus, M. M., & Shamsy, A. (2022). Use of Music and Songs as Pedagogical Tools in Teaching English as Foreign Language Contexts. Education Research International, 2022. https://doi.org/10.1155/2022/3384067
Kuo, F. R., Hsu, C. C., Fang, W. C., & Chen, N. S. (2014). The Effects of Embodiment-Based TPR Approach on Student English Vocabulary Learning Achievement, Retention and Acceptance. Journal of King Saud University - Computer and Information Sciences, 26(1), 63–70. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jksuci.2013.10.003
Kyrpychenko, O., Pushchyna, I., Kichuk, Y., Shevchenko, N., Luchaninova, O., & Koval, V. (2021). Communicative Competence Development in Teaching Professional Discourse in Educational Establishments. International Journal of Modern Education and Computer Science, 13(4), 16–27. https://doi.org/10.5815/IJMECS.2021.04.02
Li, L., Ismail, S. M., Patra, I., & Lami, D. (2024). Not A Passive Learner But An Active One: A Focus on The Efficacy of Philosophy-Based Language Instruction and Its Consequences On EFL Learners’ Critical Thinking, Engagement, And Academic Achievement. BMC Psychology, 12(1), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01648-2
Machmud, M. T., Widiyan, A. P., & Ramadhani, N. R. (2021). The Development and Policies of ICT Supporting Educational Technology in Singapore, Thailand, Indonesia, and Myanmar. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(1), 78–85. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v10i1.20786
Marmoah, S., Colomeischi, A. A., & Duca, D. S. (2021). Defining Problems and Solutions of Education for Frontier, Outermost, and Least Developed Regions Program in Indonesia. Elementary Education Online, 20(1), 36–52. https://doi.org/10.17051/ilkonline.2021.01.013
Maulida, N. N., Sukadi, S., & Rahayu, S. (2022). Effectiveness of The Implementation Game-Based-Learning in Increasing Student Learning Outcomes. Jurnal Penelitian Pendidikan, 22(3), 252–265. https://doi.org/10.17509/jpp.v22i3.50977
McNeill, L., & Fitch, D. (2023). Microlearning through the Lens of Gagne’s Nine Events of Instruction: A Qualitative Study. TechTrends, 67(3), 521–533. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-022-00805-x
Metli, A., & Lane, J. F. (2020). International Mindedness: A Revised Conceptual Framework. Journal of Research in International Education, 19(3), 202–219. https://doi.org/10.1177/1475240920976229
Mohammed, A. K., & Gutema, H. (2023). English Language Teachers’ Continuous Professional Development Obstacles. LLT Journal: Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 26(1), 255–271. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v26i1.5912
Noor, Z., Harahap, A. K., & Dewi, U. (2023). The Problem of Teaching English in Elementary School-Based on Teacher Involved: Exploring Teacher’S Perspective. LLT Journal: Journal on Language and Language Teaching, 26(1), 379–386. https://doi.org/10.24071/llt.v26i1.5708
Nunan, D., Higgins, C., & Edge, J. (2003). The Impact of English as a Global Language on Educational Policies and Practices in the Asia-Pacific Region. TESOL Quarterly, 37(4), 589–613.
