Main Article Content

Abstract

Moral excellence (akhlak) holds paramount significance in Islam, serving as the criterion for a Muslim’s standing before Allah. The Prophet Muhammad (PBUH) emphasized the importance of benevolence and deeds over outward appearances, highlighting the inseparable connection between ethical conduct and spiritual integrity. Despite this high regard for moral virtues, embodying them remains a significant challenge for Muslim youth, particularly among university students. The era of globalization, coupled with the pervasive influence of social media and mass media, often exerts a detrimental impact on adolescents, contributing to a pressing concern over behavioral misconduct issues within higher education institutions. This study examines the concept of moral education for university students by analyzing Al-Buzaidi’s book, Al-Adab Al-Mardhiyyah. This research aims to provide an in-depth understanding of the principles of moral excellence as a guide for contemporary challenges faced by young Muslims in a university setting.

Keywords

moral education university students Islam akhlak Al-Adab Al-Mardhiyyah

Article Details

How to Cite
Zainal Abidin, M. H. ., Surtahman, A. W., P. Rameli, M. F., & Johari, M. K. . (2025). The Concept of Moral Education for University Students: A Study of al-Buzaidi’s Book al-Adab al-Mardhiyyah. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 24(2), 779–802. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol24.iss2.ar7

Funding data

References

  1. Ab Halim, F., & Muslaini, M. S. M. (2018). Impak media sosial terhadap tingkah laku sosial pelajar di kolej vokasional [The impact of social media on the social behavior of students at vocational college]. Online Journal for TVET Practitioners, 3(1), Article 9. https://publisher.uthm.edu.my/ojs/index.php/oj-tp/article/view/4830

  2. Abu Daud. (1984). Sunan Abu Dawud (A. Hasan, Trans.). Sh. M. Ashraf.

  3. Agyapong-Opoku, N., Agyapong-Opoku, F., & Greenshaw, A. J. (2025). Effects of social media use on youth and adolescent mental health: A scoping review of reviews. Behavioral Sciences, 15(5), 574. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050574

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.3390/bs15050574
  4. Al-Buzaidi, M. (2006). Al-Adab al-mardhiyyah li salik toriq al-sufiyyah [The commendable manners for the traveler of the sufi path] (A. I. Al-Kayyali, Ed.). Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.

  5. Al-Timsamani, M. (2006). Al-Imam Sidi Muhammad bin Ahmad al-Buzaidi. Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.

  6. Amat Yasin, A., Masri, R., Adnan, M., & Mohamed, F. (2021). Pembangunan model pedagogi STEM matematik berasaskan nilai dan akhlak di sekolah rendah: Satu analisis keperluan: Development of STEM mathematical model based on values and morals in primary schools: A needs analysis. Jurnal Pendidikan Sains Dan Matematik Malaysia, 11(Special Issue 2021), 40–49. https://doi.org/10.37134/jpsmm.vol11.sp.4.2021

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.37134/jpsmm.vol11.sp.4.2021
  7. Ayu, K. R., Najwan, M., Ranaya, A. A. G., & Antoni, H. (2024). Dampak media sosial terhadap dekadensi moral di kalangan generasi muda: Solusi berbasis nilai-nilai Pancasila [The impact of social media on moral decadence among the younger generation: Solutions based on Pancasila values]. Garuda: Jurnal Pendidikan Kewarganegaraan Dan Filsafat, 2(4), 185–194. https://doi.org/10.59581/garuda.v2i4.4518

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.59581/garuda.v2i4.4518
  8. Azizan, N. I., Ismail, N., & Zin, S. M. M. (2022). Pendekatan pembentukan akhlak remaja melalui aspek takhalli di institusi pondok Selangor: Approach of youth character through takhalli aspects in Selangor pondok institution. Jurnal Pengajian Islam, 15(2), 85–96. https://jpi.uis.edu.my/index.php/jpi/article/view/216

  9. Bano, S., & Abdullah, H. R. (2024). Human Values Mentioned in the Holy Quran and their Contemporary interpretation: قرآن مجید میں بیان کردہ بعض انسانی اقدار اور ان کی عصری معنویت. Al-Hidayah, 6(1), 1–21. https://doi.org/10.52700/alhidayah.v6i1.83

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.52700/alhidayah.v6i1.83
  10. Du, Q. (2023). The negative impact of social media on adolescents. Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media, 6(1), 305–309. https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/6/20220346

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/6/20220346
  11. Ebrahimi, M., & Yusoff, K. (2017). Islamic identity, ethical principles and human values. European Journal of Multidisciplinary Studies, 6(1), 325. https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i1.p325-336

