Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
The objective of the study is to examine to what extent native- speakerism is embedded in an EFL textbook for senior high school students in Indonesia. Native-speakerism is an ideology that legitimates native speakers as superior models of English. The textbook was developed by local English teachers and supervised and published by the Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture (Widiati et al., 2017). The study focuses on analyzing critical elements in the passages in the textbooks. Eighteen passages were analyzed qualitatively using a set of guideline questions developed from Fairclough (2001) three dimensions of discourse analysis. The findings show that native-speakerism is the second major ideology after Indonesia-center. It is embedded in four passages. Three passages contain native-speakerism that can be recognized on the sentence level. Another passage, disguised as Indonesia-center, transfers native-speakerism implicitly as it cannot be identified on the sentence level. The findings are presented descriptively with excerpts from the passages followed by an illustrated scenario for each excerpt. Suggestions on how to lessen native-speakerism transfer are presented in conclusion.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2022 Satwika Nindya Kirana, Phongsakorn Methitham
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Árva, V., & Medgyes, P. (2000). Native and non-native teachers in the classroom. System, 28(3), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(00)00017-8
- American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice Served: Case Closed for Over 40 Dogfighting Victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting- victims?_ga=2.90601498.1656375528.1605412154-1979376549.1605061110
- Benke, E., & Medgyes, P. (2005). Differences in Teaching Behaviour between Native and Non- Native Speaker Teachers: As seen by the Learners. In E. Llurda (Ed.), Non-Native Language Teachers (Vol. 5, pp. 195–215). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387- 24565-0_11
- Boecher, Y. (2005). Native and Nonnative English-Speaking Teacher Distinctions: From Dichotomy to Collaboration. The CATESOL Journal, 17(1), 67–75.
- Bourdieu, P., & Thompson, J. B. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Harvard University Press.
- Braine, G. (2012). Non-Native-Speaker English Teachers. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (p. wbeal0871). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0871
- Canagarajah, A. S. (1999a). Interrogating the “native speaker fallacy”: Non-linguistic roots, non-pedagogical results. In G. Braine (Eds.), Non-Native Educators in English Language Teaching. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Canagarajah, A. S. (1999b). Resisting linguistic imperialism in English teaching (Nachdr.). Oxford Univ. Press.
- Canagarajah, A. S. (2002). A geopolitics of academic writing. University of Pittsburgh Press. Chun, S. Y. (2014). EFL learners’ beliefs about native and non-native English-speaking teachers: Perceived strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(6), 563–579.
- https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.889141
- Cook, V. (1999). Going beyond the Native Speaker in Language Teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 33(2), 185. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587717
- Cook, V. (2005). Basing Teaching on the L2 User. In E. Llurda (Ed.), Non-Native Language Teachers (Vol. 5, pp. 47–61). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24565-0_4
- Cortez, N. A. (2008). Am I in the Book? Imagined Communities and Language Ideologies of English in a Global EFL Textbook. 287.
- Eagleton, T. (1993). Ideology: An Introduction. Studies in East European Thought, 45(3), 229– 230.
- Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and Power (2nd ed.). Pearson Education.
- Fitzgibbon, L. A. (2013). Ideologies and power relations in a global commercial English language textbook used in South Korean universities: A critical image analysis and a critical discourse
- analysis.
- Fuchs, C. (2015). Surveillance and Critical Theory. Media and Communication, 3(2), 6–9. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v3i2.207
- Ganchy, S. (2009). Islam and science, medicine, and technology (1st ed). Rosen Pub.
- Gramsci, A. (1971). Selection from the prison notebooks. Routledge.
- Gray, J. (2002). The global coursebook in English language teaching. In D. Block & D.
- Cameron (Eds.), Globalization and Language Teaching (0 ed., pp. 151–167). Routledge.
- https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203193679-8
- Gustan, E. (2010, February 12). “Turis Gila” Pemungut Sampah di Senggigi. VIVA.co.id. https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/128852-turis-gila-pemungut-sampah-di- senggigi
- Hadrian, P. (2017, November 30). Selain habitat, Ancaman Perburuan Hantui Kehidupan Orangutan. Mongabay. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/11/30/selain-habitat- ancaman-perburuan-hantui-kehidupan-orangutan/
- Hashemenezhad, H. (2015). Qualitative Content Analysis Research: A review Article: Journal of ELT and Applied Linguistics (JELTAL), 3(1).
- Holliday, A. (2005). The Struggle to Teach English as an international language. Oxford University Press.
