Main Article Content
Abstract
Global Englishes (GE) has challenged long-standing native-speaker norms by affirming the legitimacy of diverse English varieties, yet its classroom implementation remains limited. This article introduces the pedagogy of disjuncture as a conceptual response to this gap. Building on transformative learning theory, it redefines disjuncture as a deliberate pedagogical resource rather than as an obstacle. The core idea of this approach is designed for disjuncture. Unlike traditional uses of Critical Incidents, which often depend on retrospective accounts of classroom experiences, designed disjuncture is intentionally created encounters that expose teachers to linguistic diversity, communicative breakdowns, or intercultural tensions. By structuring these incidents as planned interventions, teacher education can guide participants through cycles of exposure, reflection, and dialogue that lead to the reshaping of professional identity. The contribution of this article is twofold. Conceptually, it combines GE, teacher identity research, and transformative learning into a cohesive framework that broadens the scope of Critical Incident pedagogy. Practically, it outlines how designed disjuncture can be integrated into teacher education curricula worldwide, helping teachers move beyond rhetorical acceptance of GE toward resilient, critically aware professional identities suited for multilingual classrooms.
Keywords
Article Details
Copyright (c) 2025 Ista Maharsi, Sri Imelwaty, Lili Perpisa, Dina Ramadhanti, Syifana Arumaisya

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
Authors who publish with this journal agree to the following terms:
- Authors retain copyright and grant the journal right of first publication with the work simultaneously licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License that allows others to share the work with an acknowledgment of the work's authorship and initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are able to enter into separate, additional contractual arrangements for the non-exclusive distribution of the journal's published version of the work (e.g., post it to an institutional repository or publish it in a book), with an acknowledgment of its initial publication in this journal.
- Authors are permitted and encouraged to post their work online (e.g., in institutional repositories or on their website) prior to and during the submission process, as it can lead to productive exchanges, as well as earlier and greater citation of published work (See The Effect of Open Access).
References
- Baker, W. (2015). Culture and identity through English as a lingua franca: Rethinking concepts and goals in intercultural communication. De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501502149
- Baker, W. (2022). Intercultural awareness in English language education: Critical perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367820800
- Barkhuizen, G. (2017). Reflections on language teacher identity research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315643465
- Bayyurt, Y., & Sifakis, N. C. (2015). Developing an ELF-aware pedagogy: Insights from a self-education programme. TESOL Journal, 6(4), 558–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.195
- Beauchamp, C., & Thomas, L. (2009). Understanding teacher identity: An overview of issues in the literature and implications for teacher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 39(2), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640902902252
- Canagarajah, S. (2021). Decolonizing translingualism in English language teaching: Toward a prefigurative politics. TESOL Quarterly, 55(2), 486–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3001
- Dewey, M. (2014). Plurilithic Englishes: Towards a materialistic understanding of English in the world. In P. Seargeant & C. Tagg (Eds.), The language of social media: Identity and community on the internet (pp. 27–51). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137029317_2
- Fang, F. (2021). Re-positioning Global Englishes in English language teaching in China: The educators’ voices. Asian Englishes, 23(2), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2021.1883617
- Fang, F., & Ren, W. (2018). Developing students’ awareness of Global Englishes. ELT Journal, 72(4), 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccy012
- Fang, F., & Widodo, H. P. (2023). Reframing ELT teacher identity through Global Englishes: Voices from Southeast Asia. Asian Englishes, 25(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2022.2099398
- Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061470
- Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Herder & Herder.
- Galloway, N., & Numajiri, T. (2020). Global Englishes language education: Moving forward. Language Teaching, 53(3), 403–416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444819000319
- Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2015). Introducing Global Englishes. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734347
- Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2021). Global Englishes and change in English language teaching: Attitudes and impact. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429259841
- Holliday, A. (2006). Native-speakerism. ELT Journal, 60(4), 385–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccl030
- Houghton, S. A., & Rivers, D. J. (Eds.). (2013). Native-speakerism in Japan: Intergroup dynamics in foreign language education. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847698704
- Illeris, K. (2013). Transformative learning and identity. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203795286
- Jarvis, P. (2009). Learning to be a person in society. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203873519
- Jenkins, J. (2015). Global Englishes: A resource book for students (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315761596
- Marlina, R. (2018). Teaching English as an international language: Implementing, reviewing, and re-envisioning World Englishes in language education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315315768
- Matsuda, A. (Ed.). (2017). Preparing teachers to teach English as an international language. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783097036
- Mezirow, J., & Associates. (2000). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress. Jossey-Bass.