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.26417/ejms.v6i1.p325-336
  12. Fauzen, M., & Najib, B. (2025). Dialektika akidah dan moralitas dalam hadis (analisis teologis-etik terhadap karakter Muslim ideal) [The dialectic of faith and morality in hadith (theological-ethical analysis of the ideal Muslim character)]. Al-Hasyimi - Jurnal Ilmu Hadis, 2(1), 41–58. https://doi.org/10.63398/yszh3r37

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.63398/yszh3r37
  13. Gómez-Galán, J., Martínez-López, J. Á., Lázaro-Pérez, C., & Sarasola Sánchez-Serrano, J. L. (2020). Social networks consumption and addiction in college students during the COVID-19 pandemic: Educational approach to responsible use. Sustainability, 12(18), 7737. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12187737

  14. Haji Abd Wahab, M., & Wan Razali, W. M. F. A. (2021). Konsep agama, Islam, ilmu dan akhlak oleh Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas dalam Islam: Faham agama dan asas akhlak [The concepts of religion, Islam, knowledge, and morality by Syed Muhammad Naquib Al-Attas in Islam: Understanding religion and the foundations of morality]. Ulum Islamiyyah, 33(2), 145–154. https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol33no2.388

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.33102/uij.vol33no2.388
  15. Hamdi Bacha, Y. (2023). Unveiling the negative impact of social media addiction on family relationships. Majallat Qabas Li-al-Dirāsāt al-Insāniyyah Wa-al-Ijtimāʿiyyah, 7(3), 1010–1027. https://asjp.cerist.dz/en/article/236749

  16. Huda, M., Sudrajat, A., Muhamat, R., Mat Teh, K. S., & Jalal, B. (2019). Strengthening divine values for self-regulation in religiosity: Insights from Tawakkul (trust in God). International Journal of Ethics and Systems, 35(3), 323–344. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-02-2018-0025

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOES-02-2018-0025
  17. Ibn Saudah. (1997). Ithaf al-mathali’ bi wafayat a’lam al-qarn al-thalith al-asyar wa al-rabi’ [Delighting the readers with the obituaries of prominent figures of the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries]. Dar al-Gharb al-Islami.

  18. Ibrahim, A. F., Norismail, U. N., Misra, M. K. A., & Johar, M. H. M. (2019). Tahap kasih sayang ibu bapa terhadap remaja yang terlibat dengan keruntuhan akhlak [The stage of parental affection towards adolescents involved in moral decline]. Jurnal Maw’izah, 2(1), 71–78. https://www.unimel.edu.my/journal/index.php/JMAW/article/view/525

  19. Khalaf, A. M., Alubied, A. A., Khalaf, A. M., & Rifaey, A. A. (2023). The impact of social media on the mental health of adolescents and young adults: A systematic review. Cureus, 15(8), e42990. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.42990

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.42990
  20. Khalili, B. G., Qargha, R., & Quraishi, T. (2024). The influence of social media networks on families dynamics: Opportunities and challenges. APLIKATIF: Journal of Research Trends in Social Sciences and Humanities, 3(1), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.59110/aplikatif.v3i1.334

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.59110/aplikatif.v3i1.334
  21. Kolhar, M., Kazi, R. N. A., & Alameen, A. (2021). Effect of social media use on learning, social interactions, and sleep duration among university students. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 28(4), 2216–2222. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.010

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sjbs.2021.01.010
  22. Liu, Z., Wang, X., & Chen, J. (2021). Why can’t I stop using social media problematically? The impact of norm and neutralization from the regulatory focus perspective. International Journal of Electronic Commerce, 25(2), 204–229. https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2021.1887698

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1080/10864415.2021.1887698
  23. Maghfiroh, M., & Musyafiq, A. (2024). Islamic moral ideas in Fazlur Rahman’s perspective. Islamadina : Jurnal Pemikiran Islam, 25(1), 100–113. https://doi.org/10.30595/islamadina.v0i0.19480

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.30595/islamadina.v0i0.19480
  24. Maimanah, I. F., & Darmadji, A. (2023). Moral education methods for mentally disabled children at SLB Rela Bhakti I Gamping, Sleman, Yogyakarta. Unisia, 41(1), 143–166. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol41.iss1.art7

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol41.iss1.art7
  25. Mat Jusoh, M. S., Abbas, R., Wan Nik, W. S., & Saleh, N. A. (2018). Pembangunan kecerdasan spiritual pelajar berasaskan model tazkiyah al-nafs Al-Ghazali di Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP) [Development of students’ spiritual intelligence based on Al-Ghazali’s tazkiyah al-nafs model at Universiti Malaysia Pahang (UMP)]. International Journal of Humanities Technology and Civilization, 3(1), 74–91. https://journal.ump.edu.my/ijhtc/article/view/982

