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Abstract
Gender equality issues never stop being discussed and always attract attention. This is driven by the many inequalities experienced by women from ancient times until now. Even though gender equality is increasingly being echoed, the position of women is always affected and biased by patriarchal culture. Often women are made second. Islam itself provides space for gender equality. This study aims to discuss Riffat Hassan's thoughts on realizing gender equality in the Islamic view. This study also uses a qualitative descriptive method with a narrative analysis approach. The data was collected by documenting various sources related to Hassan and her thoughts and was analyzed using interactive qualitative analysis. The results show that there are two approaches used by Riffat Hassan in interpreting the verses of the Koran: the ideal-normative and socio-historical approaches. In her view, the basis of a contested patriarchal culture is related to 1) God first created men, not women; women are believed to have been created from the ribs of men. Therefore, women are derivative and ontologically secondary; 2) women, not men, are the primary agents for human fall from heaven; and 3) women are not only created by men but also for men, so the existence of women is only a tool and has no fundamental meaning.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Mia Nurmala, Umi Sumbulah
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References
Alfitri, A. (2014). Women’s rights and gender equality issues in Islamic law in Indonesia: The need to re-read women’s status in the Islamic religious texts. Mazahib Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam, 13(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v13i1.349
Anyidoho, N. A. (2018). The intersection of feminism, religion, and development in the discourses of “gender workers” in Ghana. In N. Deo (Ed.), Postsecular feminisms: Religion and gender in transnational context (pp. 143–154). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Aspinall, E., White, S., & Savirani, A. (2021). Women’s political representation in Indonesia: Who wins and how? Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103421989720
Barlow, R., & Akbarzadeh, S. (2006). Women’s rights in the Muslim world: Reform or reconstruction? Third World Quarterly, 27(8), 1481–1494. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017691
Bemiller, M. L., & Schneider, R. Z. (2010). It’s not just a joke. Sociological Spectrum, 30(4), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732171003641040
Edwin, S. (2013). Underlining religious sidelining: Islamic Feminism and Marxism in Mohammed Umar’s Amina. Women’s Studies International Forum, 37, 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.01.011
Engineer, A. A. (1990). Islam and liberation theology: Essays on liberative elements in Islam. Sterling Publishers.
Engineer, A. A. (2004). The Qu’ran, women and modern society (2nd edition). New Dawn Press.
Esha, M. I. (2010). Falsafah kalam sosial [Social philosophy]. UIN-Maliki Press.
Haningsih, S. (2005). Pemikiran Riffat Hasan tentang feminisme dan implikasinya terhadap transformasi sosial Islam [Riffat Hasan’s thoughts on feminism and its implications for Islamic social transformation]. Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 13, 110–131. https://journal.uii.ac.id/JHI/article/view/2811
Hassan, R. (1987). Equal before Allah? Woman-man equality in the Islamic tradition. Harvard Divinity Bulletin, 17(2), 2–14. http://wrrc.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/import/english/pubs/rtf/dossiers/dossier5-6/D5-6-01-equal-allah.rtf
Hassan, R. (1990). Teologi perempuan dalam tradisi Islam: Sejajar di hadapan Allah [Women’s theology in the Islamic tradition: Equal before God]. Ulumul Qur’an, 1(4), 48–49.
Hassan, R. (1991). Jihad fi sabilillah: A Muslim women’s faith journey from strugle to strugle. In L. Grob, R. Hassan, & H. Gordon (Eds.), Women’s and men’s liberation: Testimonies of spirit. Greenwood Press.
Hassan, R. (2013). Woman and man’s “fall”: A Qur’anic theological perspective. In E. Aslan, M. K. Hermansen, & E. Medeni (Eds.), Muslima theology: The voices of Muslim women theologians (pp. 101–113). Peter Lang GmbH.
Hassan, R., & Mernissi, F. (1995). Setara di hadapan Allah: Relasi laki-laki dan perempuan dalam tradisi patriaki [Equal before God: The relationship between men and women in the patriarchal tradition]. LSPPA Yayasan Prakarsa.