- Holliday, A. (2006). Native-speakerism. ELT Journal, 60(4), 385–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccl030
- Holliday, A. (2015). Native-speakerism: Taking the Concept Forward and Achieving Cultural Belief. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)Countering Native-speakerism (pp. 11–25). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137463500_2
- Holliday, A., & Aboshiha, P. (2009). The Denial of Ideology in Perceptions of “Nonnative Speaker” Teachers. Eachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (TESOL), 43(4), 669–689.
- Hutchinson, T., & Torees, E. (1994). The textbook as an agent of change. ELT Journal, 48(4), 315–328.
- Jamsari, E. A., Nawi, M. A. M., Sulaiman, A., Sidik, R., & Zaidi, Z. (2013). Ibn Firnas and His Contribution to the Aviation Technology of the World. 7(1), 74–78.
- Jenks, C. (2019). English for sale: Using race to create value in the Korean ELT market. Applied Linguistics Review, 10(4), 517–538. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0090
- Kabel, A. (2009). Native-speakerism, stereotyping, and the collusion of applied linguistics. System, 37(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2008.09.004
- Kachru, B. (1986). The alchemy of English: The spread, functions, and models of non-native Englishes. Champaign University of Illinois Press.
- Kanno, Y., & Norton, B. (2003). Imagined Communities and Educational Possibilities: Introduction. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 2(4), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327701JLIE0204_1
- Kirana, S. N., & Methitham, P. (2019a). Anglo-centrism in Indonesian ELT Textbooks. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR 2018). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR https://doi.org/10.2991/icamr-18.2019.39
- Kirana, S. N., & Methitham, P. (2019b). Non-Anglo-Centrism in Indonesian ELT Textbooks. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR 2018). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR 2018), Makassar, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/icamr-18.2019.38
- Kumaravadivelu, B. (2012). Individual identity, cultural globalization, and teaching English as an international language. In Principles and Practices for Teaching English as an International Language. Routledge.
- Kurikulum 2013 (Jakarta). (2013). Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.
- Lightbown, P., & Spanda, N. (2013). How languages are learned 4th edition-Oxford handbooks for language teachers. Oxford University Press.
- Litz, D. R. A. (2005). TEXTBOOK EVALUATION AND ELT MANAGEMENT: A SOUTH KOREAN CASE STUDY. Asian EFL Journal, 48, 1–53.
- Lull. (2003). Hegemony. In G. Dines & J. M. Humez, Gender, race, and class in media: A text-reader (pp. 33–36). Sage Publications.
- Melliti, M. (2013). Global Content in Global Coursebooks: The Way Issues of Inappropriacy, Inclusivity, and Connectedness Are Treated in Headway Intermediate. SAGE Open, 3(4), 215824401350726. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013507265
- Menzies, G. (2003). 1421: The year China discovered the world. Random House.
- Methitham, P. (2012). White Prestige Ideology and its Effects on ELT Employment in Thailand. International Journal of the Humanities, 9(4), 145–156.
- Naji Meidani, E., & Pishghadam, R. (2012). Analysis of English language textbooks in the light of English as an International Language (EIL): A comparative study. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2012.163
- Nasarudin. (2017, Agustus). Miris! Perburuan Orangutan Mulai Diperdagangkan Hingga Untuk Konsumsi [Review of Miris! Perburuan Orangutan Mulai Diperdagangkan Hingga Untuk Konsumsi, by D. Mutiasari]. Tribun Pontianak. https://pontianak.tribunnews.com/2017/08/22/miris-perburuan-orangutan- mulai-diperdagangkan-hingga-untuk-konsumsi?page=all Orangutan Foundation International. (n.d.). Camp Leakey. Retrieved March 25, 2018, from https://orangutan.org/our-projects/research/camp-leakey/
- Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical Applied Linguistics: A Critical Introduction (0 ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410600790
- Pennycook, A. (2002). Language policy and docile bodies: Hong Kong and governmentality. In Language Policies in Education: Critical Issues (pp. 91–110). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
- Pennycook, A. (2017). The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language (C. N. Candlin, Ed.; 1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315225593
- Permana, Fuji. E. (2016, Agustus). Puluhan Turis Jerman Punguti Sampah Pantai Pangandaran. Republike.id. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/oc94z6394/puluhan-turis-jerman-punguti- sampah-pantai-pangandaran
- Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford University Press.