- Moonthiya, I., & Stevenson, M. (2024). Identities of non-English-dominant teachers in transnational language teacher education: A systematic review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 149, 104707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104707
- Nguyen, T. M. H., & Fang, F. (2023). Global Englishes and teacher education: Present cases and future directions. RELC Journal, 54(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882211044872
- Nolan, A. & Molla, T. (2018) Teacher professional learning through pedagogy of discomfort, Reflective Practice, 19:6, 721-735, https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2018.1538961
- Rose, H., & Galloway, N. (2019). Global Englishes language teaching: Bottom-up curriculum implementation. TESOL Quarterly, 53(2), 487–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.454
- Rushton, E. A. C., Reiss, E., & colleagues. (2023). Understanding teacher identity in teachers’ professional lives: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3417
- Sifakis, N. C. (2019). ELF awareness in English language teaching: Principles and processes. Applied Linguistics, 40(2), 288–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx034
- Sifakis, N. C., & Tsantila, N. (Eds.). (2022). English as a lingua franca for EFL contexts: Teaching, learning and teacher education. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788929264
- Tripp, D. (1993). Critical incidents in teaching: Developing professional judgement. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203802014
- Ubaidillah, E., Rifiyani, & Lee (2023).Indonesian EFL Teachers’ Identity Construction in a Global Englishes Era. (JEELS, 10(1), 199–235; https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v10i1.1082
- Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B., & Johnson, K. A. (2005). Theorizing language teacher identity: Three perspectives and beyond. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0401_2
- Widodo, H. P., & Fang, F. (2024). Embracing disjuncture in teacher education: Critical incident tasks in Global Englishes-oriented ELT. TESOL Quarterly, 58(1), 99–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3450
- Widodo, H. P., Fang, F., & Elyas, T. (2020). The construction of language teacher professional identity in the Global Englishes territory: “We are legitimate language teachers.” Asian Englishes, 22(3), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2020.1732683
- Zein, S., Drajati, N. A., & Lengkanawati, N. S. (2020). English teacher professional development in Indonesia: Challenges and strategies. Asian Englishes, 22(3), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2020.1717796
References
Baker, W. (2015). Culture and identity through English as a lingua franca: Rethinking concepts and goals in intercultural communication. De Gruyter Mouton. https://doi.org/10.1515/9781501502149
Baker, W. (2022). Intercultural awareness in English language education: Critical perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780367820800
Barkhuizen, G. (2017). Reflections on language teacher identity research. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315643465
Bayyurt, Y., & Sifakis, N. C. (2015). Developing an ELF-aware pedagogy: Insights from a self-education programme. TESOL Journal, 6(4), 558–576. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesj.195
Beauchamp, C., & Thomas, L. (2009). Understanding teacher identity: An overview of issues in the literature and implications for teacher education. Cambridge Journal of Education, 39(2), 175–189. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057640902902252
Canagarajah, S. (2021). Decolonizing translingualism in English language teaching: Toward a prefigurative politics. TESOL Quarterly, 55(2), 486–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3001
Dewey, M. (2014). Plurilithic Englishes: Towards a materialistic understanding of English in the world. In P. Seargeant & C. Tagg (Eds.), The language of social media: Identity and community on the internet (pp. 27–51). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781137029317_2
Fang, F. (2021). Re-positioning Global Englishes in English language teaching in China: The educators’ voices. Asian Englishes, 23(2), 176–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2021.1883617
Fang, F., & Ren, W. (2018). Developing students’ awareness of Global Englishes. ELT Journal, 72(4), 384–394. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccy012
Fang, F., & Widodo, H. P. (2023). Reframing ELT teacher identity through Global Englishes: Voices from Southeast Asia. Asian Englishes, 25(1), 45–63. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2022.2099398
Flanagan, J. C. (1954). The critical incident technique. Psychological Bulletin, 51(4), 327–358. https://doi.org/10.1037/h0061470
Freire, P. (1970). Pedagogy of the oppressed. Herder & Herder.