Hastuti, D. L., Santosa, I., Syarief, A., & Widodo, P. (2021). The meaning of women as kanca wingking in Javanese house organization of Pura Mangkunegaran. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts & Humanities (ICONARTIES) 2020, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3800622
Hasyim, S. (2001). Hal-hal yang tak terpikirkan tentang isu-isu keperempuanan dalam Islam [The unthinkable about women’s issues in Islam] (F. Wadjidi, Ed.). Mizan.
Holmgren, L. E., & Hearn, J. (2009). Framing ‘men in feminism’: Theoretical locations, local contexts and practical passings in men’s gender-conscious positionings on gender equality and feminism. Journal of Gender Studies, 18(4), 403–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589230903260076
Husniyah, N. I. (2018). Konsep purdah prespektif Riffat Hassan [The concept of purdah from Riffat Hassan’s perspective]. Akademika, 12(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.30736/adk.v12i01.148
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences, Wizemann, T. M., & Pardue, M.-L. (2001). Exploring the biological contributions to human health. National Academies Press (US). https://doi.org/10.17226/10028
Ismail, N. (2017). Penafsiran mufassir dan feminis muslim terhadap ayat-ayat Al-Qur`an yang berwawasan gender [Muslim feminist and mufassir interpretations of the verses of the Qur’an with a gender perspective]. Takammul : Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam Serta Perlindungan Anak, 6(2), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.22373/t.v1i1.1364
Jaya, M. (2020). Penafsiran Surat An-Nisa’ ayat 34 tentang kepimpinan dalam Al-Quran [Interpretation of Surah An-Nisa’ verse 34 about leadership in the Koran]. At-Tanzir: Jurnal Ilmiah Prodi Komunikasi Penyiaran Islam, 11(2), 241–268. https://doi.org/10.47498/tanzir.v11i2.407
Kazemi, F. (2000). Gender, Islam, and politics. Social Research, 67(2), 453–474. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971480
Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and woman’s place. Language in Society, 2(1), 45–80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4166707
Maḥallī, J. al-Dīn al-, & Suyūṭī, J. al-Dīn al-. (2008). Tafsīr al-Jalālayn (F. Hamza, Trans.). Fons Vitae.
Mawaddah, H., Suyitno, & Suhita, R. (2021). Javanese women’s efforts to face patriarchal culture in the novel Para Priyayi by Umar Kayam. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(1), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i1.2267
Mazure, C. M. (2016). Our evolving science: Studying the influence of sex in preclinical research. Biology of Sex Differences, 7(1), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-016-0068-8
Mazure, C. M. (2021, September 19). What do we mean by sex and gender? [HTML]. Yale School of Medicine. https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/what-do-we-mean-by-sex-and-gender/
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (Third edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Minkaryo, F. M. (2016). Diskursus teologi feminisme Riffat Hasan: Telaah konstruksi menuju relasi gender yang berkeadilan. Al-Tatwir, 3(1), 171–190. http://ejournal.iain-jember.ac.id/index.php/altatwir/article/view/812
Mir‐Hosseini, Z. (2006). Muslim women’s quest for equality: Between Islamic law and feminism. Critical Inquiry, 32(4), 629–645. https://doi.org/10.1086/508085
Mutrofin. (2015). Kesetaraan gender dalam pandangan Amina Wadud dan Riffat Hassan [Gender equality in the view of Amina Wadud and Riffat Hassan]. Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam, 3(1), 235–266. https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2013.3.1.234-266
Patoari, M. H. (2019). The rights of women in Islam and some misconceptions: An analysis from Bangladesh perspective. Beijing Law Review, 10(05), 1211–1224. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2019.105065
Pradita, S. M. (2020). Sejarah pergerakan perempuan Indonesia Abad 19 – 20: Tinjauan historis peran perempuan dalam pendidikan bangsa [History of the Indonesian women’s movement in the 19th – 20th centuries: A historical review of the role of women in the nation’s education]. Chronologia, 2(2), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.22236/jhe.v2i2.6060
Qudsiah, W. L., & Gustiawati, S. (2017). Peranan wanita karir dalam membantu kebutuhan keluarga menurut mazhab Syafiiyyah [The role of career women in helping family needs according to the Shafi’i school of thought]. Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law, 1(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.32507/mizan.v1i2.10
Riessman, C. K. (2005). Narrative analysis. In N. Kelly, C. Horrocks, K. Milnes, B. Roberts, & D. Robinson (Eds.), Narrative, memory and everyday life (pp. 1–7). University of Huddersfield.
