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Abstract
In recent months, there has been a remarkable surge in artificial intelligence (AI) development, with ChatGPT emerging as a notable application. ChatGPT, an OpenAI chatbot, achieved an impressive milestone of 100 million monthly active users within two months of its launch in January, making it the fastest-growing consumer application to date. Experts predict that AI will significantly impact 50 percent of businesses in the next five years. ChatGPT has already showcased its versatility in the medical field, aiding in tasks like medical exam preparation and serving as an in-office scribe. As its potential in healthcare continues to expand, ChatGPT holds promising prospects for the future. Additionally, research on AI and religion is gaining traction, exploring topics such as ethical implications, integration into religious practices, analysis of religious texts, interfaith dialogue facilitation, and the theological impact of AI on creation. The increasing number of scholarly publications on the subject indicates a growing interest in exploring the complex relationship between artificial intelligence and religion.
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References
Ashraf, C. (2022). Exploring the impacts of artificial intelligence on freedom of religion or belief online. The International Journal of Human Rights, 26(5), 757–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2021.1968376
Cheong, P. H. (2020). Robots, religion and communication: Rethinking piety, practices and pedagogy in the era of artificial intelligence. In G. Isetti, E. Innerhofer, H. Pechlaner, & M. de Rachewiltz (Eds.), Religion in the Age of Digitalization: From New Media to Spiritual Machines (pp. 86–96). Routledge.
Cheong, P. H. (2021). Bounded religious automation at work: Communicating human authority in artificial intelligence networks. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 45(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859920977133
Galván, J. M. (2020). Virtù morale della religione e tecnologia dell’intelligenza artificiale. Quaderni di diritto e politica ecclesiastica, 23(2), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1440/98368
Geraci, R. M. (2007). Robots and the sacred in science and science fiction: Theological implications of artificial intelligence. Zygon, 42(4), 961–980. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2007.00883.x
Geraci, R. M. (2008). Apocalyptic AI: Religion and the promise of artificial intelligence. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 76(1), 138–166. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfm101
Geraci, R. N. (2006). Spiritual robots: Religion and our scientific view of the natural world. Theology and Science, 4(3), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700600952993
Green, B. P. (2018). Ethical reflections on artificial intelligence. Scientia et Fides, 6(2), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2018.015
Herzfeld, N. (2007). A new member of the family? The continuum of being, artificial intelligence, and the image of God. Theology and Science, 5(3), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700701621984
Hongladarom, S., Promta, S., & Einar Himma, K. (2008). Artificial intelligence in Buddhist perspective. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 6(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/14779960810888374
Kimura, T. (2017). Robotics and AI in the sociology of religion: A human in imago roboticae. Social Compass, 64(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768616683326
Malyshkin, A. V. (2019). Integration of artificial intelligence into public life: Some ethical and legal problems [Интегрирование искусственного интеллекта в общественную жизнь: Некоторые этические и правовые проблемы]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta. Pravo, 10(3), 444–460. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.303
Molhoek, B. (2022). The scope of human creative action: Created co-creators, imago Dei and artificial general intelligence. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 78(2), Article number a7697. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i2.7697
Munshi, A. A., AlSabban, W. H., Farag, A. T., Rakha, O. E., Al Sallab, A., & Alotaibi, M. (2022). Automated Islamic jurisprudential legal opinions generation using artificial intelligence. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 30(2), 1135–1156. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.2.16
Pacillo, V. (2021). «Alexa, does God exist?». Legal profiles of robotics, artificial intelligence and religion. Quaderni di Diritto e Politica Ecclesiastica, 21(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1440/100449
Rappaport, Z. H. (2006). Robotics and artificial intelligence: Jewish ethical perspectives. Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplement, 98, 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-33303-7_2
Reed, R. (2021a). A.I. in religion, A.I. for religion, A.I. and religion: Towards a theory of religious studies and artificial intelligence. Religions, 12(6), Article number 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060401
Reed, R. (2021b). The theology of GPT-2: Religion and artificial intelligence. Religion Compass, 15(11), Article number e12422. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12422
Rossano, M. J. (2001). Artificial intelligence, religion, and community concern. Zygon, 36(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/0591-2385.00340
Singer, J. (2021). Fatwas from Islamweb.Net on robotics and artificial intelligence. In Artificial intelligence in the Gulf: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 279–301). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0771-4_12
Singler, B. (2017). An introduction to artificial intelligence and religion for the religious studies scholar. Implicit Religion, 20(3), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.35901
Vinichenko, M. V., Frolova, E. V., Nikiporets-Takigawa, G. Y., & Karácsony, P. (2021). Interpretation of the views of East European Catholics on the impact of artificial intelligence on the social environment. European Journal of Science and Theology, 17(1), 11–23. http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/86/2_Vinichenko%20et%20al.pdf
Vinichenko, M. V., Rybakova, M. V., Сhulanova, O. L., & Nikiporets-Takigawa, G. Y. (2021). Interpretation of muslim views on artificial intelligence during the Covid-19 pandemic. European Journal of Science and Theology, 17(6), 81–91. http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/91/7_Vinichenko%20et%20al.pdf
References
Ashraf, C. (2022). Exploring the impacts of artificial intelligence on freedom of religion or belief online. The International Journal of Human Rights, 26(5), 757–791. https://doi.org/10.1080/13642987.2021.1968376
Cheong, P. H. (2020). Robots, religion and communication: Rethinking piety, practices and pedagogy in the era of artificial intelligence. In G. Isetti, E. Innerhofer, H. Pechlaner, & M. de Rachewiltz (Eds.), Religion in the Age of Digitalization: From New Media to Spiritual Machines (pp. 86–96). Routledge.
