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Abstract
This study examined the impact of Islamic tolerance awareness on perceived academic and societal tolerance among university students in the United Arab Emirates. The study consisted of 422 participants representing diverse genders, age groups, academic levels, and specializations. Findings of the study reveal a high level of Islamic tolerance awareness among the participants, with no statisticalsignificant demographic differences. While societal tolerance perceptions were largely equal across demographics, gender-based differences emerged in academic tolerance, with male students reported higher perceptions than females. Correlational analyses demonstrated strong interrelationships between tolerance awareness, academic tolerance, and societal tolerance, while regression results confirmed that awareness significantly enhances students perceptions towards academic and social tolerances.
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Copyright (c) 2026 Imad Ibraheem Mostafa, Abdoulaye Kaba

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References
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11080377Al-Momani, M., Hamadat, M. H., Murtada, M. A., & Rababa, E. M. (2024). The role of Jordanian teachers in promoting an Islamic culture of tolerance from first-semester students’ point of view. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 23(1), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol23.iss1.art9
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References
Aderibigbe, S. A., Idriz, M., Alzouebi, K., AlOthman, H., Hamdi, W. B., & Companioni, A. A. (2023). Fostering tolerance and respect for diversity through the fundamentals of Islamic education. Religions, 14(2), 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020212
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14020212Afwadzi, B., Sumbulah, U., Ali, N., & Qudsy, S. Z. (2024). Religious moderation of Islamic university students in Indonesia: Reception of religious texts. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 80(1), a9369. https://doi.org/10.4102/HTS.v80i1.9369
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4102/HTS.v80i1.9369Al Zu’abi, A. (2018). Tolerance in Arab societies. Journal of Asian and African Studies, 53(6), 952–969. https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909618762512
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/0021909618762512Alazeez, A. M. A., Al-Momani, M. O., & Rababa, E. M. (2024). The role of the teacher in promoting the culture of Islamic tolerance among tenth-grade students in Jordan from the students’ point of view. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 59–76. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v7i1.4139
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v7i1.4139Alhashmi, M., Bakali, N., & Baroud, R. (2020). Tolerance in UAE Islamic Education textbooks. Religions, 11(8), 377. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11080377
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/rel11080377Al-Momani, M., Hamadat, M. H., Murtada, M. A., & Rababa, E. M. (2024). The role of Jordanian teachers in promoting an Islamic culture of tolerance from first-semester students’ point of view. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 23(1), 275–300. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol23.iss1.art9
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol23.iss1.art9Amit, A., & Venzhik, E. (2025). Morality, social inclusion, and in-group superiority: The differential role of individualizing and binding foundations in perceptions of the social identity of in-group and out-group members. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 51(12), 2571–2585. https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241262367
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/01461672241262367Balakrishnan, V. (2017). Making moral education work in a multicultural society with Islamic hegemony. Journal of Moral Education, 46(1), 79–87. https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2016.1268111
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/03057240.2016.1268111Bennett, M. J. (2017). Developmental model of intercultural sensitivity. In Y. Y. Kim (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of intercultural communication (1st ed., pp. 1–10). Wiley. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0182
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118783665.ieicc0182Campbell, C., & Johnson, J. (2018). Trends in the Association between a College Education and Political Tolerance, 1976–2016. Socius: Sociological Research for a Dynamic World, 4, 1–3. https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023118805858
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1177/2378023118805858Chen, H., & Hu, B. (2023). On the intercultural sensitivity of university students in multicultural regions: A case study in Macao. Frontiers in Psychology, 14, 1090775. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090775
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1090775Deardorff, D. K. (2019). Manual for developing intercultural competencies: Story circles. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429244612
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429244612Defriza, R., Harahap, S. M., & Hidayat, R. (2025). Islam and multiculturalism in building harmony in a diverse society. Scaffolding: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam Dan Multikulturalisme, 7(2), 1001–1015. https://doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v7i2.7784
