Main Article Content
Abstract
Agency relationships constitute a fundamental pillar of modern commerce. Large companies generally manage their corporate affairs through a series of agency activities, particularly in conducting their business operations. In Indonesia, however, the regulation of agency relationships is highly diverse. It can be said that the normative and academic understanding of agency law has not kept pace with regulatory developments responding to commercial activities. Therefore, this article examines the inconsistencies in the regulation of agency under the Job Creation Law and discusses their implications. To address this research focus, the author employs a normative legal research method. The study finds that the regulation of agency in the Job Creation Law is varied and inconsistent with the proper concept and legal framework that should apply to agents. The lawmakers appear not to have harmonized agency-related provisions across the various laws amended under the Job Creation Law as an omnibus law. Considering the significant role of agency in modern commercial life, there is a pressing need for a comprehensive legal framework that clearly regulates and properly positions agents in commercial transactions, thereby preventing overlaps in rights, obligations, authority, and responsibilities with principals and other intermediaries.
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References
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Aditya, Zaka Firma, dan Sholahuddin Al-Fatih. “Redesign of Positive Fictious Efforts After the Job Creation Law.” Jurnal Konstitusi 20, no. 2 (2023).
Arrow, Kenneth J. “The Economic of Moral Hazard: Further Comment.” The American Economic Review 58, no. 3 (1968).
Ayotte, Kenneth, dan Henry Hansmann. “Legal Entities as Transferable Bundles of Contracts.” Michigan Law Review 11, no. 5 (2013).
Bainbridge, Stephen M. “A Critique of the Corporate Law Professors’ Amicus Brief in Hobby Lobby and Conestoga Wood.” Virgina Law Review 100 (2014).
Baker, George, Robert Gibbons, dan Kevin J. Murphy. “Informal Authority in Organizations.” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 15, no. 1 (1999).
Cahyandari, Dewi. “The Good Governance Princple in Fictious-Positive Case Applications after the Job Creation Law.” Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 12, no. 1 (2023).
Casey, Anthony J. “The New Corporate Web: Tailored Entity Partitions and Creditors’ Selective Enforcement.” The Yale Law Journal 124, no. 8 (2015).
Cooter, Robert, dan Bradley J. Freedman. “The Fiduciary Relationship: Its Economic Character and Legal Consequences.” New York University Law Review 66 (2019).
Easterbrook, Frank H., dan Daniel R. Fischel. The Economic Structure of Corporate Law. Harvard University Press, 1996.
“General Building Contractors Ass’n v. Pennsylvania.” Dalam 458 U.S. 375 (1982). Preprint, United States Supreme Court, 1982.
Gregory, William A. Law of Agency and Partnership. 3rd ed. West Academic, 2001.
Gruner, Richard S. “Intangible Inventions: Patentable Subject Matter for an Information Age.” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 35, no. 2 (2002).
Hansmann, Henry, dan Reinier Kraakman. “Organizational Law as Asset Partitioning.” European Economic Review 44 (2000).
Hansmann, Henry, dan Reinier Kraakman. “The Essential Role of Organizational Law.” The Yale Law Journal 110, no. 3 (2000).
Hansmann, Henry, Reinier Kraakman, dan Richard Squire. “Law and the Rise of the Firm.” Harvard Law Review 119, no. 5 (2006).
Hansmann, Henry, Reinier Kraakman, dan Richard Squire. “Legal Entities, Asset Partitioning, and the Evolution of Organizations.” Preprint, 11 November 2004.
Hansmann, Henry, dan Ugo Mattei. “Functions of Trust Law: A Comparative Legal and Economic Analysis.” New York University Law Review 73, no. 2 (1998).
Holmes, Jr. O. W. “Agency.” Harvard Law Review 4, no. 8 (1891): 345. https://doi.org/10.2307/1322045.
Holmes, Jr. Oliver Wendell. “Agency. II.” Harvard Law Review 5, no. 1 (1891): 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1322273.
