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Abstract
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji serta menganalisis tentang pengaruh keramaian, daya tarik, serta niat berkunjung ulang terhadap destinasi wisata di Pulau Bali. Populasi penelitian ini adalah wisatawan yang pernah berkunjung di lokasi wisata tersebut, ataupun salah satu dari destinasi wisata tersebut. Objek penelitian ini adalah Pantai Kuta, Danau Beratan Bedugul, PuraTanah Lot, dan Garuda Wisnu Kencana. Sampel penelitian sebanyak 227 responden merupakan wisatawan domestik yang pernah berkunjung ke obyek wisata tersebut. Hasil penelitian selanjutnya dianalisis dengan PLS (partial least square). Berdasarkan hasil penelitian diketahui bahwa keramaian fisik berpengaruh negatif terhadap daya tarik destinasi, keramaian manusia berpengaruh negatif terhadap daya tarik destinasi, daya tarik destinasi berpengaruh positif terhadap niat berkunjung ulang, keramaian fisik berpengaruh negatif terhadap niat berkunjung ulang, dan keramaian manusia bersifat negatif terhadap niat berkunjung ulang.
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Copyright (c) 2023 Enno Reggyananda, Ratna Roostika
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References
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- Arikunto, S. (2006) Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta.
- Assaker, G. dan Hallak, R. (2013) “Moderating Effects of Tourists’ Novelty-Seeking Tendencies on Destination Image, Visitor Satisfaction, and Short- and Long-Term Revisit Intentions,” Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), hal. 600–613. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513478497.
- Avila-Foucat, V.S. et al. (2013) “The impact of vessel crowding on the probability of tourists returning to whale watching in Banderas Bay, Mexico,” Ocean & Coastal Management, 78, hal. 12–17. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.03.002.
- Batta, R.N. (2000) Tourism and the Environment A Quest for Sustainability: with Special Reference to Developing Countries, and Policy Analysis on Himachal Pradesh. Indus Pub. Co.
- Bultena, G. et al. (1981) “Closing the gates: A study of backcountry use‐limitation at Mount McKinley National Park,” Leisure Sciences, 4(3), hal. 249–267. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408109512966.
- Chien, M.C. (2017) “An empirical study on the effect of attractiveness of ecotourism destination on experiential value and revisit intention,” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 15(2), hal. 43–53. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1502_043053.
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- Errajaa, K., Hombourger-Barès, S. dan Audrain-Pontevia, A.-F. (2022) “Effects of the in-store crowd and employee perceptions on intentions to revisit and word-of-mouth via transactional satisfaction: A SOR approach,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 68, hal. 103087. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103087.
- Fishbein, M. dan Ajzen, I. (1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
- Ghozali, I. (2013) Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS. 21 Update PLS Regresi. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas. Diponegoro.
- Gupta, S. dan Coskun, M. (2021) “The influence of human crowding and store messiness on consumer purchase intention– the role of contamination and scarcity perceptions,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, hal. 102511. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102511.
- Guthrie, C. dan Anderson, A. (2007) “Tourists on Tourists: The Impact of Other People on Destination Experience,” in J. Tribe dan D.B.T.-D. in T.R. Airey (ed.) Advances in Tourism Research. Oxford: Elsevier, hal. 143–154. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045328-6.50016-9.
- Hair, J. et al. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis. 7 ed. New York: Pearson Education Limited.
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- Kim, D., Lee, C.-K. dan Sirgy, M.J. (2016) “Examining the Differential Impact of Human Crowding Versus Spatial Crowding on Visitor Satisfaction at a Festival,” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(3), hal. 293–312. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1024914.
- Kozak, M. dan Rimmington, M. (2000) “Tourist Satisfaction with Mallorca, Spain, as an Off-Season Holiday Destination,” Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), hal. 260–269. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800308.
- Li, L. et al. (2017) “Tourists’ perceptions of crowding, attractiveness, and satisfaction: a second-order structural model,” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(12), hal. 1250–1260. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1391305.