Cheong, P. H. (2021). Bounded religious automation at work: Communicating human authority in artificial intelligence networks. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 45(1), 5–23. https://doi.org/10.1177/0196859920977133
Galván, J. M. (2020). Virtù morale della religione e tecnologia dell’intelligenza artificiale. Quaderni di diritto e politica ecclesiastica, 23(2), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.1440/98368
Geraci, R. M. (2007). Robots and the sacred in science and science fiction: Theological implications of artificial intelligence. Zygon, 42(4), 961–980. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9744.2007.00883.x
Geraci, R. M. (2008). Apocalyptic AI: Religion and the promise of artificial intelligence. Journal of the American Academy of Religion, 76(1), 138–166. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaarel/lfm101
Geraci, R. N. (2006). Spiritual robots: Religion and our scientific view of the natural world. Theology and Science, 4(3), 229–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700600952993
Green, B. P. (2018). Ethical reflections on artificial intelligence. Scientia et Fides, 6(2), 9–31. https://doi.org/10.12775/SetF.2018.015
Herzfeld, N. (2007). A new member of the family? The continuum of being, artificial intelligence, and the image of God. Theology and Science, 5(3), 235–247. https://doi.org/10.1080/14746700701621984
Hongladarom, S., Promta, S., & Einar Himma, K. (2008). Artificial intelligence in Buddhist perspective. Journal of Information, Communication and Ethics in Society, 6(2), 172–187. https://doi.org/10.1108/14779960810888374
Kimura, T. (2017). Robotics and AI in the sociology of religion: A human in imago roboticae. Social Compass, 64(1), 6–22. https://doi.org/10.1177/0037768616683326
Malyshkin, A. V. (2019). Integration of artificial intelligence into public life: Some ethical and legal problems [Интегрирование искусственного интеллекта в общественную жизнь: Некоторые этические и правовые проблемы]. Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo Universiteta. Pravo, 10(3), 444–460. https://doi.org/10.21638/spbu14.2019.303
Molhoek, B. (2022). The scope of human creative action: Created co-creators, imago Dei and artificial general intelligence. HTS Teologiese Studies / Theological Studies, 78(2), Article number a7697. https://doi.org/10.4102/hts.v78i2.7697
Munshi, A. A., AlSabban, W. H., Farag, A. T., Rakha, O. E., Al Sallab, A., & Alotaibi, M. (2022). Automated Islamic jurisprudential legal opinions generation using artificial intelligence. Pertanika Journal of Science and Technology, 30(2), 1135–1156. https://doi.org/10.47836/pjst.30.2.16
Pacillo, V. (2021). «Alexa, does God exist?». Legal profiles of robotics, artificial intelligence and religion. Quaderni di Diritto e Politica Ecclesiastica, 21(1), 69–84. https://doi.org/10.1440/100449
Rappaport, Z. H. (2006). Robotics and artificial intelligence: Jewish ethical perspectives. Acta Neurochirurgica. Supplement, 98, 9–12. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-211-33303-7_2
Reed, R. (2021a). A.I. in religion, A.I. for religion, A.I. and religion: Towards a theory of religious studies and artificial intelligence. Religions, 12(6), Article number 401. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12060401
Reed, R. (2021b). The theology of GPT-2: Religion and artificial intelligence. Religion Compass, 15(11), Article number e12422. https://doi.org/10.1111/rec3.12422
Rossano, M. J. (2001). Artificial intelligence, religion, and community concern. Zygon, 36(1), 57–75. https://doi.org/10.1111/0591-2385.00340
Singer, J. (2021). Fatwas from Islamweb.Net on robotics and artificial intelligence. In Artificial intelligence in the Gulf: Challenges and opportunities (pp. 279–301). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0771-4_12
Singler, B. (2017). An introduction to artificial intelligence and religion for the religious studies scholar. Implicit Religion, 20(3), 215–231. https://doi.org/10.1558/imre.35901
Vinichenko, M. V., Frolova, E. V., Nikiporets-Takigawa, G. Y., & Karácsony, P. (2021). Interpretation of the views of East European Catholics on the impact of artificial intelligence on the social environment. European Journal of Science and Theology, 17(1), 11–23. http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/86/2_Vinichenko%20et%20al.pdf
Vinichenko, M. V., Rybakova, M. V., Сhulanova, O. L., & Nikiporets-Takigawa, G. Y. (2021). Interpretation of muslim views on artificial intelligence during the Covid-19 pandemic. European Journal of Science and Theology, 17(6), 81–91. http://www.ejst.tuiasi.ro/Files/91/7_Vinichenko%20et%20al.pdf