Rizzo, H., Abdel-Latif, A.-H., & Meyer, K. (2007). The relationship between gender equality and democracy: A comparison of Arab versus non-Arab Muslim societies. Sociology, 41(6), 1151–1170. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42858291
Robikah, S. (2021, April 14). Mengenal Riffat Hassan, feminis muslim dari Pakistan [Get to know Riffat Hassan, a Muslim feminist from Pakistan]. iqra.id. https://iqra.id/mengenal-riffat-hassan-feminis-muslim-dari-pakistan-234441/
Sa’dan, M. (2017). Posisi perempuan kepala keluarga dalam kontestasi tafsir & negosisasi realita masyarakat nelayan Madura: Kajian Muhammad Syahrur [The position of the female head of household in the contestation of interpretation and negotiation of the reality of the Madurese fishing community: Muhammad Syahrur’s study]. Jurnal Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Hadis, 18(2), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.14421/qh.2017.1802-04
Saifee, A.-U.-R., Baloach, A. G., Sultan, S., & Khalid, I. (2012). Status, identity, and privileges of women in Islam. European Journal of Social Sciences, 30(1), 146–154. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294571626_Status_identity_and_privileges_of_women_in_Islam
Seedat, F. (2013). Islam, feminism, and Islamic feminism: Between inadequacy and inevitability. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 29(2), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.29.2.25
Setri, T. I., & Setiawan, D. B. (2020). Matriarchal society in The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd. Linguistics and Literature Journal, 1(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.33365/llj.v1i1.223
Sudarso, S., Keban, P. E., & Mas’udah, S. (2019). Gender, religion and patriarchy: The educational discrimination of coastal Madurese women, East Java. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 20(9), 2–12. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol20/iss9/2
Sulastri. (2022). Horizon metodologis historis kritis Riffat Hassan dalam memahami ayat gender [Riffat Hassan’s critical historical methodological horizon in understanding gender verses]. Al Amin: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu dan Budaya Islam, 5(1), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.36670/alamin.v5i01.143
Sumbulah, U. (2019, September 10). Perempuan dan keluarga: Radikalisasi dan kontra radikalisme di Indonesia [Women and families: Radicalization and counter-radicalism in Indonesia]. Pengukuhan Jabatan Guru Besar dalam Bidang Ilmu Studi Islam pada Fakultas Syariah UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, Indonesia. http://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/4647/
Sumbulah, U. (2023). Epistemologi pemikiran hukum Islam kontemporer: Studi pemikiran tokoh di dunia Islam [Epistemology of contemporary Islamic legal thought: A study of the thoughts of figures in the Islamic world]. UIN Maliki Press.
Supriyadi, T., Julia, J., & Firdaus, E. (2019). The problems of gender equality: A reconstruction of Islamic doctrine. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 10(2), 91–110. https://jsser.org/index.php/jsser/article/view/698
Vioni, E., & Liansah, I. (2022). Gender equality in patriarchic culture. Proceedings of the International Conference on Law Studies (INCOLS 2022), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-23-7_16
Yusuf, I. (2018). Asghar Ali Engineer. In Z. R. Kassam, Y. K. Greenberg, & J. Bagli (Eds.), Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism (pp. 78–81). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_2042
Zubair, S., & Zubair, M. (2017). Situating Islamic feminism(s): Lived religion, negotiation of identity and assertion of third space by Muslim women in Pakistan. Women’s Studies International Forum, 63, 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.06.002
Zulaiha, E. (2016). Tafsir feminis: Sejarah, paradigma dan standar validitas tafsir feminis [Feminist interpretation: History, paradigm and standard of validity of feminist interpretation]. Al-Bayan: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Al- Qur’an Dan Tafsir, 1(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.15575/al-bayan.v1i1.1671
References
Alfitri, A. (2014). Women’s rights and gender equality issues in Islamic law in Indonesia: The need to re-read women’s status in the Islamic religious texts. Mazahib Jurnal Pemikiran Hukum Islam, 13(1), 23–38. https://doi.org/10.21093/mj.v13i1.349
Anyidoho, N. A. (2018). The intersection of feminism, religion, and development in the discourses of “gender workers” in Ghana. In N. Deo (Ed.), Postsecular feminisms: Religion and gender in transnational context (pp. 143–154). Bloomsbury Publishing Plc.