- Ren, K. (2018). “I was refused an ELT job for being non-native”—An Insight into the Native Speaker Ideology in ELT. Journal of English Language and Literature, 10(1), 940. https://doi.org/10.17722/jell.v10i1.366
- Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism (1st Vintage Books ed). Vintage Books.
- Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and imperialism (1st Vintage Books ed). Vintage Books.
- Sianipar, T. (2018, January 31). Hari primata nasional, orangutan semakin terdesak dan diburu manusia. BBC Indonesia. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-42874535 Tollefson, J. W. (2007). Ideology, Language Varieties, and ELT. In J. Cummins & C. Davison (Eds.), International Handbook of English Language Teaching (pp. 25–36). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_3
- Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. Sage Publications.
- Van Dijk, T. A. (Ed.). (2011). Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction. Sage Publications.
- Walkinshaw, I., & Oanh, D. H. (2014). Native and Non-Native English Language Teachers: Student Perceptions in Vietnam and Japan. SAGE Open, 4(2), 215824401453445. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014534451
- Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press.
- Widiati, U., Rohmah, Z., & Furaidah. (2017). Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA-SMK/MAK kelas X : buku guru. Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemendikbud.
- Wu, K., & Ke, C. (2009). Haunting Native Speakerism? Students’ Perceptions toward Native Speaking English Teachers in Taiwan. English Language Teaching, 2(3), 9.
- Wulandari, N. A. (2016, July 1). Punya Jasa dan Dedikasi Mulia di Indonesia, Lima Bule Ini Ngebet Jadi Warga Negara Indonesia. Tribun Solo. https://solo.tribunnews.com/2016/07/01/punya-jasa-dan-dedikasi-mulia-di- indonesia-lima-bule-ini-ngebet-jadi-warga-negara-indonesia?page=all
- Zhang, Y., Ni, Z., Dong, J., & Li, J. (2021). Constructing the Global university or Reproducing the Orientalist Gaze: Evaluating Identity Options and Cultural Teaching, 15(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v15n1p130
References
Árva, V., & Medgyes, P. (2000). Native and non-native teachers in the classroom. System, 28(3), 355–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0346-251X(00)00017-8
American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals. (2019, November 21). Justice Served: Case Closed for Over 40 Dogfighting Victims. https://www.aspca.org/news/justice-served-case-closed-over-40-dogfighting- victims?_ga=2.90601498.1656375528.1605412154-1979376549.1605061110
Benke, E., & Medgyes, P. (2005). Differences in Teaching Behaviour between Native and Non- Native Speaker Teachers: As seen by the Learners. In E. Llurda (Ed.), Non-Native Language Teachers (Vol. 5, pp. 195–215). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387- 24565-0_11
Boecher, Y. (2005). Native and Nonnative English-Speaking Teacher Distinctions: From Dichotomy to Collaboration. The CATESOL Journal, 17(1), 67–75.
Bourdieu, P., & Thompson, J. B. (1991). Language and symbolic power. Harvard University Press.
Braine, G. (2012). Non-Native-Speaker English Teachers. In C. A. Chapelle (Ed.), The Encyclopedia of Applied Linguistics (p. wbeal0871). Blackwell Publishing Ltd. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781405198431.wbeal0871
Canagarajah, A. S. (1999a). Interrogating the “native speaker fallacy”: Non-linguistic roots, non-pedagogical results. In G. Braine (Eds.), Non-Native Educators in English Language Teaching. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Canagarajah, A. S. (1999b). Resisting linguistic imperialism in English teaching (Nachdr.). Oxford Univ. Press.
Canagarajah, A. S. (2002). A geopolitics of academic writing. University of Pittsburgh Press. Chun, S. Y. (2014). EFL learners’ beliefs about native and non-native English-speaking teachers: Perceived strengths, weaknesses, and preferences. Journal of Multilingual and Multicultural Development, 35(6), 563–579.
https://doi.org/10.1080/01434632.2014.889141
Cook, V. (1999). Going beyond the Native Speaker in Language Teaching. TESOL Quarterly, 33(2), 185. https://doi.org/10.2307/3587717
Cook, V. (2005). Basing Teaching on the L2 User. In E. Llurda (Ed.), Non-Native Language Teachers (Vol. 5, pp. 47–61). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/0-387-24565-0_4
Cortez, N. A. (2008). Am I in the Book? Imagined Communities and Language Ideologies of English in a Global EFL Textbook. 287.
Eagleton, T. (1993). Ideology: An Introduction. Studies in East European Thought, 45(3), 229– 230.
