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Abstract
Communication media have under-gone profound transformations since the emergence of the Internet in the 1990s, the rise of social media in the 2000s, and the launch of YouTube in 2005. By the 2010s, digital media had become firmly established as the dominant mode of communication and content consumption (Han, 2024). Several critical shifts can be identified as a result of the rise of new media. First, the role of professional media institutions as “gatekeepers” has significantly diminished. Users themselves have increasingly become the new “gatekeepers” of information (Rianto, 2016). Second, the long-standing idea of the active audience found its most radical expression in the digital media era (Rianto, 2016), characterized by the principles of interactivity and participation inherent in user-generated content (Lister et al., 2009). This participatory turn has blurred the boundaries between professional and user-generated content (Yu et al., 2024).
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References
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References
Briggs, A., & Burke, P. (2000). Social history of the media. Polity Press-Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
Chaffee, S. H., & Metzger, M. J. (2009). The end of mass communication ? Mass Communication & Society, 4(4), 365–379. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327825MCS0404
Couldry, N., & Hepp, A. (2013). Conceptualizing Mediatization : Contexts, Traditions, Arguments. Communication Theory, 23, 191–202. https://doi.org/10.1111/comt.12019
Dijk, J. A. G. M. van. (2006). The Network Society: Social Aspects of New Media (Second Edition). Sage Publications.
Ganascia, J. G. (2010). The generalized sousveillance society. Social Science Information, 49(3), 489–507. https://doi.org/10.1177/0539018410371027
Hall, S. (1996). Encoding/Decoding. In S. Hall, D. Hobson, A. Lowe, & P. Willis (Eds.), Culture, Media, Language (pp. 128–138). Routledge.
Han, L. (2024). The Rise of Digital Media : Transforming Communication, Culture, and Commerce. Global Media Journal, 22(72), 3–5. https://doi.org/10.36648/1550-7521.22.72.472
Jenkins, H., Purushotma, R., Weigel, M., Clinton, K., & Robison, A. (2007). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century (part two). Digital Kompetanse, 2(2), 97–113.
Kalpokas, I. (2018). A political theory of post-truth. Springer International Publishing, 2018.
Katz, E., Blumler, J. G., & Gurevitch, M. (1974). Utilization of mass communication by the individual. In J. G. Blumler & E. Katz (Eds.), The uses of mass communications: Current perspectives on gratifications research (pp. 19 – 32). Sage Pub.
Lister, M., Dovey, J., Giddings, S., Grant, I., & Kelly, K. (2009). New Media, A Critical Introduction. Routledge.
Mann, S. (2017). Big Data is a big lie without little data: Humanistic intelligence as a human right. Big Data and Society, 4(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.1177/2053951717691550
Nichols, T. (2017). The death of expertise: The campaign against established knowledge and why it matters (Firsts). Oxford University Press.
Rathnayake, C., & Winter, J. S. (2018). Carrying Forward the Uses and Grats 2 . 0 Agenda : An Affordance-Driven Measure of Social Media Uses and Gratifications Carrying Forward the Uses and Grats 2 . 0 Agenda : An Affordance-Driven Measure of Social Media Uses and Gratifications. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 62(3), 371–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2018.1451861
Rianto, P. (2016). Media Baru, Visi Khalayak Aktif, dan Urgensi Literasi Media. Jurnal Komunikasi Ikatan Sarjana Komunikasi Indonesia, 1(2), 90. https://doi.org/10.25008/jkiski.v1i2.54
Rosalen, R. (2019). YouTube: Online Video and Participatory Culture. New Media & Society, 21(9), 2095–2096. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444819859476
Sundar, S. S., Limperos, A. M., Sundar, S. S., & Limperos, A. M. (2013). Uses and Grats 2 . 0 : New Gratifications for New Media Uses and Grats 2 . 0 : New Gratifications for New Media. Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 57(4), 504–525. https://doi.org/10.1080/08838151.2013.845827
Tandoc, E. C., Tan Hui Ru, B., Lee Huei, G., Min Qi Charlyn, N., Chua, R. A., & Goh, Z. H. (2022). #CancelCulture: Examining definitions and motivations. New Media and Society. https://doi.org/10.1177/14614448221077977
Van Dijck, J. (2013). The Culture of Connectivity: A Critical History of Social Media. Oxford University Press.
Van Dijck, J., Poell, T., & de Waal, M. (2018). The Platform Society, Public Values in a Connective World. Oxford University Press.
Yin, R. K. (2014). Case Study Research: Design and Methods (Fifth Edition). SAGE Publications Inc.
Yu, J., Bekerian, D. A., & Osback, C. (2024). Navigating the Digital Landscape : Challenges and Barriers to Effective Information Use on the Internet. Encyclopedia, 4, 1665–1680. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/ 10.3390/encyclopedia4040109 Academic
Zhu, J. J. H., Peng, T.-Q., & Liang, H. (2025). Computational communication research ( CCR ): An early and active adopter of computational social science ( CSS ). Chinese Journal of Sociology, 11(1), 5–30. https://doi.org/10.1177/2057150X251317548