Aspinall, E., White, S., & Savirani, A. (2021). Women’s political representation in Indonesia: Who wins and how? Journal of Current Southeast Asian Affairs, 40(1), 3–27. https://doi.org/10.1177/1868103421989720
Barlow, R., & Akbarzadeh, S. (2006). Women’s rights in the Muslim world: Reform or reconstruction? Third World Quarterly, 27(8), 1481–1494. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4017691
Bemiller, M. L., & Schneider, R. Z. (2010). It’s not just a joke. Sociological Spectrum, 30(4), 459–479. https://doi.org/10.1080/02732171003641040
Edwin, S. (2013). Underlining religious sidelining: Islamic Feminism and Marxism in Mohammed Umar’s Amina. Women’s Studies International Forum, 37, 64–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2013.01.011
Engineer, A. A. (1990). Islam and liberation theology: Essays on liberative elements in Islam. Sterling Publishers.
Engineer, A. A. (2004). The Qu’ran, women and modern society (2nd edition). New Dawn Press.
Esha, M. I. (2010). Falsafah kalam sosial [Social philosophy]. UIN-Maliki Press.
Haningsih, S. (2005). Pemikiran Riffat Hasan tentang feminisme dan implikasinya terhadap transformasi sosial Islam [Riffat Hasan’s thoughts on feminism and its implications for Islamic social transformation]. Al-Mawarid: Jurnal Hukum Islam, 13, 110–131. https://journal.uii.ac.id/JHI/article/view/2811
Hassan, R. (1987). Equal before Allah? Woman-man equality in the Islamic tradition. Harvard Divinity Bulletin, 17(2), 2–14. http://wrrc.wluml.org/sites/wluml.org/files/import/english/pubs/rtf/dossiers/dossier5-6/D5-6-01-equal-allah.rtf
Hassan, R. (1990). Teologi perempuan dalam tradisi Islam: Sejajar di hadapan Allah [Women’s theology in the Islamic tradition: Equal before God]. Ulumul Qur’an, 1(4), 48–49.
Hassan, R. (1991). Jihad fi sabilillah: A Muslim women’s faith journey from strugle to strugle. In L. Grob, R. Hassan, & H. Gordon (Eds.), Women’s and men’s liberation: Testimonies of spirit. Greenwood Press.
Hassan, R. (2013). Woman and man’s “fall”: A Qur’anic theological perspective. In E. Aslan, M. K. Hermansen, & E. Medeni (Eds.), Muslima theology: The voices of Muslim women theologians (pp. 101–113). Peter Lang GmbH.
Hassan, R., & Mernissi, F. (1995). Setara di hadapan Allah: Relasi laki-laki dan perempuan dalam tradisi patriaki [Equal before God: The relationship between men and women in the patriarchal tradition]. LSPPA Yayasan Prakarsa.
Hastuti, D. L., Santosa, I., Syarief, A., & Widodo, P. (2021). The meaning of women as kanca wingking in Javanese house organization of Pura Mangkunegaran. Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Interdisciplinary Arts & Humanities (ICONARTIES) 2020, 183–190. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3800622
Hasyim, S. (2001). Hal-hal yang tak terpikirkan tentang isu-isu keperempuanan dalam Islam [The unthinkable about women’s issues in Islam] (F. Wadjidi, Ed.). Mizan.