Nuraini, N. L. S., Cholifah, P. S., Oktiningrum, W., & Mahartania, S. Q. G. (2022). Developing Digital Game Based Learning to Support Numeracy of Elementary School Teacher Education Students. Proceedings - 2022 2nd International Conference on Information Technology and Education, ICIT and E 2022, 408–413. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICITE54466.2022.9759856
OECD. (2023). Transforming Education in Indonesia: Examining the landscape of current
reforms. OECD Education Policy Perspectives, 88(Level 2). https://www.oecd.org/pisa/data/2022database
Ojell, H., Palohuhta, M., & Ferreira, J. M. (2023). A Qualitative Microanalysis of the Immediate Behavioural Effects of Mindfulness Practices on Students’ Self-Regulation and Attention. Trends in Psychology, 31(4), 641–664. https://doi.org/10.1007/s43076-023-00263-1
Öztürk, D., & Tekin, S. (2020). Encouraging Extensive Listening in Language Learning. Language Teaching Research Quarterly, 14(2010), 80–93. https://doi.org/10.32038/ltrq.2020.14.06
Poedjiastutie, D., Mayaputri, V., & Arifani, Y. (2021). Socio-cultural challenges of english teaching in remote areas of Indonesia. Teflin Journal, 32(1), 97–116. https://doi.org/10.15639/teflinjournal.v32i1/97-116
Rose, H., McKinley, J., & Galloway, N. (2021). Global englishes and language teaching: A
review of pedagogical research. Language Teaching, 54(2), 157–189. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444820000518
Rosser, A. (2018). Beyond Access: Making Indonesia’s Education Work. The Endodontic Report, 6(2), 8–14. https://think-asia.org/handle/11540/8034
Sakkir, G. (2020). the Effectiveness of Pictures in Enhance Writing Skill of Senior High School Students. Interference: Journal of Language, Literature, and Linguistics, 1(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.26858/interference.v1i1.12803
Sandelowski, M. (2000). Focus on Research Methods: Whatever Happened to Qualitative Description? Research in Nursing and Health, 23(4), 334–340. https://doi.org/10.1002/1098-240x(200008)23:4<334::aid-nur9>3.0.co;2-g
Sandelowski, M. (2010). What’s in a Name? Qualitative Description Revisited. Research in Nursing and Health, 33(1), 77–84. https://doi.org/10.1002/nur.20362
Septiyanti, M., Inderawati, I., & Vianty, M. (2020). Technological Pedagogical and Content Knowledge( TPACK ) Perception of English Education Students. ENGLISH REVIEW: Journal of English Education, 8(2), 165–174. https://doi.org/10.25134/erjee.v8i2.2114.Received
Stanley, M. (2015). Qualitative Descriptive: A Very Good Place to Start. In S. Nayar & M. Stanley (Eds.), Qualitative Research Methodologies for Occupational Science and Therapy (pp. 21–36). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203383216
Sulistiyo, U., Haryanto, E., Widodo, H. P., & Elyas, T. (2020). The Portrait of Primary School English in Indonesia: policy recommendations. Education 3-13, 48(8), 945–959. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2019.1680721
Sun, Y. (2021). The Effect of Teacher Caring Behavior and Teacher Praise on Students’ Engagement in EFL Classrooms. Frontiers in Psychology, 12(September). https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.746871
Surana, S. (2021). Teacher Self and Collective Efficacy in Teaching Javanese: A Study of Indonesian Urban and Suburban Teachers. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 12(2), 260–279.
Turale, S. (2020). A Brief Introduction to Qualitative Description: A Research Design Worth Using. Pacific Rim International Journal of Nursing Research, 24(3), 289–291.
Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., & Bondas, T. (2013). Content Analysis and Thematic Analysis: Implications for Conducting A Qualitative Descriptive Study. Nursing and Health Sciences, 15(3), 398–405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048
Wang, F., Hwang, W. Y., Li, Y. H., Chen, P. T., & Manabe, K. (2019). Collaborative Kinesthetic EFL Learning with Collaborative Total Physical Response. Computer Assisted Language Learning, 32(7), 745–783. https://doi.org/10.1080/09588221.2018.1540432
Williams, Michael., & Moser, Tami. (2019). The Art of Coding and Thematic Exploration in Qualitative Research. International Management Review, 15(1), 45–55. http://americanscholarspress.us/journals/IMR/pdf/IMR-1-2019/IMR-v15n1art4.pdf
Yu, X. (2022). The English as a Foreign Language Learners’ Psychological and Emotional Perceptions on Technology Integration in Language Classrooms. Frontiers in Psychology, 13(June), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.906750
Zeilhofer, L., & Sasao, Y. (2022). Mindful language learning: The effects of college students’ mindfulness on short-term vocabulary retention. System, 110, 102909. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2022.102909
Zein, S. (2017). Elementary English Education in Indonesia: Policy Developments, Current Practices, and Future Prospects. English Today, 33(1), 53–59. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266078416000407
Zein, S. (2019). English, Multilingualism and Globalisation in Indonesia. English Today, 35(1), 48–53. https://doi.org/10.1017/S026607841800010X
Zein, S., & Stroupe, R. (2017). English and Language-in-Education Policy in The ASEAN Plus Three Forum. Asian Englishes, 19(3), 193–196. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2017.1389061
Zein, S., Sukyadi, D., Hamied, F. A., & Lengkanawati, N. S. (2020). English Language Education in Indonesia: A Review of Research (2011-2019). Language Teaching, 53(4), 491–523. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444820000208