“In re: EBAY, INC. SHAREHOLDERS LITIGATION.” Dalam 2004 WL 253521 No. C.A. 19988-NC. Preprint, Court of Chancery of Delaware, t.t.
“INTEROCEAN SHIPPING COMPANY v. NATIONAL SHIPPING AND TRADING CORPORATION and Hellenic International Shipping, S.A.” Dalam No. 223, Docket 74-1713. Preprint, United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, 24 Juni 1975.
Iswanto, Bambang. “Job Creation Law and Consequences in Determining Halâl Products: Analysis of the Halâl Product Fatwa Committee.” Al-’Adalah 20, no. 1 (2023): 179. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v20i1.16379.
Izzati, Nabiyla Risfa. “Kepastian Hukum vs Ketidakpastian Kerja: Substansi Ketenagakerjaan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Cipta Kerja.” Ius Quia Iustum 31, no. 2 (2024).
Jensen, Michael C., dan William H. Heckling. “Specific and General Knowledge, and Organizational Structure.” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 8, no. 2 (1995).
Jensen, Michael C., dan William H. Meckling. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics 3, no. 4 (1976).
Johnson, Lyman P.Q. “Delaware’s Non-Waivable Duties.” Boston University Law Review 91 (2011).
Jones, Aaron D. “Corporate Officer Wrongdoing and the Fiduciary Duties of Corporate Officers under Delaware Law.” American Business Law Journal 44, no. 3 (2007).
Kasih, Desak Putu Dewi, A.A. Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, I Made Marta Wijaya, dan Putri Triari Dwijayathi. “Perseroran Perorangan Pasca UU Cipta Kerja: Perubahan Paradigma Perseroan Terbatas sebagai Asosiasi Modal.” Arena Hukum 15, no. 1 (2022).
Kleinberger, Daniel S. Agency, Partnerships, and LLCs. 5th ed. Aspen Publishing, 2017.
“LACOSTA v. McCALLA RAYMER, LLC.” Dalam CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:10-CV-1171-RWS. Preprint, United States District Court, N.D. Georgia, 18 Januari 2011.
Lewis, Andrew A. “Small Business Toolkit for Probate and Estate Planning Attorneys.” Estate Planning Journal 6, no. 2 (2014).
Manesh, Mohsen. “Delaware and the Market for LLC Law: A Theory of Contractibility and Legal Indeterminancy.” Boston College Law Review 52, no. 1 (2011).
Miller, Paul B., dan Andrew S. Gold, ed. Contract, Status, and Fiduciary Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198779193.001.0001.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin, dan Idul Rishan. “Autocratic Legalism: the Making of Indonesian Omnibus Law.” Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 11, no. 1 (2022): 29. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v11i1.59296.
Nevin, Douglas M. “No Business Like Show Business: Copyright Law, the Theatre Industry, and the Dilemma of Rewarding Collaboration.” Emory Law Journal 53, no. 3 (2004).
Permadi, Iwan, Diah Pawestri Maharani, dan Md Yazid Ahmad. “Legal Perspective on Digitalising Land Certificates: Analysing Synchronisation and Harmonisation in Indonesia’s Job Creation Law.” Jurisdictie 15, no. 2 (2024).
Rauterberg, Gabriel. “The Essential Roles of Agency Law.” Michigan Law Review 118, no. 4 (2020).
“Restatement (Second) of Agency § 376 .” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 1958.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 1.01 .” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 2.01.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 2.03.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 6.01.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 6.03(1), (3).” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 6.03(2).” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 7.03.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.01.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.02.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.03.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.04.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.05.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.06.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.08.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.09 .” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.13.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
Salain, Made Suksma Prijandhini Devi, I Dewa Gede Palguna, dan I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit Widiatedja. “The Regulation of The Ownership of Flats by Foreigners after The Enactment of the Job Creation Law.” Indonesia Law Review 12, no. 1 (2022).
“SAMBA ENTERPRISES, LLC v. IMESH, INC.” Dalam WL 705537. Preprint, United States District Court Southern District of New York, 2009.