Holmgren, L. E., & Hearn, J. (2009). Framing ‘men in feminism’: Theoretical locations, local contexts and practical passings in men’s gender-conscious positionings on gender equality and feminism. Journal of Gender Studies, 18(4), 403–418. https://doi.org/10.1080/09589230903260076
Husniyah, N. I. (2018). Konsep purdah prespektif Riffat Hassan [The concept of purdah from Riffat Hassan’s perspective]. Akademika, 12(1), 83–93. https://doi.org/10.30736/adk.v12i01.148
Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Understanding the Biology of Sex and Gender Differences, Wizemann, T. M., & Pardue, M.-L. (2001). Exploring the biological contributions to human health. National Academies Press (US). https://doi.org/10.17226/10028
Ismail, N. (2017). Penafsiran mufassir dan feminis muslim terhadap ayat-ayat Al-Qur`an yang berwawasan gender [Muslim feminist and mufassir interpretations of the verses of the Qur’an with a gender perspective]. Takammul : Jurnal Studi Gender dan Islam Serta Perlindungan Anak, 6(2), 108–122. https://doi.org/10.22373/t.v1i1.1364
Jaya, M. (2020). Penafsiran Surat An-Nisa’ ayat 34 tentang kepimpinan dalam Al-Quran [Interpretation of Surah An-Nisa’ verse 34 about leadership in the Koran]. At-Tanzir: Jurnal Ilmiah Prodi Komunikasi Penyiaran Islam, 11(2), 241–268. https://doi.org/10.47498/tanzir.v11i2.407
Kazemi, F. (2000). Gender, Islam, and politics. Social Research, 67(2), 453–474. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40971480
Lakoff, R. (1973). Language and woman’s place. Language in Society, 2(1), 45–80. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4166707
Maḥallī, J. al-Dīn al-, & Suyūṭī, J. al-Dīn al-. (2008). Tafsīr al-Jalālayn (F. Hamza, Trans.). Fons Vitae.
Mawaddah, H., Suyitno, & Suhita, R. (2021). Javanese women’s efforts to face patriarchal culture in the novel Para Priyayi by Umar Kayam. International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding, 8(1), 100–110. https://doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v8i1.2267
Mazure, C. M. (2016). Our evolving science: Studying the influence of sex in preclinical research. Biology of Sex Differences, 7(1), Article 15. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13293-016-0068-8
Mazure, C. M. (2021, September 19). What do we mean by sex and gender? [HTML]. Yale School of Medicine. https://medicine.yale.edu/news-article/what-do-we-mean-by-sex-and-gender/
Miles, M. B., Huberman, A. M., & Saldaña, J. (2014). Qualitative data analysis: A methods sourcebook (Third edition). SAGE Publications, Inc.
Minkaryo, F. M. (2016). Diskursus teologi feminisme Riffat Hasan: Telaah konstruksi menuju relasi gender yang berkeadilan. Al-Tatwir, 3(1), 171–190. http://ejournal.iain-jember.ac.id/index.php/altatwir/article/view/812
Mir‐Hosseini, Z. (2006). Muslim women’s quest for equality: Between Islamic law and feminism. Critical Inquiry, 32(4), 629–645. https://doi.org/10.1086/508085
Mutrofin. (2015). Kesetaraan gender dalam pandangan Amina Wadud dan Riffat Hassan [Gender equality in the view of Amina Wadud and Riffat Hassan]. Teosofi: Jurnal Tasawuf Dan Pemikiran Islam, 3(1), 235–266. https://doi.org/10.15642/teosofi.2013.3.1.234-266
Patoari, M. H. (2019). The rights of women in Islam and some misconceptions: An analysis from Bangladesh perspective. Beijing Law Review, 10(05), 1211–1224. https://doi.org/10.4236/blr.2019.105065
Pradita, S. M. (2020). Sejarah pergerakan perempuan Indonesia Abad 19 – 20: Tinjauan historis peran perempuan dalam pendidikan bangsa [History of the Indonesian women’s movement in the 19th – 20th centuries: A historical review of the role of women in the nation’s education]. Chronologia, 2(2), 12–27. https://doi.org/10.22236/jhe.v2i2.6060
Qudsiah, W. L., & Gustiawati, S. (2017). Peranan wanita karir dalam membantu kebutuhan keluarga menurut mazhab Syafiiyyah [The role of career women in helping family needs according to the Shafi’i school of thought]. Mizan: Journal of Islamic Law, 1(2), 155–172. https://doi.org/10.32507/mizan.v1i2.10
Riessman, C. K. (2005). Narrative analysis. In N. Kelly, C. Horrocks, K. Milnes, B. Roberts, & D. Robinson (Eds.), Narrative, memory and everyday life (pp. 1–7). University of Huddersfield.