- Liu, A. dan Ma, E. (2019) “Travel during holidays in China: Crowding’s impacts on tourists’ positive and negative affect and satisfactions,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 41, hal. 60–68. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.09.008.
- Ma, S. (David), Kirilenko, A.P. dan Stepchenkova, S. (2020) “Special interest tourism is not so special after all: Big data evidence from the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse,” Tourism Management, 77, hal. 104021. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104021.
- Machleit, K.A., Eroglu, S.A. dan Mantel, S.P. (2000) “Perceived Retail Crowding and Shopping Satisfaction: What Modifies This Relationship?,” Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9(1), hal. 29–42. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0901_3.
- Mehta, R. (2013) “Understanding perceived retail crowding: A critical review and research agenda,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(6), hal. 642–649. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.06.002.
- Milgram, S. (1970) “The experience of living in cities: A psychological analysis.,” in F.F. Korten, S.W. Cook, dan J.I. Lacey (ed.) Psychology and the problems of society. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, hal. 152–173. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1037/10042-011.
- Milman, A., Tasci, A.D.A. dan Wei, W. (2020) “Crowded and popular: The two sides of the coin affecting theme-park experience, satisfaction, and loyalty,” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, hal. 100468. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100468.
- Moyle, B., Glen Croy, W. dan Weiler, B. (2010) “Community Perceptions of Tourism: Bruny and Magnetic Islands, Australia,” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 15(3), hal. 353–366. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2010.503625.
- Neuts, B. dan Nijkamp, P. (2011) Crowding Perception in a Tourist City: A Question of Preference, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. 11-140/3. 11–140. Amsterdam. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1938174.
- Nguyen Viet, B., Dang, H.P. dan Nguyen, H.H. (2020) “Revisit intention and satisfaction: The role of destination image, perceived risk, and cultural contact,” Cogent Business & Management. Diedit oleh P. Foroudi, 7(1), hal. 1796249. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1796249.
- Nolan, S.D. (1976) “Tourists’ Use and Evaluation of Travel Information Sources: Summary and Conclusions,” Mass Communications, 14(3), hal. 6–8. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757601400302.
- Pearce, D. (1997) “Tourism and the autonomous communities in Spain,” Annals of Tourism Research, 24(1), hal. 156–177. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(96)00050-3.
- Ramli, M.F., Rahman, M.A. dan Ling, O.M. (2020) “Do Motivation And Destination Image Affect Tourist Revisit Intention To Kinabalu National Park During COVID-19 Pandemic Recoveryphase?,” European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(6), hal. 1624–1635. Tersedia pada: https://ejmcm.com/article_3884.html.
- Rasoolimanesh, S.M. dan Jaafar, M. (2017) “Sustainable tourism development and residents’ perceptions in World Heritage Site destinations,” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), hal. 34–48. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1175491.
- Ratnayake, I. dan Hapugoda, M. (2017) “Land and Tourism in Post-war Sri Lanka: A Critique on the Political Negligence in Tourism BT - Balancing Development and Sustainability in Tourism Destinations,” in A. Saufi et al. (ed.). Singapore: Springer Singapore, hal. 221–231.
- Schmidt, D.E. dan Keating, J.P. (1979) “Human crowding and personal control: An integration of the research,” Psychological Bulletin. US: American Psychological Association, hal. 680–700. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.4.680.
- Seetanah, B., Teeroovengadum, V. dan Nunkoo, R. (2018) “Destination Satisfaction and Revisit Intention of Tourists: Does the Quality of Airport Services Matter?,” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 44(1), hal. 134–148. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018798446.
- Sharp, H., Grundius, J. dan Heinonen, J. (2016) “Carbon Footprint of Inbound Tourism to Iceland: A Consumption-Based Life-Cycle Assessment including Direct and Indirect Emissions,” Sustainability, 8(11), hal. 1147. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111147.
- Shelby, B. (1980) “Crowding Models for Backcountry Recreation,” Land Economics, 56(1), hal. 43–55. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.2307/3145828.
- Shi, B., Zhao, J. dan Chen, P.-J. (2017) “Exploring urban tourism crowding in Shanghai via crowdsourcing geospatial data,” Current Issues in Tourism, 20(11), hal. 1186–1209. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1224820.