  26. Minarti, M., Rahmah, M. N., Khalilurrahman, K., Samsir, S., & Mardiana, M. (2023). Utilization of social media in learning Islamic religion: Its impact on strengthening student outcomes and achievements. Nidhomul Haq : Jurnal Manajemen Pendidikan Islam, 8(2), 279–291. https://doi.org/10.31538/ndh.v8i2.3930

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.31538/ndh.v8i2.3930
  27. Mohd Nawi, M. Z. M. (2023). Teras pemikiran Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali pemangkin kemenjadian sahsiah insan holistik: The thoughts of Abu Hamid Al-Ghazali’s in promoting the emergence of holistic human personality. International Journal of Humanities Technology and Civilization, 6(2), 44–57. https://doi.org/10.15282/ijhtc.v6i2.6979

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.15282/ijhtc.v6i2.6979
  28. Munjahid, M. (2025). Reconsidering Al-Ghazali’s educational thoughts in the millennial era. ALSYS, 5(4), 1513–1526. https://doi.org/10.58578/alsys.v5i4.6600

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.58578/alsys.v5i4.6600
  29. Nurjanah, N., Nisa A, P. H., Fahriza, R., & Farida, N. A. (2023). Peran pendidikan agama Islam dalam menjaga nilai moral remaja [The role of Islamic education in maintaining moral values among teenagers]. HAWARI : Jurnal Pendidikan Agama Dan Keagamaan Islam, 4(1), 72–92. https://doi.org/10.35706/hw.v4i1.9549

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.35706/hw.v4i1.9549
  30. Nyaga, F. M., Kagema, D. N., & Kithinji, C. M. (2023). Persistence moral decadence among youth in the Presbyterian church of East Africa, Chuka Presbytery, Kenya. Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences (JHSS), 2(1), 120–139. https://doi.org/10.51317/jhss.v2i1.387

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.51317/jhss.v2i1.387
  31. Putra, R. G., Yusri, N., & Sinaga, S. F. (2024). The role of social media in Islamic religious education: Challenges and opportunities in the digital era. Jurnal Pendidikan Islam, 1(3), 191–199. https://doi.org/10.70938/judikis.v1i3.70

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.70938/judikis.v1i3.70
  32. Ripin, M. N., & Che Ab Rahim, N. I. A. (2010). Metode pembinaan akhlak menurut Ibn Hazm dalam Kitab Al-Akhlaq Wa As-Siyar. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Institutional Repository. https://core.ac.uk/outputs/11786393/

  33. Sa‘ari, C. Z., Syed Muhsin, S. B., Ahmad, S. S., & Abd Latif, F. (2019). Model Pendidikan Keibubapaan Abdullah Nasih Ulwan (MPIU) dalam menangani isu remaja lari dari rumah [Abdullah Nasih Ulwan’s Parenting Education Model (MPIU) in addressing the issue of runaway teens]. Journal of Usuluddin, 47(Khas), 73–103. https://doi.org/10.22452/usuluddin.sp2019no1.4

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.22452/usuluddin.sp2019no1.4
  34. Sagala, R., & Kandedes, I. (2024). The role of Islamic education teachers in addressing the negative impact of the TikTok on teenagers in Lampung, Indonesia. Millah: Journal of Religious Studies, 947–990. https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol23.iss2.art14

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/millah.vol23.iss2.art14
  35. Salleh, N., & Ramlan, M. Z. (2023). Kesan penghayatan ihsan terhadap pembentukan akhlak remaja Islam [The effect of practicing goodness on the formation of Islamic adolescent morality]. Islamiyyat, 45(2), 3–13. https://doi.org/10.17576/islamiyyat-2023-4502-01

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.17576/islamiyyat-2023-4502-01
  36. Saparudin, I. F., & Soh, S. N. C. (2018). Elemen psiko-spiritual dalam menangani delinkuensi remaja [Psycho-spiritual elements in dealing with juvenile delinquency]. Human Sustainability Procedia, 2018, 417–422. https://penerbit.uthm.edu.my/periodicals/index.php/hsp/article/view/1246

  37. Sattar, F., Munawar, U., & Haider, S. Z. (2025). The digital distracters: How social media decline religious practices among students at higher level. Gomal University Journal of Research, 41(1), 53–62. https://doi.org/10.51380/gujr-41-01-05

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.51380/gujr-41-01-05
  38. Setia, P., & Dilawati, R. (2024). Religiosity in the digital era and the challenges of hoaxes, post-truth and radicalism on social media. Jurnal Iman Dan Spiritualitas, 4(1), 67–76. https://doi.org/10.15575/jis.v4i1.33230