DOI: https://doi.org/10.37680/scaffolding.v7i2.7784Demir, Z., & Toprak, A. Ö. (2023). Changes in religious attitudes and behaviors of Euro‐Turk students with theology education. Teaching Theology & Religion, 26(1), 29–43. https://doi.org/10.1111/teth.12634
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1111/teth.12634Demmrich, S., Ağılkaya-Şahin, Z., & Şenel, A. (2024). Love thy neighbor: Exploring religious and social openness among prospective theologians in Germany and Turkey. Religions, 15(3), 260. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel15030260
Ebniya, Z. O. (2024). The impact of religious values in the Jordanian political discourses on public opinion (field study on universities students). Review of Economics and Political Science, 9(1), 2–18. https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-08-2019-0116
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/REPS-08-2019-0116Fahmi, M., Nuruzzaman, M. A., Hilmy, M., Alfiyah, H. Y., Nadlir, N., Abdul Aziz, N. A., & Huriyah, L. (2025). Multicultural islamic education as strategy for strengthening social cohesion in Islamic school. Nazhruna: Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 8(1), 154–175. https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v8i1.67
DOI: https://doi.org/10.31538/nzh.v8i1.67Febriana, L., Syubli, S., Firmasari, D., & Nuryana, N. (2025). Islamic education and interfaith tolerance. Al-Misbah (Jurnal Islamic Studies), 13(2), 115–120. https://doi.org/10.26555/almisbah.v13i2.13037
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26555/almisbah.v13i2.13037Ghazali, A. M. (2016). The concept of tolerance in Islamic education. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 1(1), 81–97. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v1i1.619
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v1i1.619Hadarics, M., & Kende, A. (2018). Moral foundations of positive and negative intergroup behavior: Moral exclusion fills the gap. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 64, 67–76. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.03.006
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2018.03.006Hameed, A. R., & Jabir, S. K. (2022). The religious institution’s role in spreading the tolerance culture. Res Militaris, 12(2), 3000–3008. https://resmilitaris.net/issue-content/the-religious-institution-s-role-in-spreading-the-tolerance-culture-278
Kim, T., & Kim, D. (2023). Chilly climate perceived by female engineering undergraduates: An exploratory study using concept mapping. Frontiers in Psychology, 14(June), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1145795
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1145795Lee, S. (2024). Education as a determinant of tolerance. Social Sciences, 13(11), 627. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110627
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci13110627Liu, Y., Rakthin, C., & Budianto, L. (2025). Religious moderation and community cohesion: Exploring social memory, identity, and solidarity in the Phu Khao Thong Muslim community, Ayutthaya. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 379–392. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol24.iss1.art10
DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol24.iss1.art10Masruhah, U., Triyani, E. M., Sabrina, A., & Prihastuty, R. (2017). Religious tolerance to adherents of Islam and Hinduism in Kongkong village. International Journal of Indian Psychology, 4(4). https://doi.org/10.25215/0404.055
DOI: https://doi.org/10.25215/0404.055Mazzucco, L. J. M., & Alexander, K. (2023). How the United Arab Emirates has promoted tolerance, co-existence and multiculturalism to confront religious violence. Manara Magazine. https://manaramagazine.org/2023/08/uae-tolerance-religious-violence/
Morris, D. S. M., & Stewart, B. D. (2022). Moral values, social ideologies and threat-based cognition: Implications for intergroup relations. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 869121. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869121
DOI: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.869121Muhajir, M., Kultsum, U., Choiri, Moh. M., Mustonah, S., Kulkarni, H., & Karim, A. (2025). Integrating multicultural values to foster tolerance and inclusivity in Islamic religious education. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 11(1), 17–32. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v11i1.44607
Muliadi, M., Syamsidar, S., & Islam, N. (2025). Religious moderation by design: A comparative sociological da’wah study in Indonesian higher education. Jurnal Ilmiah Peuradeun, 13(2), 1549–1580. https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v13i2.1778
DOI: https://doi.org/10.26811/peuradeun.v13i2.1778Munawaroh, M. (2025). Peran nilai-nilai Islam dalam membangun multikulturalisme perspektif kontemporer. Journal of Education and Learning Innovation, 2(1), 63–81. https://doi.org/10.59373/jelin.v2i1.124
DOI: https://doi.org/10.59373/jelin.v2i1.124Mustakim, Z., Ali, F., & Kamal, R. (2021). Empowering students as agents of religious moderation in Islamic higher education institutions. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 7(1), 65–76. https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v7i1.12333
DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/jpi.v7i1.12333Nafisi, S. (2018). Tolerance in Islam. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 74(3). https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v74i3.5145
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