Fairclough, N. (2001). Language and Power (2nd ed.). Pearson Education.
Fitzgibbon, L. A. (2013). Ideologies and power relations in a global commercial English language textbook used in South Korean universities: A critical image analysis and a critical discourse
analysis.
Fuchs, C. (2015). Surveillance and Critical Theory. Media and Communication, 3(2), 6–9. https://doi.org/10.17645/mac.v3i2.207
Ganchy, S. (2009). Islam and science, medicine, and technology (1st ed). Rosen Pub.
Gramsci, A. (1971). Selection from the prison notebooks. Routledge.
Gray, J. (2002). The global coursebook in English language teaching. In D. Block & D.
Cameron (Eds.), Globalization and Language Teaching (0 ed., pp. 151–167). Routledge.
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203193679-8
Gustan, E. (2010, February 12). “Turis Gila” Pemungut Sampah di Senggigi. VIVA.co.id. https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/128852-turis-gila-pemungut-sampah-di- senggigi
Hadrian, P. (2017, November 30). Selain habitat, Ancaman Perburuan Hantui Kehidupan Orangutan. Mongabay. https://www.mongabay.co.id/2017/11/30/selain-habitat- ancaman-perburuan-hantui-kehidupan-orangutan/
Hashemenezhad, H. (2015). Qualitative Content Analysis Research: A review Article: Journal of ELT and Applied Linguistics (JELTAL), 3(1).
Holliday, A. (2005). The Struggle to Teach English as an international language. Oxford University Press.
Holliday, A. (2006). Native-speakerism. ELT Journal, 60(4), 385–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccl030
Holliday, A. (2015). Native-speakerism: Taking the Concept Forward and Achieving Cultural Belief. In A. Swan, P. Aboshiha, & A. Holliday (Eds.), (En)Countering Native-speakerism (pp. 11–25). Palgrave Macmillan UK. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137463500_2
Holliday, A., & Aboshiha, P. (2009). The Denial of Ideology in Perceptions of “Nonnative Speaker” Teachers. Eachers of English to Speakers of Other Languages, Inc. (TESOL), 43(4), 669–689.
Hutchinson, T., & Torees, E. (1994). The textbook as an agent of change. ELT Journal, 48(4), 315–328.
Jamsari, E. A., Nawi, M. A. M., Sulaiman, A., Sidik, R., & Zaidi, Z. (2013). Ibn Firnas and His Contribution to the Aviation Technology of the World. 7(1), 74–78.
Jenks, C. (2019). English for sale: Using race to create value in the Korean ELT market. Applied Linguistics Review, 10(4), 517–538. https://doi.org/10.1515/applirev-2017-0090
Kabel, A. (2009). Native-speakerism, stereotyping, and the collusion of applied linguistics. System, 37(1), 12–22. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2008.09.004
Kachru, B. (1986). The alchemy of English: The spread, functions, and models of non-native Englishes. Champaign University of Illinois Press.
Kanno, Y., & Norton, B. (2003). Imagined Communities and Educational Possibilities: Introduction. Journal of Language, Identity & Education, 2(4), 241–249. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327701JLIE0204_1
Kirana, S. N., & Methitham, P. (2019a). Anglo-centrism in Indonesian ELT Textbooks. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR 2018). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR https://doi.org/10.2991/icamr-18.2019.39
Kirana, S. N., & Methitham, P. (2019b). Non-Anglo-Centrism in Indonesian ELT Textbooks. Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR 2018). Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Advanced Multidisciplinary Research (ICAMR 2018), Makassar, Indonesia. https://doi.org/10.2991/icamr-18.2019.38
Kumaravadivelu, B. (2012). Individual identity, cultural globalization, and teaching English as an international language. In Principles and Practices for Teaching English as an International Language. Routledge.
Kurikulum 2013 (Jakarta). (2013). Indonesian Ministry of Education and Culture.
Lightbown, P., & Spanda, N. (2013). How languages are learned 4th edition-Oxford handbooks for language teachers. Oxford University Press.
Litz, D. R. A. (2005). TEXTBOOK EVALUATION AND ELT MANAGEMENT: A SOUTH KOREAN CASE STUDY. Asian EFL Journal, 48, 1–53.
Lull. (2003). Hegemony. In G. Dines & J. M. Humez, Gender, race, and class in media: A text-reader (pp. 33–36). Sage Publications.