Silver, Charles. “Merging Roles: Mass Tort Lawyers as Agents and Trustees.” Pepperdine Law Review 31, no. 1 (2003).
Simpson, Thomas. “A Comment on An Inherently Flawed Concept: Why the Restatement (Third) of Agency Should Not Include the Doctrine of Inherent Agency Power.” Alabama Law Review 57, no. 4 (2006).
Sitkoff, Robert H. “An Economic Theory of Fiduciary Law.” Dalam Philosophical Foundations of Fiduciary Law. Oxford University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701729.003.0010.
Smith, D. Gordon. “The Critical Resource Theory of Fiduciary Duty.” Vanderbilt Law Review 55 (2002).
Spaltani, Bita Gadsia, Muhammad Farid Alwajdi, dan Uni Tsulasi Putri. “One-Man Company Policy and Its Impact on Improving Citizen Welfare.” Yuridika 38, no. 1 (2023).
Suprapti, Duhita Driyah, Dina Ristanti, Finna Maessy Pangestika, Choirul Fuad, dan Salman Alfarisi. “Legal Protection Efforts for MSME Enterpreneurs Based on Law No.11 of 2020 on Job Creation Law.” Indonesia Law Review 15, no. 1 (2025).
Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2023 tentang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan (2023).
Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja Menjadi Undang-Undang, LN.2023/No.41, TLN No.6856, jdih.setneg.go.id: 4 hlm. (2023).
“Uniform Partnership Act § 9(1).” Preprint, 1914.
Whitehead, Charles K. “Destructive Coordination.” Cornell Law Review 96, no. 2 (2011).
Williamson, Oliver E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Free Press, 1985.
Zainullah, Moh. “The Compatibility of Indonesia’s Job Creation Law Number 11 of 2020 with United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.” Jurisdictie 14, no. 1 (2023).
References
Adikancana, Santi Hapsari Dewi, dan Mas Achmad Santosa. “The Licensing Transformation in Small and Mediom Industries Affecting Environment Following the Establishment of the Law on Job Creation: A Case Study of the Washing Industry in Bandung Regency.” Padjadjaran Journal of Law 11, no. 3 (2024).
Aditya, Zaka Firma, dan Sholahuddin Al-Fatih. “Redesign of Positive Fictious Efforts After the Job Creation Law.” Jurnal Konstitusi 20, no. 2 (2023).
Arrow, Kenneth J. “The Economic of Moral Hazard: Further Comment.” The American Economic Review 58, no. 3 (1968).
Ayotte, Kenneth, dan Henry Hansmann. “Legal Entities as Transferable Bundles of Contracts.” Michigan Law Review 11, no. 5 (2013).
Bainbridge, Stephen M. “A Critique of the Corporate Law Professors’ Amicus Brief in Hobby Lobby and Conestoga Wood.” Virgina Law Review 100 (2014).
Baker, George, Robert Gibbons, dan Kevin J. Murphy. “Informal Authority in Organizations.” Journal of Law, Economics, & Organization 15, no. 1 (1999).
Cahyandari, Dewi. “The Good Governance Princple in Fictious-Positive Case Applications after the Job Creation Law.” Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 12, no. 1 (2023).
Casey, Anthony J. “The New Corporate Web: Tailored Entity Partitions and Creditors’ Selective Enforcement.” The Yale Law Journal 124, no. 8 (2015).
Cooter, Robert, dan Bradley J. Freedman. “The Fiduciary Relationship: Its Economic Character and Legal Consequences.” New York University Law Review 66 (2019).
Easterbrook, Frank H., dan Daniel R. Fischel. The Economic Structure of Corporate Law. Harvard University Press, 1996.
“General Building Contractors Ass’n v. Pennsylvania.” Dalam 458 U.S. 375 (1982). Preprint, United States Supreme Court, 1982.
Gregory, William A. Law of Agency and Partnership. 3rd ed. West Academic, 2001.