- Stokols, D. (1972) “On the distinction between density and crowding: Some implications for future research,” Psychological Review. US: American Psychological Association, hal. 275–277. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0032706.
- Stylos, N. et al. (2016) “Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination,” Tourism Management, 53, hal. 40–60. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.006.
- The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (tanpa tanggal) UNWTO Tourism Data Dashboard, The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Tersedia pada: https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard (Diakses: 15 Januari 2023).
- Tse, A.C.B., Sin, L. dan Yim, F.H.K. (2002) “How a crowded restaurant affects consumers’ attribution behavior,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 21(4), hal. 449–454. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(02)00035-X.
- Um, S., Chon, K. dan Ro, Y. (2006) “Antecedents of revisit intention,” Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), hal. 1141–1158. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.06.003.
- Vaske, J.J. dan Donnelly, M.P. (2002) “Generalizing the Encounter--Norm--Crowding Relationship,” Leisure Sciences, 24(3–4), hal. 255–269. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400290050718.
- Vemula, A., Muelling, K. dan Oh, J. (2018) “Social Attention: Modeling Attention in Human Crowds,” Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, hal. 4601–4607. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2018.8460504.
- Yin, J. et al. (2020) “Tourists perceived crowding and destination attractiveness: The moderating effects of perceived risk and experience quality,” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, hal. 100489. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100489.
References
Abdillah, W. dan Mustakini, J.H. (2011) Partial Least Square (PLS), Alternatif Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dalam Penelitian Bisnis. Yogyakarta: C.V ANDI OFFSET (Penerbit ANDI).
Alegre, J. dan Garau, J. (2010) “Tourist Satisfaction and Dissatisfaction,” Annals of Tourism Research, 37(1), hal. 52–73. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2009.07.001.
Arikunto, S. (2006) Prosedur Penelitian Suatu Pendekatan Praktek. Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta.
Assaker, G. dan Hallak, R. (2013) “Moderating Effects of Tourists’ Novelty-Seeking Tendencies on Destination Image, Visitor Satisfaction, and Short- and Long-Term Revisit Intentions,” Journal of Travel Research, 52(5), hal. 600–613. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/0047287513478497.
Avila-Foucat, V.S. et al. (2013) “The impact of vessel crowding on the probability of tourists returning to whale watching in Banderas Bay, Mexico,” Ocean & Coastal Management, 78, hal. 12–17. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ocecoaman.2013.03.002.
Batta, R.N. (2000) Tourism and the Environment A Quest for Sustainability: with Special Reference to Developing Countries, and Policy Analysis on Himachal Pradesh. Indus Pub. Co.
Bultena, G. et al. (1981) “Closing the gates: A study of backcountry use‐limitation at Mount McKinley National Park,” Leisure Sciences, 4(3), hal. 249–267. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490408109512966.
Chien, M.C. (2017) “An empirical study on the effect of attractiveness of ecotourism destination on experiential value and revisit intention,” Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 15(2), hal. 43–53. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.15666/aeer/1502_043053.
Desor, J.A. (1972) “Toward a psychological theory of crowding.,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. US: American Psychological Association, hal. 79–83. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0032112.
Errajaa, K., Hombourger-Barès, S. dan Audrain-Pontevia, A.-F. (2022) “Effects of the in-store crowd and employee perceptions on intentions to revisit and word-of-mouth via transactional satisfaction: A SOR approach,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 68, hal. 103087. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2022.103087.
Fishbein, M. dan Ajzen, I. (1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behavior: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Ghozali, I. (2013) Aplikasi Analisis Multivariate dengan Program IBM SPSS. 21 Update PLS Regresi. Semarang: Badan Penerbit Universitas. Diponegoro.
Gupta, S. dan Coskun, M. (2021) “The influence of human crowding and store messiness on consumer purchase intention– the role of contamination and scarcity perceptions,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 61, hal. 102511. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2021.102511.