Melliti, M. (2013). Global Content in Global Coursebooks: The Way Issues of Inappropriacy, Inclusivity, and Connectedness Are Treated in Headway Intermediate. SAGE Open, 3(4), 215824401350726. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244013507265
Menzies, G. (2003). 1421: The year China discovered the world. Random House.
Methitham, P. (2012). White Prestige Ideology and its Effects on ELT Employment in Thailand. International Journal of the Humanities, 9(4), 145–156.
Naji Meidani, E., & Pishghadam, R. (2012). Analysis of English language textbooks in the light of English as an International Language (EIL): A comparative study. International Journal of Research Studies in Language Learning, 2(2). https://doi.org/10.5861/ijrsll.2012.163
Nasarudin. (2017, Agustus). Miris! Perburuan Orangutan Mulai Diperdagangkan Hingga Untuk Konsumsi [Review of Miris! Perburuan Orangutan Mulai Diperdagangkan Hingga Untuk Konsumsi, by D. Mutiasari]. Tribun Pontianak. https://pontianak.tribunnews.com/2017/08/22/miris-perburuan-orangutan- mulai-diperdagangkan-hingga-untuk-konsumsi?page=all Orangutan Foundation International. (n.d.). Camp Leakey. Retrieved March 25, 2018, from https://orangutan.org/our-projects/research/camp-leakey/
Pennycook, A. (2001). Critical Applied Linguistics: A Critical Introduction (0 ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781410600790
Pennycook, A. (2002). Language policy and docile bodies: Hong Kong and governmentality. In Language Policies in Education: Critical Issues (pp. 91–110). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Pennycook, A. (2017). The Cultural Politics of English as an International Language (C. N. Candlin, Ed.; 1st ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315225593
Permana, Fuji. E. (2016, Agustus). Puluhan Turis Jerman Punguti Sampah Pantai Pangandaran. Republike.id. https://www.republika.co.id/berita/oc94z6394/puluhan-turis-jerman-punguti- sampah-pantai-pangandaran
Phillipson, R. (1992). Linguistic imperialism. Oxford University Press.
Ren, K. (2018). “I was refused an ELT job for being non-native”—An Insight into the Native Speaker Ideology in ELT. Journal of English Language and Literature, 10(1), 940. https://doi.org/10.17722/jell.v10i1.366
Said, E. W. (1978). Orientalism (1st Vintage Books ed). Vintage Books.
Said, E. W. (1994). Culture and imperialism (1st Vintage Books ed). Vintage Books.
Sianipar, T. (2018, January 31). Hari primata nasional, orangutan semakin terdesak dan diburu manusia. BBC Indonesia. https://www.bbc.com/indonesia/majalah-42874535 Tollefson, J. W. (2007). Ideology, Language Varieties, and ELT. In J. Cummins & C. Davison (Eds.), International Handbook of English Language Teaching (pp. 25–36). Springer US. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-0-387-46301-8_3
Van Dijk, T. A. (1998). Ideology: A multidisciplinary approach. Sage Publications.
Van Dijk, T. A. (Ed.). (2011). Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction. Sage Publications.
Walkinshaw, I., & Oanh, D. H. (2014). Native and Non-Native English Language Teachers: Student Perceptions in Vietnam and Japan. SAGE Open, 4(2), 215824401453445. https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244014534451
Wenger, E. (1998). Communities of practice: Learning, meaning, and identity. Cambridge University Press.
Widiati, U., Rohmah, Z., & Furaidah. (2017). Bahasa Inggris SMA/MA-SMK/MAK kelas X : buku guru. Pusat Kurikulum dan Perbukuan, Balitbang, Kemendikbud.
Wu, K., & Ke, C. (2009). Haunting Native Speakerism? Students’ Perceptions toward Native Speaking English Teachers in Taiwan. English Language Teaching, 2(3), 9.
Wulandari, N. A. (2016, July 1). Punya Jasa dan Dedikasi Mulia di Indonesia, Lima Bule Ini Ngebet Jadi Warga Negara Indonesia. Tribun Solo. https://solo.tribunnews.com/2016/07/01/punya-jasa-dan-dedikasi-mulia-di- indonesia-lima-bule-ini-ngebet-jadi-warga-negara-indonesia?page=all
Zhang, Y., Ni, Z., Dong, J., & Li, J. (2021). Constructing the Global university or Reproducing the Orientalist Gaze: Evaluating Identity Options and Cultural Teaching, 15(1), 130. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v15n1p130