Galloway, N., & Numajiri, T. (2020). Global Englishes language education: Moving forward. Language Teaching, 53(3), 403–416. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0261444819000319
Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2015). Introducing Global Englishes. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315734347
Galloway, N., & Rose, H. (2021). Global Englishes and change in English language teaching: Attitudes and impact. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429259841
Holliday, A. (2006). Native-speakerism. ELT Journal, 60(4), 385–387. https://doi.org/10.1093/elt/ccl030
Houghton, S. A., & Rivers, D. J. (Eds.). (2013). Native-speakerism in Japan: Intergroup dynamics in foreign language education. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781847698704
Illeris, K. (2013). Transformative learning and identity. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203795286
Jarvis, P. (2009). Learning to be a person in society. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203873519
Jenkins, J. (2015). Global Englishes: A resource book for students (3rd ed.). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315761596
Marlina, R. (2018). Teaching English as an international language: Implementing, reviewing, and re-envisioning World Englishes in language education. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315315768
Matsuda, A. (Ed.). (2017). Preparing teachers to teach English as an international language. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781783097036
Mezirow, J., & Associates. (2000). Learning as transformation: Critical perspectives on a theory in progress. Jossey-Bass.
Moonthiya, I., & Stevenson, M. (2024). Identities of non-English-dominant teachers in transnational language teacher education: A systematic review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 149, 104707. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2024.104707
Nguyen, T. M. H., & Fang, F. (2023). Global Englishes and teacher education: Present cases and future directions. RELC Journal, 54(1), 5–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/00336882211044872
Nolan, A. & Molla, T. (2018) Teacher professional learning through pedagogy of discomfort, Reflective Practice, 19:6, 721-735, https://doi.org/10.1080/14623943.2018.1538961
Rose, H., & Galloway, N. (2019). Global Englishes language teaching: Bottom-up curriculum implementation. TESOL Quarterly, 53(2), 487–515. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.454
Rushton, E. A. C., Reiss, E., & colleagues. (2023). Understanding teacher identity in teachers’ professional lives: A systematic review of the literature. Review of Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/rev3.3417
Sifakis, N. C. (2019). ELF awareness in English language teaching: Principles and processes. Applied Linguistics, 40(2), 288–306. https://doi.org/10.1093/applin/amx034
Sifakis, N. C., & Tsantila, N. (Eds.). (2022). English as a lingua franca for EFL contexts: Teaching, learning and teacher education. Multilingual Matters. https://doi.org/10.21832/9781788929264
Tripp, D. (1993). Critical incidents in teaching: Developing professional judgement. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203802014
Ubaidillah, E., Rifiyani, & Lee (2023).Indonesian EFL Teachers’ Identity Construction in a Global Englishes Era. (JEELS, 10(1), 199–235; https://doi.org/10.30762/jeels.v10i1.1082
Varghese, M., Morgan, B., Johnston, B., & Johnson, K. A. (2005). Theorizing language teacher identity: Three perspectives and beyond. Journal of Language, Identity, and Education, 4(1), 21–44. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327701jlie0401_2
Widodo, H. P., & Fang, F. (2024). Embracing disjuncture in teacher education: Critical incident tasks in Global Englishes-oriented ELT. TESOL Quarterly, 58(1), 99–124. https://doi.org/10.1002/tesq.3450
Widodo, H. P., Fang, F., & Elyas, T. (2020). The construction of language teacher professional identity in the Global Englishes territory: “We are legitimate language teachers.” Asian Englishes, 22(3), 309–316. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2020.1732683
Zein, S., Drajati, N. A., & Lengkanawati, N. S. (2020). English teacher professional development in Indonesia: Challenges and strategies. Asian Englishes, 22(3), 276–289. https://doi.org/10.1080/13488678.2020.1717796