Gruner, Richard S. “Intangible Inventions: Patentable Subject Matter for an Information Age.” Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 35, no. 2 (2002).
Hansmann, Henry, dan Reinier Kraakman. “Organizational Law as Asset Partitioning.” European Economic Review 44 (2000).
Hansmann, Henry, dan Reinier Kraakman. “The Essential Role of Organizational Law.” The Yale Law Journal 110, no. 3 (2000).
Hansmann, Henry, Reinier Kraakman, dan Richard Squire. “Law and the Rise of the Firm.” Harvard Law Review 119, no. 5 (2006).
Hansmann, Henry, Reinier Kraakman, dan Richard Squire. “Legal Entities, Asset Partitioning, and the Evolution of Organizations.” Preprint, 11 November 2004.
Hansmann, Henry, dan Ugo Mattei. “Functions of Trust Law: A Comparative Legal and Economic Analysis.” New York University Law Review 73, no. 2 (1998).
Holmes, Jr. O. W. “Agency.” Harvard Law Review 4, no. 8 (1891): 345. https://doi.org/10.2307/1322045.
Holmes, Jr. Oliver Wendell. “Agency. II.” Harvard Law Review 5, no. 1 (1891): 1. https://doi.org/10.2307/1322273.
“In re: EBAY, INC. SHAREHOLDERS LITIGATION.” Dalam 2004 WL 253521 No. C.A. 19988-NC. Preprint, Court of Chancery of Delaware, t.t.
“INTEROCEAN SHIPPING COMPANY v. NATIONAL SHIPPING AND TRADING CORPORATION and Hellenic International Shipping, S.A.” Dalam No. 223, Docket 74-1713. Preprint, United States Court of Appeals, Second Circuit, 24 Juni 1975.
Iswanto, Bambang. “Job Creation Law and Consequences in Determining Halâl Products: Analysis of the Halâl Product Fatwa Committee.” Al-’Adalah 20, no. 1 (2023): 179. https://doi.org/10.24042/adalah.v20i1.16379.
Izzati, Nabiyla Risfa. “Kepastian Hukum vs Ketidakpastian Kerja: Substansi Ketenagakerjaan dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Cipta Kerja.” Ius Quia Iustum 31, no. 2 (2024).
Jensen, Michael C., dan William H. Heckling. “Specific and General Knowledge, and Organizational Structure.” Journal of Applied Corporate Finance 8, no. 2 (1995).
Jensen, Michael C., dan William H. Meckling. “Theory of the Firm: Managerial Behaviour, Agency Costs and Ownership Structure.” Journal of Financial Economics 3, no. 4 (1976).
Johnson, Lyman P.Q. “Delaware’s Non-Waivable Duties.” Boston University Law Review 91 (2011).
Jones, Aaron D. “Corporate Officer Wrongdoing and the Fiduciary Duties of Corporate Officers under Delaware Law.” American Business Law Journal 44, no. 3 (2007).
Kasih, Desak Putu Dewi, A.A. Gede Duwira Hadi Santosa, I Made Marta Wijaya, dan Putri Triari Dwijayathi. “Perseroran Perorangan Pasca UU Cipta Kerja: Perubahan Paradigma Perseroan Terbatas sebagai Asosiasi Modal.” Arena Hukum 15, no. 1 (2022).
Kleinberger, Daniel S. Agency, Partnerships, and LLCs. 5th ed. Aspen Publishing, 2017.
“LACOSTA v. McCALLA RAYMER, LLC.” Dalam CIVIL ACTION NO. 1:10-CV-1171-RWS. Preprint, United States District Court, N.D. Georgia, 18 Januari 2011.
Lewis, Andrew A. “Small Business Toolkit for Probate and Estate Planning Attorneys.” Estate Planning Journal 6, no. 2 (2014).
Manesh, Mohsen. “Delaware and the Market for LLC Law: A Theory of Contractibility and Legal Indeterminancy.” Boston College Law Review 52, no. 1 (2011).