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.15575/jis.v4i1.33230
  39. Setiawan, R. A. (2025). Developing rahmatan lil ’alamin-based Islamic religious education in Indonesian higher education. Unisia, 43(1), Article 1. https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol43.iss1.art1

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.20885/unisia.vol43.iss1.art1
  40. Shūrā Press. (2016). Ghumārah maʿqil al-ʿilm wa al-jihād wa al-taṣawwuf [Ghumara: A stronghold of knowledge, struggle, and sufism]. Maghris. https://www.maghress.com/chourapress/60

  41. Sidi, A. A., Hamzah, M. I., & Tamuri, A. H. (2021). Pendekatan tasawuf Abu Talib Al-Makki dalam menangani masalah disiplin remaja [Abu Talib Al-Makki’s tasawuf approach in dealing with adolescent discipline problems]. International Journal of Advanced Research in Islamic Studies and Education, 1(1), 1–14. https://jurnal.nun-g.com/index.php/arise/article/view/44

  42. Sulaiman, K. U. (2021). The mission to develop godly individuals: An Islamic perspective. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 11(8), 799–818. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i8/10348

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v11-i8/10348
  43. Tunggak, B., Ngadi, S., & Naim, H. A. (2015). Delinkuen pelajar dan cadangan penyelesaiannya menerusi model pembangunan sahsiah remaja/ pelajar muslim bersepadu (Students delinquency and proposed solutions through teen model of conduct/ integrated Muslim students). Jurnal Hadhari: An International Journal, 7(2), 11–30. https://doi.org/10.17576/JH-2015-0702-02

  44. Vainola, R. (2024). Evaluating the effectiveness of social media as a means of strengthening family values among young people. Futurity of Social Sciences, 2(4), 24–38. https://doi.org/10.57125/FS.2024.12.20.02

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.57125/FS.2024.12.20.02
  45. Wan Ismail, W. A. F., Abdul Mutalib, L., Nik Saleh, N. S. S., Baharuddin, A. S., Mamat, Z., Syed Husin, S. N. M., Alias, M. A. A., & Kahar, N. S. A. (2022). Issue of moral degradation among Muslim adolescents in Malaysia: Issues, challenges and suggested solutions: Permasalahan keruntuhan akhlak dalam kalangan remaja muslim di Malaysia: Isu, cabaran dan cadangan penyelesaian. Al-Qanatir: International Journal of Islamic Studies, 26(2), 47–61. https://al-qanatir.com/aq/article/view/434

  46. Wijayanti, T. Y., & Harlis, S. A. (2024). Strengthening the role of youth in promoting religious moderation through social media. Mangabdi: Journal of Community Engagement in Religion, Social, and Humanities, 1(1), 30–38. https://ejournal.uinmybatusangkar.ac.id/ojs/index.php/mangabdi/article/view/13263

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.31958/mangabdi.v1i1.13263
  47. Yakut, S., & Oruç, C. (2025). The effects of Generation Z youth’s social media use on their religious learning: A phenomenological study. İnönü Üniversitesi Eğitim Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 12(23), 141–163. https://doi.org/10.29129/inujgse.1521032

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.29129/inujgse.1521032
  48. Yatim, S. S., & Sa’ari, C. Z. (2020). Kaedah penyelesaian masalah kerohanian dalam pendidikan anak menurut Abdullah Nasih Ulwan [Solution methods spiritual problems in children’s education according to Abdullah Nasih Ulwan]. BITARA International Journal of Civilizational Studies and Human Sciences (e-ISSN: 2600-9080), 3(1), 130–144. https://bitarajournal.com/index.php/bitarajournal/article/view/102

  49. Yazaki, S. (2012). Introduction. In Islamic Mysticism and Abu Talib Al-Makki: The role of the heart (pp. 1–11). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073544

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203073544
  50. Zakaria, Z., & Ismail, A. (2023). Akhlak guru muslim: Antara realiti dan ideal [Muslim teacher ethics: Between reality and ideal]. Islamiyyat - The International Journal of Islamic Studies, 45, 3–18. http://ejournal.ukm.my/islamiyyat/article/view/66441

Most read articles by the same author(s)

A General Bibliometric and Conceptual Structure Approach to Global Trend on Poverty Research in Islam Using Biblioshiny

Mohd Zaid Mustafar, Ashraff Ruslan, Mohd Khairul Nizam Mohd Aziz, Dziauddin Sharif , Md Azzaat...
Abstract View : 314
Download :27

Parental Practices Through Spiritual Aspects of Adolescents in Families in Malaysia and Indonesia

Izzah Nur Aida Zur Raffar, Muhammad Rizal Akbar, Windayani Nurmatias, Nang Naemah Nik Dahalan
Abstract View : 644
Download :398