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Abstract
This qualitative case study investigates how EFL teachers and students collaboratively enact Exploratory Practice (EP) principles in intensive reading instruction at an Indonesian university. Drawing on classroom observations, semi-structured interviews, and reflective journals, the research explores the pedagogical integration of EP’s seven key principles, including puzzle-posing, mutual development, and reflective inquiry. Findings reveal that EP transforms the reading classroom into a space for shared exploration, where both teachers and learners co-construct meaning, deepen engagement with texts, and foster a supportive learning community. Teachers shifted from delivering fixed content to facilitating dialogic discussions around learner puzzles, while students became more reflective and agentive in their reading practices. The enactment of EP led to improved teacher-student relationships, enhanced metacognition, and greater emotional investment in learning. However, challenges emerged, including time constraints, discomfort with open-ended inquiry, and misalignment with standardized assessments. Despite these tensions, the study underscores the potential of EP to humanize reading instruction by centering learner voice, inquiry, and well-being. This research contributes to the growing literature on practitioner research in language education, offering insights into the enactment of EP in skill-specific domains and advocating for more inclusive, inquiry-driven pedagogy in EFL contexts.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Melisa Sri, Emi Emilia, Raden Safrina

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References
- Allwright, D., & Hanks, J. (2009). The developing language learner: an introduction to exploratory practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.se/books?id=Hr11DwAAQBAJ
- Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (6th Edition). SAGE Publications.
- Davis, C., & Parmenter, L. (2021). Student-staff partnerships at work: Epistemic confidence, research-engaged teaching and vocational learning in the transition to higher education. Educational Action Research, 29(2), 292–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2020.1792958
- Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2023). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
- Gillies, R. M. (2020). Dialogic teaching during cooperative inquiry-based science: a case study of a year 6 classroom. Education Sciences, 10(11), 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10110328
- Hanks, J. (2017). Exploratory practice in language teaching: Puzzling about principles and practices. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45344-0
- Hanks, J. (2021). Co-production and multimodality: Learners as co-researchers exploring practice. Educational Action Research, 29(3), 462–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2020.1812417
- Hanks, J. (2024). Shifting perceptions of inclusive practitioner research: Epistemological affordances of exploratory practice. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688241265432
- Hiratsuka, T., & Nall, M. (2023). Enhancing student quality of life in language classrooms via Joint Exploratory Practice. System, 118, 103148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103148
- Huang, H.-W., Mills, D. J., & Tiangco, J. A. N. Z. (2024). Inquiry-based learning and technology-enhanced formative assessment in flipped EFL writing instruction: Student performance and perceptions. Sage Open, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241236663
- Kato, Y. (2023). Puzzles in exploratory practice: The role of why questions. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688231220447
- Lammert, C. (2023). How do teachers use inquiry and advocacy as curriculum? A longitudinal study. Action in Teacher Education, 45(3), 203–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2023.2209039
- MacLure, M. (2024). “Something comes through or it doesn’t”: Intensive reading in post-qualitative inquiry. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 37(6), 1647–1654. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2024.2342696
- Miller, I. K., Cunha, M. I. A., & Allwright, D. (2021). Teachers as practitioners of learning: the lens of exploratory practice. Educational Action Research, 29(3), 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2020.1842780
- Nurhadi, K., Basthomi, Y., Sulistiyo, U., Widiati, U., & Misdi, M. (2024). “Online group discussion was challenging but we enjoyed it!” An exploratory practice in extensive reading. Qualitative Research Journal, 24(5), 682–699. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-10-2023-0147
- Persky, A. M., Lee, E., & Schlesselman, L. S. (2020). Perception of learning versus performance as outcome measures of educational research. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(7), ajpe7782. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7782
- Ramdani, J. M., Baker, S., & Gao, X. (Andy). (2023). Exploratory practice as a professional development strategy for English-language teachers in Indonesia. RELC Journal, 54(2), 340–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231152944
- Ramdani, J. M., & Gao, X. (Andy). (2024). Exploratory practice for teacher professional development in Indonesia. TESOL Journal, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.775
- Slimani-Rolls, A., & Miller, I. K. de. (2024). The influence of Exploratory Practice (EP): How a group of former Brazilian ELT teacher-learners perceive the value of EP years after graduation. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688241255051
- Song, X., Razali, A. B., Sulaiman, T., & Jeyaraj, J. J. (2024). Impact of project-based learning on critical thinking skills and language skills in EFL context:A review of literature. World Journal of English Language, 14(5), 402. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n5p402
- Steenberghs, N., Lavrijsen, J., & Verschueren, K. (2023). Teacher-student relationships and engagement of high-ability students: An exploration from the perspective of the academic risk hypothesis. High Ability Studies, 34(2), 249–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2023.2189573
- Trinter, C. P., & Hughes, H. E. (2021). Teachers as curriculum designers: Inviting teachers into the productive struggle. RMLE Online, 44(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2021.1878417
- Uştuk, Ö. (2024). Getting puzzled about puzzling: Doing my first exploratory practice on self-directed English language learning. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688241254991
- Zhuo, M., & Huang, J. (2024). Using exploratory practice to teach: An innovative way to explore students’ speaking difficulties. TESOL Journal, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.746
- Zhuo, M., & Tang, H. (2024). Understanding Students’ English-speaking difficulties: An exploratory practice approach with web 2.0. RELC Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882241253002
References
Allwright, D., & Hanks, J. (2009). The developing language learner: an introduction to exploratory practice. Palgrave Macmillan.
Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2021). Thematic analysis: A practical guide. SAGE Publications. https://books.google.se/books?id=Hr11DwAAQBAJ
Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2023). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods approaches (6th Edition). SAGE Publications.
Davis, C., & Parmenter, L. (2021). Student-staff partnerships at work: Epistemic confidence, research-engaged teaching and vocational learning in the transition to higher education. Educational Action Research, 29(2), 292–309. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2020.1792958
Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2023). How to design and evaluate research in education. McGraw-Hill Higher Education.
Gillies, R. M. (2020). Dialogic teaching during cooperative inquiry-based science: a case study of a year 6 classroom. Education Sciences, 10(11), 328. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10110328
Hanks, J. (2017). Exploratory practice in language teaching: Puzzling about principles and practices. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-45344-0
Hanks, J. (2021). Co-production and multimodality: Learners as co-researchers exploring practice. Educational Action Research, 29(3), 462–482. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2020.1812417
Hanks, J. (2024). Shifting perceptions of inclusive practitioner research: Epistemological affordances of exploratory practice. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688241265432
Hiratsuka, T., & Nall, M. (2023). Enhancing student quality of life in language classrooms via Joint Exploratory Practice. System, 118, 103148. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103148
Huang, H.-W., Mills, D. J., & Tiangco, J. A. N. Z. (2024). Inquiry-based learning and technology-enhanced formative assessment in flipped EFL writing instruction: Student performance and perceptions. Sage Open, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241236663
Kato, Y. (2023). Puzzles in exploratory practice: The role of why questions. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688231220447
Lammert, C. (2023). How do teachers use inquiry and advocacy as curriculum? A longitudinal study. Action in Teacher Education, 45(3), 203–221. https://doi.org/10.1080/01626620.2023.2209039
MacLure, M. (2024). “Something comes through or it doesn’t”: Intensive reading in post-qualitative inquiry. International Journal of Qualitative Studies in Education, 37(6), 1647–1654. https://doi.org/10.1080/09518398.2024.2342696
Miller, I. K., Cunha, M. I. A., & Allwright, D. (2021). Teachers as practitioners of learning: the lens of exploratory practice. Educational Action Research, 29(3), 447–461. https://doi.org/10.1080/09650792.2020.1842780
Nurhadi, K., Basthomi, Y., Sulistiyo, U., Widiati, U., & Misdi, M. (2024). “Online group discussion was challenging but we enjoyed it!” An exploratory practice in extensive reading. Qualitative Research Journal, 24(5), 682–699. https://doi.org/10.1108/QRJ-10-2023-0147
Persky, A. M., Lee, E., & Schlesselman, L. S. (2020). Perception of learning versus performance as outcome measures of educational research. American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education, 84(7), ajpe7782. https://doi.org/10.5688/ajpe7782
Ramdani, J. M., Baker, S., & Gao, X. (Andy). (2023). Exploratory practice as a professional development strategy for English-language teachers in Indonesia. RELC Journal, 54(2), 340–355. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882231152944
Ramdani, J. M., & Gao, X. (Andy). (2024). Exploratory practice for teacher professional development in Indonesia. TESOL Journal, 15(2). https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.775
Slimani-Rolls, A., & Miller, I. K. de. (2024). The influence of Exploratory Practice (EP): How a group of former Brazilian ELT teacher-learners perceive the value of EP years after graduation. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688241255051
Song, X., Razali, A. B., Sulaiman, T., & Jeyaraj, J. J. (2024). Impact of project-based learning on critical thinking skills and language skills in EFL context:A review of literature. World Journal of English Language, 14(5), 402. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v14n5p402
Steenberghs, N., Lavrijsen, J., & Verschueren, K. (2023). Teacher-student relationships and engagement of high-ability students: An exploration from the perspective of the academic risk hypothesis. High Ability Studies, 34(2), 249–273. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2023.2189573
Trinter, C. P., & Hughes, H. E. (2021). Teachers as curriculum designers: Inviting teachers into the productive struggle. RMLE Online, 44(3), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.1080/19404476.2021.1878417
Uştuk, Ö. (2024). Getting puzzled about puzzling: Doing my first exploratory practice on self-directed English language learning. Language Teaching Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/13621688241254991
Zhuo, M., & Huang, J. (2024). Using exploratory practice to teach: An innovative way to explore students’ speaking difficulties. TESOL Journal, 15(1). https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.746
Zhuo, M., & Tang, H. (2024). Understanding Students’ English-speaking difficulties: An exploratory practice approach with web 2.0. RELC Journal. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882241253002