Guthrie, C. dan Anderson, A. (2007) “Tourists on Tourists: The Impact of Other People on Destination Experience,” in J. Tribe dan D.B.T.-D. in T.R. Airey (ed.) Advances in Tourism Research. Oxford: Elsevier, hal. 143–154. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-08-045328-6.50016-9.
Hair, J. et al. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis. 7 ed. New York: Pearson Education Limited.
Harrell, G.D., Hutt, M.D. dan Anderson, J.C. (1980) “Path Analysis of Buyer Behavior under Conditions of Crowding,” Journal of Marketing Research, 17(1), hal. 45–51. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/002224378001700105.
Heïgeas, L. et al. (2003) “A physically-based particle model of emergent crowd behaviors,” in International Conference Graphicon 2003. Moscow: graphicon.ru, hal. 9. Tersedia pada: http://arxiv.org/abs/1005.4405.
Jung, T. et al. (2015) “Influence of festival attribute qualities on Slow Food tourists’ experience, satisfaction level and revisit intention: The case of the Mold Food and Drink Festival,” Journal of Vacation Marketing, 21(3), hal. 277–288. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/1356766715571389.
Kim, D., Lee, C.-K. dan Sirgy, M.J. (2016) “Examining the Differential Impact of Human Crowding Versus Spatial Crowding on Visitor Satisfaction at a Festival,” Journal of Travel & Tourism Marketing, 33(3), hal. 293–312. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/10548408.2015.1024914.
Kozak, M. dan Rimmington, M. (2000) “Tourist Satisfaction with Mallorca, Spain, as an Off-Season Holiday Destination,” Journal of Travel Research, 38(3), hal. 260–269. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728750003800308.
Li, L. et al. (2017) “Tourists’ perceptions of crowding, attractiveness, and satisfaction: a second-order structural model,” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(12), hal. 1250–1260. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2017.1391305.
Liu, A. dan Ma, E. (2019) “Travel during holidays in China: Crowding’s impacts on tourists’ positive and negative affect and satisfactions,” Journal of Hospitality and Tourism Management, 41, hal. 60–68. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhtm.2019.09.008.
Ma, S. (David), Kirilenko, A.P. dan Stepchenkova, S. (2020) “Special interest tourism is not so special after all: Big data evidence from the 2017 Great American Solar Eclipse,” Tourism Management, 77, hal. 104021. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2019.104021.
Machleit, K.A., Eroglu, S.A. dan Mantel, S.P. (2000) “Perceived Retail Crowding and Shopping Satisfaction: What Modifies This Relationship?,” Journal of Consumer Psychology, 9(1), hal. 29–42. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1207/s15327663jcp0901_3.
Mehta, R. (2013) “Understanding perceived retail crowding: A critical review and research agenda,” Journal of Retailing and Consumer Services, 20(6), hal. 642–649. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jretconser.2013.06.002.
Milgram, S. (1970) “The experience of living in cities: A psychological analysis.,” in F.F. Korten, S.W. Cook, dan J.I. Lacey (ed.) Psychology and the problems of society. Washington, DC, US: American Psychological Association, hal. 152–173. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1037/10042-011.
Milman, A., Tasci, A.D.A. dan Wei, W. (2020) “Crowded and popular: The two sides of the coin affecting theme-park experience, satisfaction, and loyalty,” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, hal. 100468. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100468.
Moyle, B., Glen Croy, W. dan Weiler, B. (2010) “Community Perceptions of Tourism: Bruny and Magnetic Islands, Australia,” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 15(3), hal. 353–366. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2010.503625.
Neuts, B. dan Nijkamp, P. (2011) Crowding Perception in a Tourist City: A Question of Preference, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper No. 11-140/3. 11–140. Amsterdam. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.1938174.
Nguyen Viet, B., Dang, H.P. dan Nguyen, H.H. (2020) “Revisit intention and satisfaction: The role of destination image, perceived risk, and cultural contact,” Cogent Business & Management. Diedit oleh P. Foroudi, 7(1), hal. 1796249. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/23311975.2020.1796249.
Nolan, S.D. (1976) “Tourists’ Use and Evaluation of Travel Information Sources: Summary and Conclusions,” Mass Communications, 14(3), hal. 6–8. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/004728757601400302.