Rizzo, H., Abdel-Latif, A.-H., & Meyer, K. (2007). The relationship between gender equality and democracy: A comparison of Arab versus non-Arab Muslim societies. Sociology, 41(6), 1151–1170. https://www.jstor.org/stable/42858291
Robikah, S. (2021, April 14). Mengenal Riffat Hassan, feminis muslim dari Pakistan [Get to know Riffat Hassan, a Muslim feminist from Pakistan]. iqra.id. https://iqra.id/mengenal-riffat-hassan-feminis-muslim-dari-pakistan-234441/
Sa’dan, M. (2017). Posisi perempuan kepala keluarga dalam kontestasi tafsir & negosisasi realita masyarakat nelayan Madura: Kajian Muhammad Syahrur [The position of the female head of household in the contestation of interpretation and negotiation of the reality of the Madurese fishing community: Muhammad Syahrur’s study]. Jurnal Studi Ilmu-Ilmu Al-Qur’an Dan Hadis, 18(2), 73–96. https://doi.org/10.14421/qh.2017.1802-04
Saifee, A.-U.-R., Baloach, A. G., Sultan, S., & Khalid, I. (2012). Status, identity, and privileges of women in Islam. European Journal of Social Sciences, 30(1), 146–154. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/294571626_Status_identity_and_privileges_of_women_in_Islam
Seedat, F. (2013). Islam, feminism, and Islamic feminism: Between inadequacy and inevitability. Journal of Feminist Studies in Religion, 29(2), 25–45. https://doi.org/10.2979/jfemistudreli.29.2.25
Setri, T. I., & Setiawan, D. B. (2020). Matriarchal society in The Secret Life of Bees by Sue Monk Kidd. Linguistics and Literature Journal, 1(1), 28–33. https://doi.org/10.33365/llj.v1i1.223
Sudarso, S., Keban, P. E., & Mas’udah, S. (2019). Gender, religion and patriarchy: The educational discrimination of coastal Madurese women, East Java. Journal of International Women’s Studies, 20(9), 2–12. https://vc.bridgew.edu/jiws/vol20/iss9/2
Sulastri. (2022). Horizon metodologis historis kritis Riffat Hassan dalam memahami ayat gender [Riffat Hassan’s critical historical methodological horizon in understanding gender verses]. Al Amin: Jurnal Kajian Ilmu dan Budaya Islam, 5(1), 59–78. https://doi.org/10.36670/alamin.v5i01.143
Sumbulah, U. (2019, September 10). Perempuan dan keluarga: Radikalisasi dan kontra radikalisme di Indonesia [Women and families: Radicalization and counter-radicalism in Indonesia]. Pengukuhan Jabatan Guru Besar dalam Bidang Ilmu Studi Islam pada Fakultas Syariah UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, Indonesia. http://repository.uin-malang.ac.id/4647/
Sumbulah, U. (2023). Epistemologi pemikiran hukum Islam kontemporer: Studi pemikiran tokoh di dunia Islam [Epistemology of contemporary Islamic legal thought: A study of the thoughts of figures in the Islamic world]. UIN Maliki Press.
Supriyadi, T., Julia, J., & Firdaus, E. (2019). The problems of gender equality: A reconstruction of Islamic doctrine. Journal of Social Studies Education Research, 10(2), 91–110. https://jsser.org/index.php/jsser/article/view/698
Vioni, E., & Liansah, I. (2022). Gender equality in patriarchic culture. Proceedings of the International Conference on Law Studies (INCOLS 2022), 168–177. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-494069-23-7_16
Yusuf, I. (2018). Asghar Ali Engineer. In Z. R. Kassam, Y. K. Greenberg, & J. Bagli (Eds.), Islam, Judaism, and Zoroastrianism (pp. 78–81). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-024-1267-3_2042
Zubair, S., & Zubair, M. (2017). Situating Islamic feminism(s): Lived religion, negotiation of identity and assertion of third space by Muslim women in Pakistan. Women’s Studies International Forum, 63, 17–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2017.06.002
Zulaiha, E. (2016). Tafsir feminis: Sejarah, paradigma dan standar validitas tafsir feminis [Feminist interpretation: History, paradigm and standard of validity of feminist interpretation]. Al-Bayan: Jurnal Studi Ilmu Al- Qur’an Dan Tafsir, 1(1), 17–26. https://doi.org/10.15575/al-bayan.v1i1.1671