Miller, Paul B., dan Andrew S. Gold, ed. Contract, Status, and Fiduciary Law. Oxford University Press, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198779193.001.0001.
Mochtar, Zainal Arifin, dan Idul Rishan. “Autocratic Legalism: the Making of Indonesian Omnibus Law.” Yustisia Jurnal Hukum 11, no. 1 (2022): 29. https://doi.org/10.20961/yustisia.v11i1.59296.
Nevin, Douglas M. “No Business Like Show Business: Copyright Law, the Theatre Industry, and the Dilemma of Rewarding Collaboration.” Emory Law Journal 53, no. 3 (2004).
Permadi, Iwan, Diah Pawestri Maharani, dan Md Yazid Ahmad. “Legal Perspective on Digitalising Land Certificates: Analysing Synchronisation and Harmonisation in Indonesia’s Job Creation Law.” Jurisdictie 15, no. 2 (2024).
Rauterberg, Gabriel. “The Essential Roles of Agency Law.” Michigan Law Review 118, no. 4 (2020).
“Restatement (Second) of Agency § 376 .” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 1958.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 1.01 .” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 2.01.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 2.03.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 6.01.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 6.03(1), (3).” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 6.03(2).” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 7.03.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.01.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.02.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.03.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.04.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.05.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.06.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.08.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.09 .” Preprint, The American Law Institute, 2006.
“Restatement (Third) of Agency § 8.13.” Preprint, The American Law Institute, t.t.
Salain, Made Suksma Prijandhini Devi, I Dewa Gede Palguna, dan I Gusti Ngurah Parikesit Widiatedja. “The Regulation of The Ownership of Flats by Foreigners after The Enactment of the Job Creation Law.” Indonesia Law Review 12, no. 1 (2022).
“SAMBA ENTERPRISES, LLC v. IMESH, INC.” Dalam WL 705537. Preprint, United States District Court Southern District of New York, 2009.
Silver, Charles. “Merging Roles: Mass Tort Lawyers as Agents and Trustees.” Pepperdine Law Review 31, no. 1 (2003).
Simpson, Thomas. “A Comment on An Inherently Flawed Concept: Why the Restatement (Third) of Agency Should Not Include the Doctrine of Inherent Agency Power.” Alabama Law Review 57, no. 4 (2006).
Sitkoff, Robert H. “An Economic Theory of Fiduciary Law.” Dalam Philosophical Foundations of Fiduciary Law. Oxford University Press, 2014. https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198701729.003.0010.
Smith, D. Gordon. “The Critical Resource Theory of Fiduciary Duty.” Vanderbilt Law Review 55 (2002).
Spaltani, Bita Gadsia, Muhammad Farid Alwajdi, dan Uni Tsulasi Putri. “One-Man Company Policy and Its Impact on Improving Citizen Welfare.” Yuridika 38, no. 1 (2023).
Suprapti, Duhita Driyah, Dina Ristanti, Finna Maessy Pangestika, Choirul Fuad, dan Salman Alfarisi. “Legal Protection Efforts for MSME Enterpreneurs Based on Law No.11 of 2020 on Job Creation Law.” Indonesia Law Review 15, no. 1 (2025).
Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2023 tentang Pengembangan dan Penguatan Sektor Keuangan (2023).
Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2023 tentang Penetapan Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang-Undang Nomor 2 Tahun 2022 tentang Cipta Kerja Menjadi Undang-Undang, LN.2023/No.41, TLN No.6856, jdih.setneg.go.id: 4 hlm. (2023).
“Uniform Partnership Act § 9(1).” Preprint, 1914.
Whitehead, Charles K. “Destructive Coordination.” Cornell Law Review 96, no. 2 (2011).
Williamson, Oliver E. The Economic Institutions of Capitalism. Free Press, 1985.
Zainullah, Moh. “The Compatibility of Indonesia’s Job Creation Law Number 11 of 2020 with United Nations Guiding Principles on Business and Human Rights.” Jurisdictie 14, no. 1 (2023).