Pearce, D. (1997) “Tourism and the autonomous communities in Spain,” Annals of Tourism Research, 24(1), hal. 156–177. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0160-7383(96)00050-3.
Ramli, M.F., Rahman, M.A. dan Ling, O.M. (2020) “Do Motivation And Destination Image Affect Tourist Revisit Intention To Kinabalu National Park During COVID-19 Pandemic Recoveryphase?,” European Journal of Molecular & Clinical Medicine, 7(6), hal. 1624–1635. Tersedia pada: https://ejmcm.com/article_3884.html.
Rasoolimanesh, S.M. dan Jaafar, M. (2017) “Sustainable tourism development and residents’ perceptions in World Heritage Site destinations,” Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 22(1), hal. 34–48. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/10941665.2016.1175491.
Ratnayake, I. dan Hapugoda, M. (2017) “Land and Tourism in Post-war Sri Lanka: A Critique on the Political Negligence in Tourism BT - Balancing Development and Sustainability in Tourism Destinations,” in A. Saufi et al. (ed.). Singapore: Springer Singapore, hal. 221–231.
Schmidt, D.E. dan Keating, J.P. (1979) “Human crowding and personal control: An integration of the research,” Psychological Bulletin. US: American Psychological Association, hal. 680–700. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.86.4.680.
Seetanah, B., Teeroovengadum, V. dan Nunkoo, R. (2018) “Destination Satisfaction and Revisit Intention of Tourists: Does the Quality of Airport Services Matter?,” Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Research, 44(1), hal. 134–148. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1177/1096348018798446.
Sharp, H., Grundius, J. dan Heinonen, J. (2016) “Carbon Footprint of Inbound Tourism to Iceland: A Consumption-Based Life-Cycle Assessment including Direct and Indirect Emissions,” Sustainability, 8(11), hal. 1147. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.3390/su8111147.
Shelby, B. (1980) “Crowding Models for Backcountry Recreation,” Land Economics, 56(1), hal. 43–55. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.2307/3145828.
Shi, B., Zhao, J. dan Chen, P.-J. (2017) “Exploring urban tourism crowding in Shanghai via crowdsourcing geospatial data,” Current Issues in Tourism, 20(11), hal. 1186–1209. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2016.1224820.
Stokols, D. (1972) “On the distinction between density and crowding: Some implications for future research,” Psychological Review. US: American Psychological Association, hal. 275–277. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1037/h0032706.
Stylos, N. et al. (2016) “Destination images, holistic images and personal normative beliefs: Predictors of intention to revisit a destination,” Tourism Management, 53, hal. 40–60. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tourman.2015.09.006.
The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO) (tanpa tanggal) UNWTO Tourism Data Dashboard, The World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). Tersedia pada: https://www.unwto.org/tourism-data/unwto-tourism-dashboard (Diakses: 15 Januari 2023).
Tse, A.C.B., Sin, L. dan Yim, F.H.K. (2002) “How a crowded restaurant affects consumers’ attribution behavior,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, 21(4), hal. 449–454. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0278-4319(02)00035-X.
Um, S., Chon, K. dan Ro, Y. (2006) “Antecedents of revisit intention,” Annals of Tourism Research, 33(4), hal. 1141–1158. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.annals.2006.06.003.
Vaske, J.J. dan Donnelly, M.P. (2002) “Generalizing the Encounter--Norm--Crowding Relationship,” Leisure Sciences, 24(3–4), hal. 255–269. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1080/01490400290050718.
Vemula, A., Muelling, K. dan Oh, J. (2018) “Social Attention: Modeling Attention in Human Crowds,” Proceedings - IEEE International Conference on Robotics and Automation, hal. 4601–4607. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/10.1109/ICRA.2018.8460504.
Yin, J. et al. (2020) “Tourists perceived crowding and destination attractiveness: The moderating effects of perceived risk and experience quality,” Journal of Destination Marketing & Management, 18, hal. 100489. Tersedia pada: https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jdmm.2020.100489.